Abstract
A long-standing assumption underpinning much psychiatric theorizing has been that developmental factors in childhood contribute to later adult social adjustment and behavior. More specifically, it has been argued that some developmental factors may dispose both to psychiatric conditions and to dysfunctional social and emotional relationships during adult life, either directly or by establishing a diathesis that makes the individual vulnerable to such consequences. Among the numerous developmental factors operating in the life of a child, parental behaviors and attitudes have been implicated as major influences, especially for younger children with limited social networks.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alnaes, R., & Torgersen, S. (1990) Parental representations of inpatients with major depression, anxiety disorders and mixed conditions. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 81, 518–522.
Arrindell, W. A., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Monsma, A., & Brilman, E. (1983) The role of perceived parental rearing practices in the aetiology of phobic disorders: A controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 183–187.
Arrindell, W. A., Hanewald, G. J. F. P., & Fold, F. M. (1989) Cross-national constancy of dimensions of parental rearing style: The Dutch version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 949–956.
Arrindell, W. A., Kwee, M. G. T, Methorst, G. J., Van Der Ende, J., Pol, E., & Moritz, B. J. M. (1989) Perceived parental rearing style of agoraphobics and socially phobic inpatients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 526–535.
Arrindell, W. A., Perris, C., Perris, H., Eisemann, M., Van der Ende, J., & Von Knorring, L. (1986) Cross-national invariance of dimensions of parental rearing behavior: Comparisons of psychometric data of Swedish depressives and healthy with Dutch target ratings on the EMBU. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 305–309.
Birtchnell, J. (1980) Women whose mothers died in childhood: An outcome study. Psychological Medicine, 10, 699–713.
Birtchnell, J. (1988) Depression and family relationships—a study of young, married women on a London housing estate. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 758–769.
Boyce, P. M., & Parker, G. (1989) Development of a scale to measure interpersonal sensitivity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 341–351.
Brewin, C. R., Firth-Cozens, J., Furnham, A., & McManus, C. (1992) Self-criticism in adulthood and recalled childhood experience. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 561–566.
Calam, R., Waller, G., Slade, P., & Newton, T. (1990) Eating disorders and perceived relationships with parents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9, 479–485.
Cavedo, L. C., & Parker, G. (1994) Parental Bonding Instrument: Exploring for links between scores and obsessionality. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 29, 79–82.
Costello, C. G., & Comrey, A. L. (1967). Scales for measuring depression and anxiety. Journal of Psychology, 66, 303–313.
Cubis, J., Lewin, T., & Dawes, F. (1989) Australian adolescents’ perceptions of their parents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 35–47.
Faravelli, C., Panichi, C., Pallanti, S., Grecu, L. M., & Rivelli, S. (1991) Perceptions of early parenting in panic and agoraphobia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 84, 6–8.
Fichter, M. M., & Noegel, R. (1990) Concordance for bulimia nervosa in twins. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9, 255–263.
Fichter, M. M., Quadflieg, N., & Brandi, B. (1993) Recurrent overeating: An empirical comparison of binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and obesity. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14, 1–16.
Flaherty, J. A., & Richman, J. A. (1986) Effects of childhood relationships on the adult’s capacity to form social supports. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 851–855.
Gamsa, A. (1987) A note on the modification of the Parental Bonding Instrument. British Psychological Society, 60, 291–294.
Gerlsma, C., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Arrindell, W. A. (1990) Anxiety, depression and perception of early parenting: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 251–277.
Gomez, J. (1984) Learning to drink: The influence of impaired psychosexual development. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 28, 403–410.
Gotlib, I. H., Mount, J. H., Cordy, N. I., & Whiffen, V. E. (1988) Depression and perceptions of early parenting: A longitudinal investigation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 24–27.
Hafner, R. J. (1988) Obsessive-compulsive disorder: A questionnaire survey of a self-help group. International Journal of Self Psychiatry, 34, 310–315.
Henderson, S., Byrne, D. G., & Duncan-Jones, P. (1981). Neurosis and the social environment. Sydney: Academic Press.
Henderson, S., Duncan-Jones, P., Bryne, D. G., & Scott, R. (1980) Measuring social relationships: The Interview Schedule for Social Interactions. Psychological Medicine, 10, 723–734.
Hickie, I., Parker, G., Wilhelm, K., & Tennant, C. (1991) Perceived interpersonal risk factors of nonendogenous depression. Psychological Medicine, 21, 399–412.
Hickie, L, Wilhelm, K., Parker, G., Boyce, P., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Brodaty, H., & Mitchell, P. (1990) Perceived dysfunctional intimate relationships: A specific association with the non-melancholic depressive subtype. Journal of Affective Disorders, 19, 99–107.
Hinde, R. A. (1979). Toward understanding relationships. London: Academic Press.
Howard, J. (1981) The expression and possible origins of depression in male adolescent delinquents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 311–318.
Joyce, P. R. (1984) Parental bonding in bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 7, 319–324.
Kendler, K. S., Heath, A., Martin, N. G., & Eaves, L. J. (1986) Symptoms of anxiety and depression in a volunteer twin population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 213–221.
Kendler, K. S., Kessler, R. C., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1993) The prediction of major depression in women: Toward an integrated etiologic model. American Journal Psychiatry, 150, 1139–1148.
Kent, J. S., & Clopton, J. R. (1992) Bulimic women’s perceptions of their family relationships. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 281–292.
Kitamura, T, & Suzuki, T. (1993) A validation study of the Parental Bonding Instrument in a Japanese population. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology, 47, 29–36.
Klimidis, S., Minas, I. H., & Ata, A. W. (1992) The PBI-BC: A brief current form of the Parental Bonding Instrument for adolescent research. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33, 374–377.
Klimidis, S., Minas, I. H., Ata, A. W., & Stuart, G. W. (1992) Construct validation in adolescents of the brief current form of the Parental Bonding Instrument. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33, 378–383.
Leigh, I. W., Robins, C. J., Welkowitz, J., & Bond, R. N. (1989) Toward greater understanding of depression in deaf individuals. American Annals of the Deaf, 134, 249–254.
Leon, C. A., & Leon, A. (1990) Panic disorder and parental bonding. Psychiatric Annals, 20, 503–508.
Locke, H., & Wallace, K. M. (1959) Short marital adjustment and prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21, 251–255.
Mackinnon, A. J., Henderson, A. S., & Andrews, G. (1991) The Parental Bonding Instrument: A measure of perceived or actual parental behavior. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 83, 153–159.
Mackinnon, A. J., Henderson, A. S., & Andrews, G. (1993) Parental affectionless control as an antecedent to adult depression: A risk factor refined. Psychological Medicine, 23, 135–141.
Merskey, H., Lau, C. L., Russell, E. S., Brooke, R. I., James, M., Laprano, S., Neilsen, J., & Tilsworth, R. H. (1987) Screening for psychiatric morbidity: The pattern of psychological illness and premorbid characteristics in four chronic pain populations. Pain, 30, 141–157.
Neale, M. C., Walters, E., Heath, A. C., Kessler, R. C., Perusse, D., Eaves, L. J., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Depression and parental bonding: Cause, consequence, or genetic covariance. Genetic Epidemiology, 11(6), 457–461.
Palmer, R. L., Oppenheimer, R., & Marshall, P. D. (1988) Eating-disordered patients remember their parents: A study using the Parental-Bonding Instrument. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 101–106.
Parker, G. (1979a) Reported parental characteristics of agoraphobics and social phobics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 555–560.
Parker, G. (1979b) Reported parental characteristics in relation to trait depression and anxiety levels in a non-clinical group. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 13, 260–264.
Parker, G. (1981) Parental reports of depressives: An investigation of several explanations. Journal of Affective Disorders, 3, 131–140.
Parker, G. (1983a). Parental overprotection: A rick factor in psychosocial development. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Parker, G. (1983b) Parental affectionless control as an antecedent to adult depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 956–960.
Parker, G. (1986) Validating an experiential measure of parental style: The use of a twin sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73, 22–27.
Parker, G. (1989) The Parental Bonding Instrument: Psychometric properties reviewed. Psychiatric Developments, 4, 317–335.
Parker, G. (1992). Early environment. In E. S. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders (pp. 171–183). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
Parker, G. (1993) Parental rearing style: Examining for links with personality vulnerability factors for depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28, 97–100.
Parker, G., & Barrett, B. (1988) Perceptions of parenting in childhood and social support in adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 479–482.
Parker, G., Barnett, E. A., & Hickie, I. B. (1992) From nurture to network: Examining links between perceptions of parenting received in childhood and social bonds in adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 877–885.
Parker, G., Fairley, J. A., Greenwood, J., Jurd, S., & Silove, D. (1982) Parental representations of schizophrenics and their association with onset and course of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 573–581.
Parker, G., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (1984) Modification of levels of depression in mother-bereaved women by parental and marital relationships. Psychological Medicine, 14, 125–135.
Parker, G., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (1992) Parental representations of melancholic and non-melan-choliac depressives: Examining for specificity to depressive types and for evidence of additive effects. Psychological Medicine, 22, 657–665.
Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Greenwald, S., & Weissman, M. (1995) Low parental care as a risk factor to lifetime depression in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorder, 33, 173–180.
Parker, G., Kiloh, L., & Hayward, L. (1987) Parental representations of neurotic and endogenous depressives. Journal of Affective Disorders, 13, 75–82.
Parker, G., & Lipscombe, P. (1979) Parental characteristics of Jews and Greeks in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 13, 225–229.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979) A Parental Bonding Instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1–10.
Plantes, M. M., Prusoff, B. A., Brennan, J., & Parker, G. (1988) Parental representations from depressed outpatients from a U.S. sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 149–155.
Pole, R., Waller, D. A., Stewart, S. M., & Parkin-Feigenbaum, L. (1988) Parental caring versus overprotection in bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 601–606.
Quinton, D., Rutter, M., & Liddle, C. (1984) Institutional rearing, parental difficulties and marital support. Psychological Medicine, 14, 107–124.
Rey, J. M., Bird, K. D., Kopec-Schrader, E., & Richards, I. N. (1993) Effects of gender, age and diagnosis on perceived parental care and protection in adolescents. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 88, 440–446.
Richman, J. A., & Flaherty, J. A. (1986) Childhood relationships, adult coping resources and depression. Social Science and Medicine, 23, 709–716.
Rodgers, B. (1994). Long term consequences of controlling and uncaring parenting (submitted).
Roe, A., & Siegelman, M. (1963) A parent-child questionnaire. Child Development, 34, 355–369.
Russell, J. D., Kopec-Schrader, E., Rey, J. M., & Beumont, P. J. V. (1992) The Parental Bonding Instrument in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86, 236–239.
Sarason, B. R., Shearin, E. N., Pierce, G. R., & Sarason, I. G. (1987) Interrelations of social support measures: Theoretical and practical implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 813–832.
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., & Shearin, E. N. (1986) Social support as an individual difference variable: Its stability, origins and relational aspects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 854–855.
Silove, D. (1986) Perceived parental characteristics and reports of early parental deprivation in agoraphobic patients. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 20, 365–369.
Silove, D., Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Manicavasagar, V., & Blaszczynski, A. (1991) Parental representations of patients with panic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 835–841.
Steiger H., Van der Feen, J., Goldstein, C., & Leichner, P. (1989) Defence styles and parental bonding in eating-disordered women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 131–140.
Todd, A. L., Boyce, P. M., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (1994) Shortened versions of the interpersonal sensitivity measure, Parental Bonding Instrument and intimate bond measure. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 323–329.
Truant, G. S., Donaldson, L. A., Hersovitch, J., & Lohrenz, J. G. (1987) Parental representation in two Canadian groups. Psychological Reports, 61, 1003–1008.
Truant, G. S., Herscovitch, J., Donaldson, L. A., & Lohrenz, J. G. (1990) Separation experiences in childhood and adult marital quality. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 153–157.
Truant, G. S., Herscovitch, J., & Lohrenz, J. G. (1987) The relationship of childhood experience to the quality of marriage. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 87–92.
Warner, R., & Atkinson, M. (1988) The relationship between schizophrenic patients’ perception of their parents and the course of their illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 344–353.
Whisman, M. A., & Kwon, P. (1992) Parental representations, cognitive distortions, and mild depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 557–568.
Wilhelm, K., & Parker, G. (1988) The development of a measure of intimate bonds. Psychological Medicine, 18, 225–234.
Wilhelm, K., & Parker, G. (1990) Reliability of the Parental Bonding Instrument and Intimate Bond Measure scales. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 199–202.
Zung, W. W. K. (1965) A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63–70.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Parker, G., Gladstone, G.L. (1996). Parental Characteristics as Influences on Adjustment in Adulthood. In: Pierce, G.R., Sarason, B.R., Sarason, I.G. (eds) Handbook of Social Support and the Family. The Springer Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1388-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1388-3_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1390-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1388-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive