Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Psychological Impact of Accidental Injury

A Conceptual Model for Clinicians and Researchers

  • Chapter
Traumatic Stress

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Stress and Coping ((SSSO))

Overview

Although much attention, in terms of clinical and research efforts, has been given to the psychological effects of various traumatic events, systematic study of trauma following accidents has been virtually ignored until recently. This omission is striking given that some of the earliest descriptions of what is now referred to as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were related to traumatic accidental injury. For instance, in 1871, Rigler described the effects of injuries caused by railroad accidents (e.g., passenger car derailments, train crashes), labeling the resultant outcome “compensation neurosis” (Trimble, 1985). This term captured the intermingled effects of having incurred a traumatic injury and the seeking of compensation (e.g., legal, medical, and financial) for such injuries. The possibility of malingering was recognized early on, particularly in the case of individuals seeking compensation for psychological distress (Trimble, 1985).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abueg, F. R., and Fairbank, J. A. (1992). Behavioral treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and co-occurring substance abuse. In P. A. Saigh (Ed.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: A behavioral approach to assessment and treatment (pp. 111–146 ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, H. E., and Cassidy, J. F. (1993). The classification of abnormal behavior. In P. B. Sutker and H. E. Adams (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology ( 2nd ed., pp. 3–25 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Adams-Tucker, C. (1984). Early treatment of child incest victims. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 38, 505–516.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.-revised). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arroyo, W., and Eth, S. (1985). Children traumatized by Central American warfare. In S. Eth and R. S. Pynoos (Eds.), Post-traumatic stress disorder in children (pp. 101–120 ). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, S. P., and Harvy, A. H. (1985). Fall injuries in the elderly. Clinical Geriatric Medicine, 1, 501–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1968). A social learning interpretation of psychological dysfunctions. In P. London and P. Rosenhan (Eds.), Foundations of abnormal psychology (pp. 293–344 ). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, T. W., and Mizes, J. S. (1988). Combat level and social support in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Behavior Modification, 12, 100–115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, A., Gatchel, R. J., and Schaeffer, M. A. (1983). Emotional, behavioral, and physiological effects of chronic stress at Three Mile Island. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 565–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beach, B. K., and Eifert, G. H. (1994). An expanded paradigmatic behavioral model of depression. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, B. D. (1978). Disaster impact and response: Overcoming the thousand natural shocks. The Gerontologist, 18, 531–540.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, C. A., Stout, N. A., Bender, T. R., Conroy, C. S., Crouse, W. E., and Myers, J. R. (1990). Fatal occupational injuries in the United States, 1980 through 1985. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 3047–3050.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhala, R. P., O’donnel, J., Thoppil, E. (1982). Ptophobia. Physical Therapy, 62, 187–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, D. D., Cook, J. D., and Keane, T. M. (1992). Post-traumatic stress disorder and coping in veterans who are seeking medical treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 695–704.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Taylor, A. E., Loos, W. R., and Gerardi, R. J. (1994a). Psychological morbidity associated with motor vehicle accidents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 283–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Taylor, A. E., Loos, W. R., and Gerardi, R. J. (1994b). The psychophysiology of motor vehicle accident related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 25, 453–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blower, D., Campbell, K. L., and Green, P. E. (1993). Accident rates for heavy truck-tractors in Michigan. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 25, 307–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bobick, T. G., and Jenkins, E. L. (1992). Agricultural-related fatalities: 1986–1988. In S. Kumar (Ed.), Advances in industrial ergonomics and safety IV (pp. 121–128 ). Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boman, B. (1979). Behavioural observations on the Granville train disaster and the significance for psychiatry. Social Science and Medicine, 13A, 463–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, B. G. (1993). Multiple personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: Similarities and differences. In J. P. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 35–47 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bremner, J. D., Southwick, S. M., Johnson, D. R., Yehuda, R., and Charney, D. S. (1993). Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 235–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N., and Davis, G. C. (1992). Posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults: Risk factors and chronicity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 671–675.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breslin, F. C., Craig, K., Streisand, R., and Baum, A. (1993). Environmental triggers and distress in motor vehicle accident victims. Paper presented at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burstein, A. (1986). Can monetary compensation influence the course of a disorder? American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burstein, A. (1989). Posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of motor vehicle accidents. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 295–297.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., and Hatcher, C. (1988). The neglected entity in air disaster planning: Psychological services. American Psychologist, 43, 724–729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cassiday, K. L., Scotti, J. R., and Lyons, J. A. (1990). A case of PTSD following severe electric shock: Treatment outcome and return of fear. Paper presented at the 24th Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (1992, March). Electrocutions in the construction industry involving portable ladders: United States, 1984–1988. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41, 187–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charney, D. S., Deutch, A. Y., Krystal, J. H., Southwick, S. M., and Davis, M. (1993). Psycho-biologic mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 294–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Compas, B. E., and Epping, J. E. (1993). Stress and coping in children and families: Implications for children coping with disaster. In C. F. Saylor (Ed.), Children and disasters (pp. 11–28 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cordray, S. M., Polk, K. R., and Britton, B. M. (1992). Premilitary antecedents of posttraumatic stress disorder in an Oregon cohort. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 271–280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidoff, D. A., Laibstain, D. F., Kessler, H. R., and Mark, V. H. (1988). Neurobehavioral sequelae of minor head injury: A consideration of post-concussive syndrome versus post-traumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Rehabilitation, 6, 8–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. R. T., and Foa, E. B. (1991). Diagnostic issues in posttraumatic stress disorder: Considerations for the DSM-IV. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 346–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. R. T., Swartz, M. S., Storck, M., Krishnan, K. R. R., and Hammett, E. B. (1986). A diagnostic and family study of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 121–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eifert, G. H., and Evans, I. M. (Eds.). (1990). Unifying behavior therapy: Contributions of paradigmatic behaviorism. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eifert, G. H., Evans, I. M., and McKendrick, V. G. (1990). Matching treatments to client problems not diagnostic labels: A case for paradigmatic behavior therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 21, 163–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, I. M. (1985). Building systems models as a strategy for target behavior selection in clinical assessment. Behavioral Assessment, 7, 21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairbank, J. A., Hansen, D. J., and Fitterling, J. M. (1991). Patterns of appraisal and coping across different stressor conditions among former prisoners of war with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 274–281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foa, E. B., and Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foeckler, M. M., Garrard, F. H., Williams, C. C., Thomas, A. M., and Jones, T. J. (1978). Vehicle drivers and fatal accidents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 8, 174–182.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foy, D. W., Carroll, E. M., and Donahoe, C. P., Jr. (1987). Etiological factors in the development of PTSD in clinical samples of Vietnam combat veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 17–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foy, D. W., Resnick, H. S., Sipprelle, R. C., and Carroll, E. M. (1987). Premilitary, military, and postmilitary factors in the development of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapist, 10, 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foy, D. W., Sipprelle, R. C., Rueger, D. B., and Carroll, E. M. (1984). Etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: Analysis of premilitary, military, and combat exposure influences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 79–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frye, J. S., and Stockton, R. A. (1982). Discriminant analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder among a group of Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 52–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fullerton, C. S., McCarroll, J. E., Ursano, R. J., and Wright, K. M. (1992). Psychological response of rescue workers: Fire fighters and trauma. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 371–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galante, R., and Foa, D. (1986). An epidemiological study of psychic trauma and treatment effectiveness for children after a natural disaster. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 357–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N., and Rutter, M. (1985). Acute reactions to stress. In M. Rutter and L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches ( 2nd ed., pp. 152–176 ). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Genest, M., Levine, J., Ramsden, V., and Swanson, R. (1990). The impact of providing help: Emergency workers and cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 305–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, M. S. (1989). Factors in the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology: A review. journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 489–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, L., and Gara, M. A. (1990). A typology of psychiatric reactions to motor vehicle accidents. Psychopathology, 23, 15–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golding, J. M., Siegel, J. M., Sorenson, S. B., Burnam, M. A., and Stein, J. A. (1989). Social support sources following sexual assault. Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 92–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., and Gleser, G. C. (1985). Identifying survivors at risk: Long-term impairment following the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 672–678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., Lindy, J. D., and Gleser, G. C. (1990). War stressors and symptom persistence in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 31–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., Lindy, J. D., Gleser, G. C., and Leonard, A. (1990). Risk factors for PTSD and other diagnoses in a general sample of Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 729–733.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., Lindy, J. D., Titchener, J. L., and Lindy, J. G. (1983). Levels of functional impairment following a civilian disaster: The Beverly Hills Supper Club fire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 573–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gudas, L. J. (1993). Concepts of death and loss in childhood and adolescence: A developmental perspective. In C. F. Saylor (Ed.), Children and disasters (pp. 67–84 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Harkness, L. L. (1993). Transgenerational transmission of war-related trauma. In J. P. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 635–643 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, S. N., and O’Brien, W. H. (1990). Functional analysis in behavior therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 649–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heiby, E. M. (1986). Social versus self-control skills deficits in four cases of depression. Behavior Therapy, 17, 158–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heiby, E. M., Sc Staats, A. W. (1990). Depression: Classification, explanation, and treatment. In G. H. Eifert Sc I. M. Evans (Eds.), Unifying behavior therapy: Contributions of paradigmatic behaviorism (pp. 220–246 ). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helzer, J. E., Robins, L. N., and McEvoy, L. (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population: Findings of the epidemiologic catchment area survey. New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1630–1634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, S., Bostock, T. (1977). Coping behaviour after shipwreck. British Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 15–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hickling, E. J., Blanchard, E. B. (1992). Post-traumatic stress disorder and motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 6, 285–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hingson, R., and Howland, J. (1993). Alcohol and non-traffic unintended injuries. Addiction, 88, 877–883.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honkanen, R. (1993). Alcohol in home and leisure injuries. Addiction, 88, 939–944.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, M. J. (1993). Stress-response syndromes: A review of posttraumatic stress and adjustment disorders. In“ P. Wilson Sc B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 49–60 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., and Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209–218.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, A. M., Jr. (1993). Posttraumatic stress disorder and mild head trauma: Follow-up of a case study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 243–246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huerta, F., and Horton, R. (1978). Coping behavior of elderly flood victims. The Gerontologist, 18, 541–546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. T., and Ribbe, D. P. (1991). Child, adolescent, and adult victims of residential fire: Psychological consequences. Behavior Modification, 15, 560–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, S. A., Andrews, B., Williams, R., Sc Yule, W. (1992). Crisis support and psychiatric symptomatology in adult survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship disaster. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 63–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, S., Brewin, C. R., Yule, W., and Williams, R. (1991). Causal attributions and psychiatric symptoms in survivors of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 542–546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, S. A., Williams, R., Yule, W., Sc Walker, A. (1992). Factor analysis of the Impact of Events Scale with survivors of two disasters at sea. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 693–697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanfer, F. H., and Phillips, J. S. (1970). Learning foundations of behavior therapy. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanfer, F. H., Sc Saslow, G. (1969). Behavioral diagnostics. In C. M. Franks (Ed.), Behavior therapy: Appraisal and status (pp. 417–444 ). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaniasty, K., Sc Norris, F. H. (1992). Social support and victims of crime: Matching event, support, and outcome. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 211–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., and Taylor, K. L. (1988). Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Three studies in reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 85–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., Zimering, R. T., Sc Bender, M. E. (1985). A behavioral approach to assessing and treating post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake: The study and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (pp. 257–294 ). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keane, T. M., Gerardi, R. J., Lyons, J. A., Wolfe, J. (1988). The interrelationship of substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder: Epidemiological and clinical considerations. In M. Galanter (Ed.), Recent developments in alcoholism (Vol. 6, pp. 27–48 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Keane, T. M., Malloy, P. F., and Fairbank, J. A. (1984). Empirical development of an MMPI subscale for the assessment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 888–891.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilpatrick, D. G., Veronen, L. J., and Best, C. L. (1985). Factors predicting psychological distress among rape victims. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake: The study and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (pp. 113–141 ). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koretzky, M. B., and Peck, A. H. (1990). Validation and cross-validation of the PTSD subscale of the MMPI with civilian trauma victims. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 296–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, J. F., Anderson, C. L., Arzemanian, S., Salatka, M., Hemyari, P., and Sun, G. (1993). Epidemiological aspects of fatal and severe injury urban freeway crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 25, 229–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuch, K. (1987). Treatment of PTSD following automobile accidents. Behavior Therapist, 10, 224–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurkjian, J. A., and Scotti, J. R. (1990). The representation of psychology in the child sexual abuse literature: An analysis and bibliography. ( ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 312 529 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwentus, J. A., Hart, R. P., Peck, E. T., and Kornstein, S. (1985). Psychiatric complications of closed head trauma. Psychosomatics, 26, 8–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lees-Haley, P. R. (1990). Malingering mental disorder on the Impact of Event Scale (IES): Toxic exposure and cancerphobia. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 315–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levis, D. J. (1985). Implosive therapy: A comprehensive extension of conditioning theory of fear/anxiety to psychopathology. In S. Reiss and R. R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 49–82 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litz, B. T., and Keane, T. M. (1989). Information processing in anxiety disorders: Application to the understanding of post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 243–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, J. A. (1987). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: A review of the literature. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 8, 349–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, J. A. (1991). Strategies for assessing the potential for positive adjustment following trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4, 93–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, J. A., and Keane, T. M. (1992). Keane PTSD Scale: MMPI and MMPI-2 update. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 111–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, J. A., and Scotti, J. R. (1994). Comparability of two administration formats of the Keane Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychological Assessment, 6, 209–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, J. A., and Scotti, J. R. (in press). Behavioral treatment of a motor vehicle accident survivor: An illustrative case of direct therapeutic exposure. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magrega, D. J., Spencer, W. A., and McDaniel, R. S. (1993). Factors involved in time taken in returning to work after an industrial injury. Journal of Rehabilitation, 59, 13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malloy, P. F., Fairbank, J. A., and Keane, T. M. (1983). Validation of a multimethod assessment of posttraumatic stress disorders in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 488–494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malmquist, C. P. (1986). Children who witness parental murder: Post-traumatic aspects. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 320–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • March, J. S. (1990). The nosology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 61–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martini, D. R., Ryan, C., Nakayama, D., and Ramenofsky, M. (1990). Psychiatric sequelae after traumatic injury: The Pittsburgh regatta accident. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 70–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massie, D. L., Campbell, K. L., and Blower, D. F. (1993). Development of a collision typology for evaluation of collision avoidance strategies. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 25, 241–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCaffrey, R. J., and Fairbank, J. A. (1985). Behavioral assessment and treatment of accidentrelated posttraumatic stress disorder: Two case studies. Behavior Therapy, 16, 406–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCaffrey, R. J., Lorig, T. S., Pendrey, D. L., McCutcheon, N. B., and Garrett, J. C. (1993). Odorinduced EEG changes in PTSD Vietnam veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 213–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, I. L., and Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 131–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFall, M., Murburg, M., Roszell, D., and Veith, R. (1989). Psychophysiologic and neuroendocrine findings in posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of theory and research. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 3, 243–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, A. C. (1987). Post-traumatic phenomena in a longitudinal study of children following a natural disaster. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 764–769.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKnight, D. L., Nelson, R. O., Hayes, S. C., and Jarrett, R. B. (1984). Importance of treating individually-assessed response classes in the amelioration of depression. Behavior Therapy, 15, 315–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNally, R. J., Kaspi, S. P., Riemann, B. C., and Zeitlin, S. B. (1990). Selective processing of threat cues in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 398–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Methany, A. P. (1988). Accidental injuries. In D. K. Routh (Ed.), Handbook of pediatric psychology (pp. 108–134 ). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middelboe, T., Birket-Smith, M., Andersen, H. S., and Friis, M. L. (1992). Personality traits in patients with postconcussional sequelae. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6, 246–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M., and Solomon, Z. (1988). Attributional style and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 308–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. T., and Dyregrov, A. (1993). Traumatic stress in disaster workers and emergency personnel: Prevention and intervention. In J. P. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 905–914 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J., and Isaacs, B. (1982). The post-fall syndrome. Gerontology, 28, 265–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F. H. (1992). Epidemiology of trauma: Frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 409–418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pallmeyer, T. P., Blanchard, E. B., and Kolb, L. C. (1986). The psychophysiology of combat-induced post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 645–652.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, D. R., Everett, J. J., Bombardier, C. H., Questad, K. A., Lee, V. K., and Marvin, J. A. (1993). Psychological effects of severe burn injuries. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 362–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penk, W. E., Robinowitz, R., Black, J., Dolan, M., Bell, W., Dorsett, D., Ames, M., and Noriega, L. (1989). Ethnicity: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differences among black, white, and Hispanic veterans who differ in degrees of exposure to combat in Vietnam. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 44–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phifer, J. F., and Norris, F. H. (1989). Psychological symptoms in older adults following natural disaster: Nature, timing, duration, and course. Journal of Gerontology, 44, 207–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Platt, J. J., and Husband, S. D. (1987). Posttraumatic stress disorder and the motor vehicle accident victim. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 35, 35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prigatano, G. P. (1992). Personality disturbances associated with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 360–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Realmuto, G. M., Wagner, N., and Bartholow, J. (1991). The Williams pipeline disaster: A controlled study of a technological accident. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4, 469–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., and Best, C. L. (1993). Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 984–991.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, D. P., MacKenzie, E. J., and Associates. (1989). Cost of injury in the United States: A report to Congress. San Francisco: Institute for Health and Aging, University of California and Injury Prevention Center, The Johns Hopkins University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roca, R. P., Spence, R. J., and Munster, A. M. (1992). Posttraumatic adaptation and distress among adult burn survivors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1234–1238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan, A. B., and Foy, D. W. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder in child sexual abuse survivors: A literature review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 3–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge, R., and Stutts, J. (1993). The association of helmet use with injury outcome of motorcycle crash injury when controlling for crash/injury severity. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 25, 347–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., and Rosenberg, S. D. (1993). Premilitary MMPI scores as predictors of combat-related PTSD symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 479–483.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scotti, J. R. (1992). An analysis of several parameters of conditioned fear in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: Serial cues, contexts, conditioning trials, and avoidance behaviors. Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(2), 1076B–1077B (University Microfilms No. DA 9217704 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scotti, J. R., Evans, I. M., Meyer, L. H., and Walker, P. (1991). A meta-analysis of intervention research with problem behavior: Treatment validity and standards of practice. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 96, 233–256.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scotti, J. R., Forsyth, J. P., Beach, B. K., Northrop, L. M. E., and Thompson, J. (1993, May). Paradigmatic behavioral framework model for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. In G. H. Eifert (Chair), A paradigmatic behavioral bridge from infrahuman to human behavior: Theory, clinical applications, and philosophical underpinnings. Symposium presented at the 19th Annual Convention of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scotti, J. R., and Lyons, J. A. (1990, November). The relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and dissociative experiences. In R. J. McNally (Chair), Cognition and trauma: New research on post-traumatic stress disorder. Symposium conducted at the 24th Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scotti, J. R., McMorrow, M. J., and Trawitzki, A. L. (1993). Behavioral treatment of chronic psychiatric disorders: Publication trends and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 24, 527–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scotti, J. R., Wilhelm, K. L., Northrop, L. M. E., Price, G., Vittimberga, G. L., Ridley, J., Cornell, K., Stukey, G. S., Beach, B. K., Mickey, G. H., and Forsyth, J. ( 1992, November). An investigation of post-traumatic stress disorder in vehicular accident survivors. Paper presented at the 26th Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, J. A., Leong, G. B., and Ferrari, M. M. (1991). Posttraumatic stress disorder in burn patients. Southern Medical Journal, 84, 530–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slappendel, C., Laird, I., Kawachi, I., Marshall, S., and Cryer, C. (1993). Factors affecting workrelated injury among forestry workers: A review. Journal of Safety Research, 24, 19–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, P. (1988). Post-traumatic stress in survivors of an airplane crash-landing: A clinical and exploratory research intervention. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 211–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, S. D., Bravo, M., Rubio-Stipec, M., and Canino, G. (1993). Effect of family role on response to disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 255–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M., and Flum, H. (1988). Negative life events, coping responses, and combat-related psychopathology: A prospective study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 302–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sosin, D. M., Sacks, J. J., and Sattin, R. W. (1992). Causes of nonfatal injuries in the United States, 1986. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 24, 685–687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., Morgan, A., Johnson, D., Nagy, L. M., Nicolaou, A., Heninger, G. R., and Charney, D. S. (1993). Abnormal noradrenergic function in post-traumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 266–274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Speed, N., Engdahl, B., Schwartz, J., and Eberly, R. (1989). Posttraumatic stress disorder as a consequence of the POW experience. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 177, 147–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staats, A. W. (1975). Social behaviorism. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staats, A. W. (1990). Paradigmatic behavior therapy: A unified framework for theory, research, and practice. In G. H. Eifert and I. M. Evans (Eds.), Unifying behavior therapy: Contributions of paradigmatic behaviorism (pp. 14–54 ). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staats, A. W. (1993). Personality theory, abnormal psychology, and psychological measurement: A psychological behaviorism. Behavior Modification, 17, 8–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staats, A. W., and Burns, L. G. (1992). The psychological behaviorism theory of personality. In G. V. Caprara and G. L. van Heck (Eds.), Modern personality psychology: Critical reviews and new directions (pp. 161–199 ). New York: Harvester-Wheatsheaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staats, A. W., and Heiby, E. M. (1985). Paradigmatic behaviorism’s theory of depression: Unified, explanatory, and heuristic. In S. Reiss and R. R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 279–330 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout, N. A. (1992). Occupational injuries and fatalities among health care workers in the United States. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 18 (Suppl. 2), S88 - S89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terr, L. C. (1983). Chowchilla revisited: The effects of psychic trauma four years after a school-bus kidnapping. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1543–1550.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theorell, T., Leymann, H., Jodko, M., Konarski, K., Norbeck, H. E., and Eneroth, P. (1992). “Persons under train” incidents: Medical consequences for subway drivers. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 480–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinetti, M. E., and Powell, L. (1993). Fear-of-falling and low self-efficacy: A cause of dependence in elderly persons. The Journals of Gerontology, 48 (special issue), 35–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinetti, M. E., Speechly, M., and Ginter, S. F. (1988). Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. New England Journal of Medicine, 319, 1701–1707.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • To, T., Wacker, K., and Dosman, J. A. (1993). A pilot study of farm accidental injuries in Aberdeen, Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 84, 153–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trimble, M. R. (1985). Post-traumatic stress disorder: History of a concept. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake: The study and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (pp. 5–14 ). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • True, W. R., Rice, J., Eisen, S. A., Heath, A. C., Goldberg, J., Lyons, M. J., and Nowak, J. (1993). A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 257–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolk, B., Greenberg, M., Boyd, H., and Krystal, J. (1985). Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters, and addiction to trauma: Toward a psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Biological Psychiatry, 20, 314–325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J. E., and Howland, J. (1990). Falls and fear-of-falling among elderly persons living in the community: Occupational therapy interventions. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45, 119–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, C. G., Kucala, T., Manifold, V., Juba, M., and Vassar, P. (1988). The relationships of post-traumatic stress disorder to adolescent illegal activities, drinking, and employment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 592–598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, C. B. (1983). Aftermath of a disaster: The collapse of the Hyatt Regency Hotel skywalks. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1134–1139.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. L., Solomon, S. D., and Bartone, P. (1988). Primary prevention in aircraft disasters: Integrating research and practice. American Psychologist, 43, 730–739.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. P., and Raphael, B. (Eds.). (1993). International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J., Keane, T. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Mora, C. A., and Wine, P. (1993). Patterns of positive readjustment in Vietnam combat veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 179–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, V. V., Gentile, C., and Wolfe, D. A. (1989). The impact of sexual abuse on children: A PTSD formulation. Behavior Therapy, 20, 215–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yule, W., and Udwin, O. (1991). Screening child survivors for post-traumatic stress disorders: Experiences from the “Jupiter” sinking. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 131–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zilberg, N. J., Weiss, D. S., and Horowitz, M. J. (1982). Impact of Event Scale: A cross-validation study and some empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of stress response syndromes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 407–414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA

    Joseph R. Scotti, Beverley K. Beach, Lynn M. E. Northrop, Cheryl A. Rode & John P. Forsyth

Authors
  1. Joseph R. Scotti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Beverley K. Beach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lynn M. E. Northrop
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Cheryl A. Rode
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. John P. Forsyth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 29425, Charleston, South Carolina, USA

    John R. Freedy

  2. Applied Psychology Center, Department of Psychology, Kent State University, 44242, Kent, Ohio, USA

    Stevan E. Hobfoll

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Scotti, J.R., Beach, B.K., Northrop, L.M.E., Rode, C.A., Forsyth, J.P. (1995). The Psychological Impact of Accidental Injury. In: Freedy, J.R., Hobfoll, S.E. (eds) Traumatic Stress. Springer Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1076-9_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1076-9_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1078-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1076-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation