Abstract
Brenda Bigland-Ritchie has made seminal contributions to our understanding of skeletal muscle physiology - the energy cost of muscle when it shortens or is forcibly stretched, the relationship between EMG and force, the behavior of single motor units, and above all, the processes underlying neuromuscular fatigue. More than this, she has stimulated inquiry into the search for reflex mechanisms which may serve to balance the activity of the spinal cord with that of the fatiguing muscles. Her use of human volunteers for much of this work is extraordinary, and represents a major strength. Equally important are her well known and widely cited manuscripts. Not only are her findings clearly described and depicted, but every attempt is made to relate her results to the fatigue processes measured in animal or isolated tissue preparations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott BC (1951). The heat productison associated with the maintenance of a prolonged contraction and the extra heat produced during large shortening. Journal of Physiology (London) 112, 438–445.
Abbott BC, Aubert X & Hill AV (1951). Changes of energy in a muscle during very slow stretches. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 139, 104–117.
Abbott BC & Bigland B (1953). The effects of force and speed changes on the rate of oxygen consumption during negative work. Journal of Physiology (London) 120, 319–325.
Abbott BC, Bigland B & Ritchie JM (1952). The physiological cost of negative work. Journal of Physiology (London) 117, 380–390.
Adrian ED (1925). Interpretation of the electromyogram. Lancet 208, 1229–1233.
Adrian ED & Bronk DW (1929). The discharge of impulses in motor nerve fibres. Part II. The frequency of discharge in reflex and voluntary contractions. Journal of Physiology (London) 67, 119–151.
Aldrich TK, Shander A, Chaudhry I & Nagashima H (1986). Fatigue of isolated rat diaphragm: role of impaired neuromuscular transmission. Journal of Applied Physiology 61, 1077–1083.
Belanger AY & McComas AJ (1981). Extent of motor unit activation during effort. Journal of Applied Physiology 51, 1131–1135.
Bellemare F & Bigland-Ritchie B (1984). Assessment of human diaphragm strength and activation using phrenic nerve stimulation. Respiration Physiology 58, 263–277.
Bellemare F & Bigland-Ritchie B (1987). Central components of diaphragmatic fatigue assessed by phrenic nerve stimulation. Journal of Applied Physiology 62, 1307–1316.
Bellemare F, Bigland-Ritchie B & Woods JJ (1986). Contractile properties of the human diaphragm in vivo. Journal of Applied Physiology 61, 1153–1161.
Bellemare F & Garzaniti N (1988). Failure of neuromuscular propagation during human maximal voluntary contraction. Journal of Applied Physiology 64, 1084–1093.
Bellemare F, Woods JJ, Johansson R & Bigland-Ritchie B (1983). Motor-unit discharge rates in maximal voluntary contractions of three human muscles. Journal of Neurophysiology 50, 1380–1392.
Bigland B, Goetzee B, MacLagan J & Zaimis E (1958). The effect of lowered muscle temperature on the action of neuromuscular blocking drugs. Journal of Physiology (London) 141, 425–434.
Bigland B & Jehring B (1952). Muscle performance in rats, normal and treated with growth hormone. Journal of Physiology (London) 116, 129–136.
Bigland B & Lippold OCJ (1954a). The relation between force, velocity and integrated electrical activity in human muscles. Journal of Physiology (London) 123, 214–224.
Bigland B & Lippold OCJ (1954b). Motor unit activity in the voluntary contraction of human muscle. Journal of Physiology (London) 125, 322–335.
Bigland B & Zaimis E (1958). Factors influencing limb temperature during experiments on skeletal muscle. Journal of Physiology (London) 141, 420–424.
Bigland-Ritchie B (1981a). EMG and fatigue of human voluntary and stimulated contractions. In: Porter R, Whelan J (eds.), Human Muscle Fatigue: Physiological Mechanisms, pp. 130–156. London: Pitman Medical.
Bigland-Ritchie B (1981b). EMG/force relations and fatigue of human voluntary contractions. In: Miller D (ed.), Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews (Vol. 9), pp. 75-117. Franklin Institute Press.
Bigland-Ritchie B (1987). Respiratory muscle fatigue: posters, methods, and more. In: Sieck GC, Gandevia SC, Cameron WE (eds.), Respiratory Muscles and Their Neuromotor Control, pp. 379–389. New York: Alan R. Liss.
Bigland-Ritchie B (1988). Nervous system and sensory adaptation. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, Sutton JR, McPherson BD (eds.), Exercise, Fitness and Health, pp. 377–383. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Bigland-Ritchie B, Cafarelli E & Vøllestad NK (1986a). Fatigue of submaximal static contractions. Lars Hermansen Memorial Symposium: Exercise in Human Physiology. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 128 (suppl. 556), 137–148.
Bigland-Ritchie B, Dawson NJ, Johansson RS & Lippold OCJ (1986b). Reflex origin for the slowing of motoneurone firing rates in fatigue of human voluntary contractions. Journal of Physiology (London) 379, 451–459.
Bigland-Ritchie B, Furbush FH, Gandevia SC & Thomas CK (1992a). Voluntary discharge frequencies of human motoneurons at different muscle lengths. Muscle & Nerve 15, 130–137.
Bigland-Ritchie B, Graichen H & Woods JJ (1973). A variable-speed motorized bicycle ergometer for positive and negative work exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 35, 739–740.
Bigland-Ritchie B, Johansson R, Lippold OCJ, Smith S & Woods JJ (1983a). Changes in motoneurone firing rates during sustained maximal voluntary contractions. Journal of Physiology (London) 340, 335–346.
Bigland-Ritchie B, Johansson R, Lippold OCJ & Woods JJ (1983b). Contractile speed and EMG changes during fatigue of sustained maximal voluntary contractions. Journal of Neurophysio logy 50, 313–324.
Bigland-Ritchie B, Johansson R & Woods JJ (1983c). Does a reduction in motor drive necessarily result in force loss during fatigue? In: Knuttgen HG, Vogel JA, Poortmans, J (eds.), Biochemistry of Exercise (International Series on Sport Sciences Vol. 13), pp. 864–870. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Bigland-Ritchie B, Jones DA, Hosking GP & Edwards RHT (1978). Central and peripheral fatigue in sustained maximum voluntary contractions of human quadriceps muscle. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine 54, 609–614.
Bigland-Ritchie B, Jones DA & Woods JJ (1979). Excitation frequency and muscle fatigue: Electrical responses during human voluntary and stimulated contractions. Experimental Neurology 64, 414–427.
Bigland-Ritchie B, Kukulka CG, Lippold OCJ & Woods JJ (1982). The absence of neuromuscular transmission failure in sustained maximal voluntary contractions. Journal of Physiology (London) 330, 265–278.
Bigland-Ritchie B & Lippold OCJ (1979). Changes in muscle activation during prolonged maximal voluntary contractions. Journal of Physiology (London) 292, 14P–15P.
Bigland-Ritchie B, Thomas CK, Rice CL, Howarth JV & Woods JJ (1992b). Muscle temperature, contractile speed, and motoneuron firing rates during human voluntary contractions. Journal of Applied Physi-ology 73, 2457–2461.
Bigland-Ritchie B & Vøllestad NK (1988). Hypoxia and fatigue: How are they related? In: Sutton JR, Houston CS, Coates G (eds.), Hypoxia: The Tolerable Limits, pp. 315–328. Indianapolis, IN: Benchmark Press.
Bigland-Ritchie B & Woods JJ (1974). Integrated EMG and oxygen uptake during dynamic contractions of human muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology 36, 475–479.
Bigland-Ritchie B & Woods JJ (1976). Integrated electromyogram and oxygen uptake during positive and negative work. Journal of Physiology (London) 260, 267–277.
Bigland-Ritchie B & Woods JJ (1984). Changes in muscle contractile properties and neural control during human muscular fatigue. Muscle & Nerve 7, 691–699.
Clamann HP (1970). Activity of single motor units during isometric tension. Neurology 20, 254–260.
Curtin NA & Davies RE (1970). Chemical and mechanical changes during stretching of activated frog skeletal muscle. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 37, 619–626.
Dacko SM & Cope TC (1994). Patterns of MG motor unit activity following fatigue of a close Synergist in the decerebrate cat. Abstracts, International Symposium on Neural and Neuromuscular Aspects of Muscle Fatigue (Miami, FL, November 10–13, 1994, pp. 35. Miami, FL: Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami.
de Haan A, Jones DA & Sargeant AJ (1989). Changes in velocity of shortening, power output and relaxation rate during fatigue of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. European Journal of Physiology 413, 422–428.
Denny-Brown D (1928). On inhibition as a reflex accompaniment of the tendon jerk and of other forms of active muscular response. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 103, 321–336.
Denny-Brown D & Pennybacker JB (1938). Fibrillation and fasciculation in voluntary muscle. Brain 61, 311–333.
Desmedt JE & Godaux E (1977). Fast motor units are not preferentially activated in rapid voluntary contractions in man. Nature 267, 717–719.
Duchateau J & Hainaut K (1985). Electrical and mechanical failures during sustained and intermittent contractions in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 58, 942–947.
Edwards RHT, Hill DK, Jones DA & Merton PA (1977). Fatigue of long duration in human skeletal muscle after exercise. Journal of Physiology (London) 272, 769–778.
Fitts RH (1994). Cellular Mechanisms of Muscle Fatigue. Physiological Reviews 74, 49–94.
Fuglsang-Frederiksen A (1981). Electrical activity and force during voluntary contraction of normal and diseased muscle. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 63 (suppl. 83), 1–60.
Gandevia SC & McKenzie DK (1985). Activation of the human diaphragm during maximal static efforts. Journal of Physiology (London) 367, 45–56.
Gandevia SC & McKenzie DK (1988a). Activation of human muscles at short muscle lengths during maximal static efforts. Journal of Physiology (London) 407, 599–613.
Gandevia SC & McKenzie DK (1988b). Human diaphragmatic endurance during different maximal respiratory efforts. Journal of Physiology (London) 395, 625–638.
Gandevia SC, Macefield G, Burke D & McKenzie DK (1990). Voluntary activation of human motor axons in the absence of muscle afferent feedback. The control of the deafferented hand. Brain 113, 1563–1581.
Gilson AS Jr & Mills WB (1941). Activities of single motor units in man during slight voluntary efforts. American Journal of Physiology 133, 658–669.
Grimby L & Hannerz J (1977). Firing rate and recruitment order of toe extensor motor units in different modes of voluntary contraction. Journal of Physiology (London) 264, 865–879.
Hagbarth K, Kunesch EJ, Nordin M, Schmidt R & Wallin EU (1986). Gamma loop contributing to maximal voluntary contractions in man. Journal of Physiology (London) 380, 575–591.
Hales JP & Gandevia SC (1988). Assessment of maximal voluntary contraction with twitch interpolation: an instrument to measure twitch responses. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 25, 97–102.
Hayward L, Breitbach D & Rymer WZ (1988). Increased inhibitory effects on close synergists during muscle fatigue in the decerebrate cat. Brain Research 440, 199–203.
Heckman CJ & Binder MC (1993). Computer simulations of motoneuron firing rate modulation. Journal of Neurophysiology 69, 1005–1008.
Hicks A, Fenton J, Garner S & McComas AJ (1989). M wave potentiation during and after muscle activity. Journal of Applied Physiology 66, 2606–2610.
Hill AV (1913). The heat production in prolonged contractions of an isolated frog’s muscle. Journal of Physiology (London) 47, 305–324.
Hill AV (1938). The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 126, 136–195.
Howell JN, Fuglevand AJ, Walsh ML & Bigland-Ritchie B (1994). Motor unit firing during shortening and lengthening contractions. Society for Neuroscience Abstract 20, 1759.
Jones DA, Bigland-Ritchie B & Edwards RHT (1979). Excitation frequency and muscle fatigue: Mechanical responses during voluntary and stimulated contractions. Experimental Neurology 64, 401–413.
Katz B (1939). The relation between force and speed in muscular contraction. Journal of Physiology (London) 96, 45–64.
Kernell D, Donselaar Y & Eerbeek O (1987). Effects of physiological amounts of high-and low-rate chronic stimulation on fast-twitch muscle of the cat hindlimb. II. Endurance-related properties. Journal of Neurophysiology 58, 614–627.
Kernell D & Monster AW (1982). Motoneurone properties and motor fatigue. An intracellular study of gastrocnemius motoneurones of the cat. Experimental Brain Research 46, 197–204.
Krnjevic K & Miledi R (1958). Failure of neuromuscular propagation in rats. Journal of Physiology (London) 140, 440–461.
Kukulka CG & Clamann HP (1981). Comparison of the recruitment and discharge properties of motor units in human brachial biceps and adductor pollicis during isometric contractions. Brain Research 219, 45–55.
Lindsley DB (1935). Electrical activity of human motor units during voluntary contraction. American Journal of Physiology 114, 90–99.
Lippold OCJ (1952). The relation between integrated action potentials in a human muscle and its isometric tension. Journal of Physiology (London) 117, 492–499.
Lippold OCJ (1973). The Origin of the Alpha Rhythm. London: Churchill Livingston.
Lippold OCJ, Redfearn JWT & Vuo J (1960). The electromyography of fatigue. Ergonomics 3, 121–131.
Marsden CD, Meadows JC & Merton PA (1969). Muscular wisdom. Journal of Physiology (London) 200, 15P.
Marsden CD, Meadows JC & Merton PA (1971). Isolated single motor units in human muscle and their rate of discharge during maximal voluntary effort. Journal of Physiology (London) 217, 12–13P.
Marsden CD, Meadows JC & Merton PA (1983). “Muscular wisdom” that minimizes fatigue during prolonged effort in man: Peak rates of motoneuron discharge and slowing of discharge during fatigue. In: Desmedt JE (ed.), Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease, pp. 169–211. New York: Raven Press.
McComas AJ, McFadden L, Newberry R & Sacco P (1994). Abstracts, International Symposium on Neural and Neuromuscular Aspects of Muscle Fatigue (Miami, FL, November 10–13, 1994, pp. 35. Miami, FL: Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami.
McKenzie DK, Bigland-Ritchie B, Gorman RB & Gandevia SC (1992). Central and peripheral fatigue of human diaphragm and limb muscles assessed by twitch interpolation. Journal of Physiology (London) 454, 643–656.
Merton PA (1954). Voluntary strength and fatigue. Journal of Physiology (London) 123, 553–564.
Merton PA, Hill DK & Morton HB (1981). Indirect and direct stimulation of fatigued human muscle. In: Porter R & Whelan J (eds.), Human Muscle Fatigue: Physiological Mechanisms. London: Pitman Medical.
Milner-Brown HS & Miller RG (1986). Muscle membrane excitation and impulse propagation velocity are reduced during muscle fatigue. Muscle & Nerve 9, 367–374.
Milner-Brown HS & Stein RB (1975). The relation between the surface electromyogram and muscular force. Journal of Physiology (London) 246, 549–569.
Milner-Brown HS, Stein RB & Yemm R (1973). The orderly recruitment of human motor units during voluntary isometric contractions. Journal of Physiology (London) 230, 359–370.
Monster AW & Chan H (1977). Isometric force production by motor units of extensor digitorum communis muscle in man. Journal of Neurophysiology 40, 1432–1443.
Mosso A (1915). Fatigue, 3rd Ed. Translated by Drummond M & Drummond WD. London: Allen and Unwin.
Nardone A, Romano C & Schieppati M (1989). Selective recruitment of high-threshold human motor units during voluntary isotonic lengthening of active muscles. Journal of Physiology (London) 409, 451–471.
Ritchie JM & Ritchie BR (1968). Local anesthetics: Effect of pH on activity. Science 162, 1394–1395.
Ritchie JM, Ritchie B & Greengard P (1965a). The active structure of local anesthetics. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics 150, 152–159.
Ritchie JM, Ritchie B & Greengard P (1965b). The effect of the nerve sheath on the action of local anesthetics. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics 150, 160–164.
Smith OC (1934). Action potentials from single motor units in voluntary contraction. American Journal of Physiology 108, 629–638.
Stephens JA & Taylor A (1972). Fatigue of maintained voluntary muscle contractions in man. Journal of Physiology (London) 220, 1–18.
Tanji J & Kato M (1973a). Recruitment of motor units in voluntary contraction of a finger muscle in man. Experimental Neurology 40, 759–770.
Tanji J & Kato M (1973b). Firing rate of individual motor units in voluntary contraction of abductor digiti minimi muscle in man. Experimental Neurology 40, 771–783.
Thomas CK (1993). Muscle fatigue after incomplete human cervical spinal cord injury. Journal of the American Paraplegia Society 16, 87.
Thomas CK, Bigland-Ritchie B & Johansson RS (1991a). Force-frequency relationships of human thenar motor units. Journal of Neurophysiology 65, 1509–1516.
Thomas CK, Johansson RS & Bigland-Ritchie B (1991b). Attempts to physiologically classify human thenar motor units. Journal of Neurophysiology 65, 1501–1508.
Thomas CK, Woods JJ & Bigland-Ritchie B (1989). Impulse propagation and muscle activation in long maximal voluntary contractions. Journal of Applied Physiology 67, 1835–1842.
Vallbo AB, Hagbarth KE, Torebjork HE & Wallin BG (1979). Somatosensory, proprioceptive, and sympathetic activity in human peripheral nerves. Physiological Reviews 59, 919–956.
Vøllestad NK, Sejersted OM, Bahr R, Woods JJ & Bigland-Ritchie B (1988). Motor drive and metabolic responses during repeated submaximal voluntary contractions in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 64, 1421–1427.
Westling G, Johansson RS, Thomas CK & Bigland-Ritchie B (1990). Measurement of contractile and electrical properties of single human thenar motor units in response to intraneural motor-axon stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology 64, 1331–1338.
Wilkie DR (1968). Heat work and phosphorylcreatine break-down in muscle. Journal of Physiology (London) 195, 157–183.
Woods JJ & Bigland-Ritchie B (1983). Linear and non-linear surface EMG/force relationships in human muscles: An anatomical/functional argument for the existence of both. American Journal of Physical Medicine 62, 287–299.
Woods JJ, Furbush F & Bigland-Ritchie B (1987). Evidence for a fatigue-induced reflex inhibition of motoneuron firing rates. Journal of Neurophysiology 58, 125–137.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thomas, C.K., Enoka, R.M., Gandevia, S.C., McComas, A.J., Stuart, D.G. (1995). The Scientific Contributions of Brenda Bigland-Ritchie. In: Gandevia, S.C., Enoka, R.M., McComas, A.J., Stuart, D.G., Thomas, C.K., Pierce, P.A. (eds) Fatigue. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 384. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1016-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1016-5_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1018-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1016-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive