Skip to main content

Introduction

  • Chapter
Shyness

Abstract

We are by nature social animals and virtually everything we do, say, and think about is either focused directly on our social interactions and relationships or is shaped profoundly by them. Our lives are played out in an arena of social affairs; we are confronted with a continuing flow of ongoing and one-time-only interactions—some intimate and some casual, some pleasant and some distasteful, some routine and some unexpected—but all social nonetheless. Consequently, personal attributes or experiences that either facilitate or hinder interpersonal functioning stand out as conspicuous features of our social lives and are likely to be noticed. Shyness is a case in point. Most everyone knows what it means to experience shyness and almost everyone has acted or felt shy at one time or another in their lives or has used the label to describe the feelings or actions of others. Widespread usage of the word shyness in ordinary language is indicative of its importance as a way of describing, interpreting, and explaining our actions and the actions of others; it is also indicative of its utility as a psychological construct.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arkin, R. M., Appelman, A. J., and Burger, J. M. (1980). Social anxiety, self-presentation, and the self-serving bias in causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 23–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asendorpf, J. (1984). Shyness and sociability revisited. Paper presented at the Second European Conference on Personality, Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Backteman, G., and Magnusson, D. (1981). Longitudinal stability of personality characteristics. Journal of Personality, 49, 148–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, S. R. (1985). A trait account of social shyness. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 6 ). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, S. R., and Cheek, J. M. (in press). The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, S. R., Cheek, J. M., and Buss, A. H. (1980). An analysis of the Self-Monitoring Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 679–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, S. R., Snider, R., and Smith, T. G. (1983). The assessment of shyness: A comparison of measures.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA. Brodt, S. E., and Zimbardo, P. G. (1981). Modifying shyness-related social behavior through symptom misattribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 437–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A. H. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A. H. (1984). Two kinds of shyness. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-related cognitions in anxiety and motivation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T., Glass, C. R., and Merluzzi, T. V. (1979). Self-statements and self-evaluations: A cognitive-response analysis of social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3, 249–262. Campbell, H. (1896). Morbid shyness. The British Medical Journal, 2, 805–807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carducci, B. J., and Webber, A. W. (1979). Shyness as a determinant of interpersonal distance. Psychological Reports, 44, 1075–1078.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, R. B. (1946). Description and measurement of personality. New York: World Book. Cattell, R. B. (1973). Personality and mood by questionnaire. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheek, J. M. (1982). Shyness and self-esteem: A personological perspective. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheek, J. M., and Busch, C. M. (1981). The influence of shyness and loneliness in a new situation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 572–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheek, J.M., and Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. V., and Arkowitz, H. (1975). Social anxiety and self-evaluation of interpersonal performance. Psychological Reports, 36, 211–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comrey, A. L. (1965). Scales for measuring compulsion, hostility, neuroticism, and shyness. Psychological Reports, 16, 697–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crozier, W. R. (1979). Shyness as a dimension of personality. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 121–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crozier, W. R. (1981). Shyness and self-esteem. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 220–222. Curran, J. P. (1977). Skills training as an approach to the treatment of heterosexual-social anxiety: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 140–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, S. (1978). Behavioral correlates of social anxiety. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 121–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1956). The questionnaire measurement of neuroticism and extraversion. Revista de Psicologia, 50, 113–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franzoi, S. L. (1983). Self-concept differences as a function of private self-consciousness and social anxiety. Journal of Research in Personality, 17, 275–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Coll, C., Kagan, J., and Rezneck, J.S. (1984). Behavioral inhibition in young children. Child Development, 55, 1005–1019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Girodo, M. (1978). Shy? You don’t have to be! New York: Pocket Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girodo, M., Dotzenroth, S. E., and Stein, S. J. (1981). Causal attribution bias in shy males: Implications for self-esteem and self-confidence. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 5, 325–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, C. R., Merluzzi, T. V., Biever, J. L., and Larsen, K. H. (1982). Cognitive assessment of social anxiety: Development and validation of a self-statement questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 37–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gormally, J., Sipps, G., Raphael, R., Edwin, D., and Varvil-Weld, D. (1981). The relationship between maladaptive cognitions and social anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 300–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guilford, J. P., and Guilford, R. B. (1936). Personality factors S, E and M and their measurement. Journal of Psychology, 2, 109–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haemmerlie, F. M., and Montgomery, R. L. (1982). Self-perception theory and unobtrusively biased interactions: A treatment for heterosocial anxiety. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 36 2370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hampton, F. A. (1927). Shyness. Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology, 8, 124–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson, R. O., Jones, W. H., and Carpenter, B. N. (1984). Relational competence and social support. In P. Shaver (Ed.). Review of personality and social psychology; 5, Emotions, relationships and health. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P. R. (1984). Shyness and psychological imperialism: On the dangers of ignoring the ordinary language roots of the terms we deal with. European Journal of Social Psychology, 14, 169–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. A., and Teglasi, H. (1982). The role of causal attribution in counseling shy subjects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 132–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halford, K., and Foddy, M. (1982). Cognitive and social skills correlates of social anxiety. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21, 17–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howarth, E. (1980). Major factors of personality. Journal of Psychology, 104, 171–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H. (1984). Social anxiety in interpersonal behavior, relationships and social support. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Personal Relationships, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., and Briggs, S. R. (1984). The self-other discrepancy in social shyness. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.). The self in anxiety, stress and depression (pp. 93–107). Amsterdam: North Holland. Jones, W. H., and Russell, D. (1982). The social reticence scale: An objective instrument to measure shyness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 629–631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., Freemon, J. E., and Goswick, R. A. (1981). The persistence of loneliness: Self and other determinants. Journal of Personality, 49, 27–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., Cavert, C. W., and Indart, M. (1983). Impressions of shyness. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., Briggs, S. R., and Smith, T.G. (1985). Shyness: Conceptualization and measurement. Unpublished manuscript, University of Tulsa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., Russell, D., and Cutrona, C. E. (1985). A personality congruent analysis of situations. Unpublished manuscript, University of Tulsa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanter, N. J. and Goldfried, M. R. (1979). Relative effectiveness of rotational restructuring and self-control desensitization in the reduction of interpersonal anxiety, Behavior Therapy, 10, 47 2490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, D. M. (1972). On shyness. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 3, 439–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, P. J. (1976). An experimental treatment program for the amelioration of shyness in children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, P. J. (1982). Incidence of shyness in elementary-school age children. Psychological Reports, 51, 904–906.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety. In L. Wheeler (Ed.). Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 97–120 ). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R. (1983). Social anxiousness: The construct and its measurement. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 66–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R. (1984). Understanding social anxiety: Social, personality, and clinical perspectives. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R., and Dobbins, S. E. (1983). Social anxiety, sexual behavior and contraceptive use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1347–1354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R., Johnson, K.A., and Knight, P. D. ( 1984, August). Social anxiety and dyadic conversation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Associaticn, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsky, H. H. (1941). The nature of shyness. British Journal of Psychology, 32, 105–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M., Goldfried, M., and Goldfried, A. (1979). Assertion therapy: Skill training or cognitive restructuring. Behavior Therapy, 10, 372–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litwinski, L. (1950). Constitutional shyness: Its active and passive forms. Journal of General Psychology, 42, 299–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loxley, J. C. (1979). Understanding and overcoming shyness. In S. Eisenberg and L. E. Patterson (Eds.), Helping clients with special concerns. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, R. P., and Lazarus, P. J. (1983). Relationship between shyness in children and constricted cognitive control as measured by the Stroop color-word test. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 386–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynd, H. M. (1958). On shame and the search for identity. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandel, N. M., and Shrauger, J. S. (1980). The effects of self-evaluation statements on heterosocial approach in shy and nonshy males. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 369–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maroldo, G. K. (1981). Shyness and loneliness among college men and women. Psychological Reports, 48, 485–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maroldo, G. K. (1982). Shyness and love on the college campus. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55, 819824.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maroldo, G. K., Eisenreich, B. H., and Hall, P. (1979). Reliability of a modified Stanford Shyness Survey. Psychological Reports, 44, 706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFall, R. M., and Twentyman, C. T. (1973). Four experiments on the relative contributions of rehearsal, modeling and coaching to assertion training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81, 199–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGovern, L. P. (1976). Dispositional social anxiety and helping under three conditions of threat. Journal of Personality, 44, 84–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melnick, J. (1973). A comparison of replication techniques in the modification of minimal dating behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81, 51–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Modigliani, A. (1971). Embarrassment, facework and eye contact: Testing a theory of embarrassment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 15–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, D. P., Soroker, E., and Burruss, G. (1954). Follow-up studies of shy, withdrawn children. I. Evaluation of later adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 24, 743–754.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, L. W. (1979). Extraversion and introversion: An interactional perspective. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosher, D. L., and White, B. B. (1981). On differentiating shame and shyness. Motivation and Emotion, 5, 61–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, M. L., and Strauss, M. E. (1972). An examination of the discriminant validity of the social avoidance and distress scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39, 169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. M. (1981). Help for shy people. Englewood Cliffs- Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilkonis, P. A. (1977). The behavioral consequences of shyness. Journal of Personality, 45, 566–611. Pilkonis, P. A., Heape, C. and Klein, R. H. (1980). Treating shyness and other relationship difficulties in psychiatric outpatients. Communication Education, 29, 250–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R., and Rowe, D. C. (1979). Genetic and environmental etiology of social behavior in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 15, 62–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, B. (1979). Overcoming shyness. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santee, R. T., and Maslach, C. (1982). To agree or not to agree: Personal dissent amid social pressure to conform. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 690–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, I. G. (1975). Text anxiety and the self-disclosing coping model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 148–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlenker, B. R., and Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641–669.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slivken, K. E., and Buss, A. H. (1984). Misattribution and speech anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 396–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. W., Ingram, R. E., and Brehm, S. S. (1983). Social anxiety, anxious self-preoccupation, and recall of self-relevant information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1276–1283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., Smith, T. W., Augelli, R. W., and Ingram, R. E. (1985). On the self-serving function of social anxiety: Shyness as a self-handicapping strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 970–980.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teear, C. H. (1977). Conquer shyness. Wellingborough, England: Thomas and Co. Tomkins, S. S. (1963). Affect, imagery, consciousness, Vol. 2. The negative affects. New York: Springer. Watson, D., and Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, E., and Miller, J. (1979). Shy person’s guide to a happier love life. New York: Symphony Press. Zimbardo, P. G. (1977). Shyness: What it is and what to do about it. New York: Addison-Wesley. Zimbardo, P. G., and Radl, S. L. (1981). The shy child. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimbardo, P. G., and Radl, S. L. (1983). The shyness workbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimbardo, P. G., Pilkonis, P. A., and Norwood, R. M. (1975). The social disease called shyness. Psychology Today, 8, 68–72.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Briggs, S.R., Cheek, J.M., Jones, W.H. (1986). Introduction. In: Jones, W.H., Cheek, J.M., Briggs, S.R. (eds) Shyness. Emotions, Personality, and Psychotherapy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0525-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0525-3_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0527-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0525-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics