Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Depression

  • Chapter
Handbook of Assessment in Childhood Psychopathology

Part of the book series: Applied Clinical Psychology ((NSSB))

Abstract

In many ways, the study of depression in children is a relatively recent enterprise. Stirred partly by an NIMH conference on the topic (Schulterbrandt & Raskin, 1977), interest in the clinical and research literature has burgeoned in recent years. One of the reasons for the lack of earlier progress was the multitude of definitional issues and theoretical conflicts that surround the construct of childhood depression. This chapter attempts to outline some of these problems and some of their possible resolutions. Measurement problems follow from the definitional and theoretical issues. A host of new scales have been developed to assess depression as a diagnostic syndrome, or as a dimension of psychopathology. Scales assessing related dimensions also have importance in the overall assessment picture. Instruments of these various types are reviewed here. Treatment studies are only beginning to appear, so that the relationship of specific scales to treatment choice or outcome assessment is somewhat speculative. Some speculations are offered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P. & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. (1978). The child behavior profile: 1. Boys aged 6 through 11. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 478–488.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T., & Edelbrock, C. (1978). The classification of child psychopathology: A review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85. 1275–1301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albert, N. & Beck, A. (1975). Incidence of depression in early adolescence: A preliminary study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 4, 301–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, E. (1976). Affective disorders in children and adolescents with special emphasis on depression. In J. Cole, A. Schatzberg, and S. Frazier (Eds.), Depression: Biology, psychodynamics, and treatment. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakwin, H. (1972, June). Depression—a mood disorder in childhood and adolescence. Maryland State Medical Journal, 55-61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, J. P. (1983). The use of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale with two elderly populations. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Houston, Houston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, M., Mendlewicz, J., & Klotz, J. (1981). Age-of-onset and genetic transmission of affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 64, 373–380.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1972). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemporad, J. (1978). Manifest symptoms of depression in children and adolescents. In S. Arieti & J. Bemporad (Eds.), Severe and mild depression: The psychotherapeutic approach. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beres, D. (1966). Superego and depression. In R. Lowenstein, L. Newman, M. Schur, & A. Solnit (Eds.), Psychoanalysis: A general psychology. New York: International University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birleson, P. (1980). Depression in childhood. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 22, 518–521.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birleson, P. (1981). Validity of depressive disorder in childhood and the development of a self-rating scale: A research report. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 22, 73–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blatt, S. (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 29, 107–157.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, M. (1978). Depression in children on a general pediatric service. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 32, 20–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, M. (1981). Depression in abused and neglected children. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 35, 342–355.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. R., Bellack, A. S., & Hersen, M. (1977). Social-skills training for unassertive children: A multiple-baseline analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 183–195.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brumback, R., & Staton, D. (1983). Learning disability and childhood depression. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53, 269–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumback, R., & Weinberg, W. (1977). Relationship of hyperactivity and depression in children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 48, 247–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumback, R., Dietz-Schmidt, S., & Weinberg, W. (1977). Depression in children referred to an educational diagnostic center: Diagnosis and treatment and analysis of criteria and literature review. Diseases of the Nervous System, 38, 529–535.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, L. F., & Miezitis, S. (1980). Releasing children from depression: A handbook for elementary teachers and consultants. Ontario: OISE Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calpin, J. P., & Cincirpini, P. M. (1978, May). Multiple baseline analysis of social skills training in children. Paper presented at the Midwestern Association for Behavior Analysis, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calpin, J. P., & Kornblith, S. J. (1978, December). Training of aggressive children in conflict resolution skills. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D., & Carlson, G. (1979). Problems and prospects in the study of childhood depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 167, 522–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, M., & Douglas, V. (1969). Incidence of parental loss in children with depressed mood. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 10, 225–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G. & Cantwell, D. (1979). A survey of depressive symptoms in a child and adolescent psychiatric population. American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 587–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G. & Cantwell, D. (1980a). A survey of depressive symptoms, syndrome, and disorder in a child psychiatric population. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 21, 19–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G., & Cantwell, D. (1980b). Unmasking masked depression in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 445–449.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G., & Cantwell, D. (1982). Diagnosis of childhood depression: A comparison of the Weinberg and DSM-III criteria. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 247–250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cautela, J. R. (1977). Children’s Reinforcement Survey Schedule (CRSS). In J. R. Cautela (Ed.), Behavior analysis forms for clinical intervention. Champaign, IL: Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cautela, J. R., & Kastenbaum, R. (1967). A reinforcement survey for use in therapy, training, and research. Psychological Reports, 20, 1115–1130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiles, J., Miller, M. & Cox, G. (1980). Depression in an adolescent delinquent population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1179–1184.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Schneider-Rosen, K. (Eds.) (1984). Childhood depression. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, H. M. (1972). Depression in childhood. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 4, 71–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coopersmith, S. (1967). Antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costello, A. J., Edelbrock, C., Kalas, R., Dulcan, M. K., & Klaric, S. H. (1984). Development and testing of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children in a clinical population. Final report to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies, National Institute for Mental Health, Rockville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costello, C. (1980). Childhood depression—Three basic but questionable assumptions in the Lefkowitz and Burton critique. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 185–190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, C. (1981). Childhood depression. In J. Mash & L. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craighead, W. E., Wilcoxin-Craighead, L., & Meyers, A. W. (1978). New directions in behavior modification with children. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 6). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cytryn, L., & McKnew, D. (1972). Proposed classification of depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 149–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cytryn, L., & McKnew, D. (1974). Factors influencing the changing clinical expression of the depressive process in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 879–881.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cytryn, L., McKnew, D., Logue, M., & Desai, R. (1974). Biochemical correlates of affective disorders in children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 659–661.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cytryn, L., McKnew, D., & Bunney, W. (1980). Diagnosis of depression in children: A reassessment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 22–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeHorn, G., Lachar, D., & Gdowski, C. L. (1979). Profile classification strategies for the Personality Inventory for Children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 874–881.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorpat, T. (1977). Depressive affect. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 32, 3–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C. S. (1975). The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 674–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endicott, J., & Spitzer, R. (1978). A diagnostic interview. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 837–844.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, G. (1962). Anxiety and depression withdrawal: The primary affects of unpleasure. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 43, 89–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, G., & Reichsman, F. (1956). Spontaneous and experimentally induced depressions in an infant with a gastric fistula. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 4, 428–452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Extein, I., Rosenberg, G., Pottash, A., & Gold, M. (1982). The dexamethasone suppression test in depressed adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1617–1619.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feighner, J., Robins, E., Guze, S., Woodruff, R., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 83, 1065–1072.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frame, C., Matson, J. L., Sonis, W. A., Fialco, J. M., & Kazdin, A. E. (1982). Behavioral treatment of depression in a prepubertal child. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 13, 239–244.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, R., & Butler, L. (1979). Development and evaluation of a test battery to assess childhood depression. Unpublished manuscript, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frommer, E. (1968). Depressive illness in childhood. British Journal of Psychiatry, Special Publication #2, 117-123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, C. Z., & Rehm, L. P. (1977). A self-control behavior therapy program for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 206–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garber, J., Greenberg, E., & White, N. (1980). The identification of criteria for the diagnosis of childhood depression. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, B., & Golombek, H. (1974). Suicide and depression in childhood and adolescence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 110, 1278–1281.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, B., Rogol, A., & Knitter, E. (1983). Preliminary data on the dexamethasone suppression test in children with major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 620–622.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gershon, E., & Nurnberger, J. (1982). Inheritance of major psychiatric disorders. Trends in Neurosciences, 5, 241–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershon, E., Bunney, W., Leckman, J., Van Eerdewegh, M., & DeBauche, B. (1976). The inheritance of affective disorders: A review of data and of hypotheses. Behavior Genetics, 6, 227–261.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gershon, E., Hamovitt, J., Guroff, J., Dibble, E., Leckman, J., Sceery, W., Targum, S., Nurnberger, J., Goldin, L., & Bunney, W. (1982). A family study of schizoaffective, bipolar I, bipolar II, unipolar, and normal control probands. Archives of General Psychiatry, 390, 1157–1167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, K. (1968). Masked depression in children and adolescents. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development, 1, 345–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, P. (1974). Depression in prepubertal children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1974, 16, 340–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry. (1966). A proposed classification of psychological disorders in children. New York: Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 56–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helsel, W. J., & Matson, J. C. (1984). The assessment of depression in children: The internal structure of the Child Depression Inventory (CDI) and its relationship to the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (MESSY). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 289–298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herjanic, B., & Campbell, W. (1977). Differentiating psychiatrically disturbed children on the basis of a structured interview. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 5, 127–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herjanic, B., & Reich, W. (1982). Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: Agreement between child and parent on individual symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 307–324.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herjanic, B., Herjanic, M., Brown, F., & Wheatt, T. (1975). Are children reliable reporters? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3, 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, K., Kline, J., Fitch, P., McKnew, D., & Cytryn, L. (1981). The Child Assessment Schedule (CAS): A diagnostic interview for research and clinical use. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 11, 56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, K., McKnew, D., Cytryn, L., Stern, L., & Kline, J. (1982). The Child Assessment Schedule (CAS) diagnostic interview: A report on reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 468–473.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollon, S. D., & Kendall, P. C. (1980). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 383–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, L., Molcan, K., Cashman, M., Lee, S., Lohr, J., & Hindmarsh, D. (1983). The dexamethasone suppression test in adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22, 470–473.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, M. (1984). Recurrent abdominal pain and childhood depression: Clinical observations of 23 children and their families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54, 146–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, L. L. (1982). Children’s and teachers’ perspectives on children’s self-control: The development of two rating scales. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 624–633.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ivens, C. (1984). Depression in children: Issues in assessment via self and parent report. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Houston, Houston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivens, C., & Rehm, L. P. (1985, August). Assessment of childhood depression: Inter-instrument correspondence of depressive symptomatology. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J., & Hakami, N. (1982). Depression in children and adolescents with malignancy. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 474–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J., Barbero, G., & Bolander, F. (1981). Depression in hospitalized pediatric patients. American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20, 123–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J., Husain, J., Shekim, W., Hodges, K., Cytryn, L., & McKnew, D. (1981). Current perspectives on childhood depression: An overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 143–153.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaslow, N. J. (1981, August). Social and cognitive correlates of depression in children from a developmental perspective. In L. P. Rehm (Chair), Empirical studies of childhood depression. Symposium presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaslow, N. J. (1983). Depression in children and their parents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Houston, Houston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaslow, N. J., Tanenbaum, R. L., Abramson, L. Y., Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. (1983). Problem-solving deficits and depressive symptoms among children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 497–502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. (1981). Assessment techniques for childhood depression: A critical appraisal. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20, 358–375.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A., & Petti, T. (1982). Self-report and interview measures of childhood and adolescent depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 23, 437–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A., Esveldt-Dawson, K., Unis, A., & Rancurello, M. (1983). Child and parent evaluations of depression and aggression in psychiatric inpatient children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 401–413.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A., French, N., Unis, A., & Esveldt-Dawson, K. (1983). Assessment of childhood depression: Correspondence of child and parent ratings. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22, 157–164.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P., & Wilcox, L. (1979). Self-control in children: Development of a rating scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 1020–1029.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P., Zupan, B., & Braswell, L. (1981). Self-control in children: Further analyses of the self-control rating scale. Behavior Therapy, 12, 667–681.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koocher, G., O’Malley, J., Foster, D., & Gogan, J. (1976). Death anxiety in normal children and adolescents. Psychiatria Clinica, 9, 220–229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1977). Frequency of depression in children. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, Houston, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1978). The Interview Schedule for Children (ISC-Form C). Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. (1977). An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. In J. Schulterbrandt & A. Raskin (Eds.), Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment and conceptual models. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., Betof, N. G., Celebre, J. F., Mansheim, P. A., Petty, L. R., & Raynak, J. T. (1977). Childhood depression: Myth or clinical syndrome? Paper presented at the American Academy of Child Psychiatry Conference, Houston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krakowski, A. (1970). Depressive reactions of childhood and adolescence. Psychosomatics, 11, 429–433.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lachar, D., & Gdowski. C. L. (1979). Problem behavior factor correlates of the Personality Inventory for Children profile scales. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 39–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahmeyer, H., Poznanski, E., & Bellur, S. (1983). EEG sleep in depressed adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1150–1153.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, M., & Tisher, M. (1978). Children’s depression scale. Victoria, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, M., & Burton, N. (1978). Childhood depression: A critique of the concept. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 716–726.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, M., & Tesiny, E. (1980). Assessment of childhood depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 43–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesse, S. (1974). Depression masked by acting out behavior patterns. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 28, 352–361.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leventon, B. (1982). Childhood depression: Symptoms and their relationship to development. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Houston, Houston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Biglan, A., & Zeiss, A. M. (1976). Behavioral treatment of depression. In P. O. Davidson (Ed.), The behavioral management of anxiety, depression and pain (pp. 91–146). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ling, W., Oftedal, G., & Weinberg, W. (1970). Depressive illness in childhood presenting as severe headache. American Journal of Diseases in Children, 120, 122–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livington, R., Reis, C., & Ringdahl, I. (1984). Abnormal dexamethasone suppression test results in depressed and nondepressed children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 106–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubin, B. (1967). Manual for the Depression Adjective Checklists. San Diego: Educational Industrial Testing Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacPhillamy, D. J., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1982). The Pleasant Events Schedule: Studies on reliability, validity, and scale intercorrelation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 363–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmquist, C. (1971). Depression in childhood and adolescence. New England Journal of Medicine, 284, 887–893, 955-961.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malmquist, C. (1975). Depression in childhood. In F. Flach & S. Draghi (Eds.), Nature and Treatment of Depression, New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Esveldt-Dawson, K., Andrasik, F., Ollendik, T. H., Petti, T. A., & Hersen, M. (1980). Observation and generalization effects of social skills training with emotionally disturbed children. Behavior Therapy, 11, 522–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConville, B., Boag, L., & Purohit, A. (1973). Three types of childhood depression. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 18, 133–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKnew. D., & Cytryn, L. (1973). Historical background in children with affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 1278–1279.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKnew, D., & Cytryn, L. (1979). Urinary metabolites in chronically depressed children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 608–615.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKnew, D., Cytryn, L., Efron, A., Gershon, E., & Bunney, W. (1979). Offspring of patients with affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 148–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nissen, G. (1973). Masked depression in children and adolescence. In P. Kielholz (Ed.), Masked depression. Bern: Hans Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orvaschel, H., Puig-Antich, J., Chambers, W., Tabrizi, M., & Johnson, R. (1982). Retrospective assessment of prepubertal major depression with Kiddie-SADS-E. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 392–397.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, J. (1977). Depressive disorder in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 79–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penis, G. (1968). Genetic transmission of depressive psychoses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 42, (Supplement 203), 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petti, T. (1978). Depression in hospitalized child psychiatry patients. American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 49–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petti, T. (1981). Depression in children: A significant disorder. Psychosomatics, 22, 444–447.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petti, T., Bornstein, M., Delamater, A., & Conners, C. (1980). Evaluation and multimodality treatment of a depressed prepubertal girl. American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 19, 690–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philips, I. (1979). Childhood depression: Interpersonal interactions and depressive phenomena. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 511–515.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, S. (1963). Origins of intelligence in children. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pichot, P., & Hassan, J. (1973). Masked depression and depressive equivalents. In P. Kielholz (Ed.), Masked depression. Bern: Hans Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piers, E., & Harris, D. (1969). The Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale. Nashville: Counselor Recordings and Tests.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poznanski, E., & Zrull, J. (1970). Childhood depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 23, 8–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poznanski, E., Cook, S., & Carroll, B. (1979). A depression rating scale for children. Pediatrics, 64, 442–450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pozanski, E., Carroll, B., Banegas, M., Cook, S., & Grossman, J. (1982). The dexamethasone suppression test in prepubertal depressed children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 321–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poznanski, E., Cook, S., Carroll, B., & Corzo, H. (1983). Use of the Children’s Depression Rating Scale in an inpatient psychiatric population. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 44, 200–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poznanski, E., Grossman, J., Buchsbaum, Y., Banegas, M., Freeman, L., & Gibbons, R. (1984). Preliminary studies of the reliability and validity of the Children’s Depression Rating Scale. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 191–197.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J. (1982a). Editorial: The use of RDC criteria for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 291–293.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J. (1982b). Major depression and conduct disorder in prepuberty. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 118–128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J., & Chambers, W. (1978). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children (6–16 years) (Kiddie-SADS). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J., Goetz, R., Hanlon, C., Davies, M., Thompson, J., Chambers, W., Tabrizi, M., & Weitzman, E. (1982). Sleep architecture and REM sleep measures in prepubertal children with major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 932–939.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J., Goetz, R., Hanlon, C., Tabrizi, M., Davies, M., & Weitzman, E. (1983). Sleep architecture and REM sleep measures in prepubertal major depressives: Studies during recovery from the depressive episode in a drug-free state. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 187–192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J., Novacenki, H., Davies, M., Chambers, W., Tabrizi, M., Krawiec, V., Ambrosini, P., & Sachar, E. (1984). Growth hormone secretion in prepubertal children with major depression: 1. Final report on response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia during a depressive episode. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 455–460.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff, L. S., & Rae, D. S. (1979). Susceptibility and precipitating factors in depression: Sex differences and similarities. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 174–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, L. P. (1977). A self-control model of depression. Behavior Therapy, 8, 787–804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, L. P. (1984). Self-management therapy for depression. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 83–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, L. P., & Kaslow, N. J. (1984). Behavioral approaches to depression: Research results and clinical recommendations. In C. M. Franks (Ed.), New developments in behavior therapy (pp. 155–229). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich, W., Herjanic, B., Welner, Z., & Gandhy, P. (1982). Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: Agreement on diagnosis comparing child and parent interviews. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 325–336.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renshaw, D. (1974). Suicide and depression in children. Journal of School Health, 44, 487–489.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rie, H. (1966). Depression in children: A survey of some pertinent contributions. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 5, 653–685.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, D., Alessi, N., Yanchyshyn, G., & Colfer, M. (1983). The dexamethasone suppression test in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22, 467–469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N., Heizer, J. E., Croughan, J., & Ratcliff, K. (1981). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381–389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rochlin, G. (1959). The loss complex. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 7, 299–316.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rush, A. J., Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Hollon, S. (1977). Comparative efficacy of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 17–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachar, E., Finkelstein, J., & Hellman, L. (1971). Growth hormone responses in depressive illness: Response to insulin tolerance test. Archives of General Psychiatry, 25, 263–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandier, J., & Joffe, W. (1965). Notes on childhood depression. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 46, 88–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulterbrandt, J., & Raskin, A. (1977). Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment and conceptual models, New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, H. (1981, August). Correlates of depression in a clinical sample of children and their mothers. In L. P. Rehm (Chair), Empirical studies of childhood depression. Symposium presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death, San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1981). A learned helplessness point of view. In L. P. Rehm (Ed.), Behavior therapy for depression: Present status and future directions, New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., Abramson, L. Y., Semmel, A., & von Baeyer, C. (1979). Depressive attributional style. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 242–247.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., Peterson, C., Kaslow, N. J., Tanenbaum, R. L., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (1984). Attributional style and depressive symptoms among children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 235–238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shekim, W., Javaid, J., Rutledge, M., Bylund, D., & Davis, J. (1984). Factors affecting urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in children and its clinical significance. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 343–347.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff, R., & Lubin, B. (1983). Depressive mood in adolescent, emotionally disturbed females: Reliability and validity of an adjective checklist (C-DACL). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 531–536.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitz, R., & Wolf, K. (1946). Anaclitic depression. Psychoanalytic Study of Child, 2, 313–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., Fleiss, J. L., & Cohen, J. (1970). The psychiatric status schedule. Archives of General Psychiatry, 23, 41–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, K. D., Kaslow, N. J., & Reynolds, W. M. (March, 1985). A comparison of the relative efficacy of self-control and nonspecific therapies for the treatment of childhood depression. Paper presented at the National Conference on Clinical Applications of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Honolulu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Targum, S., & Capodanno, A. (1983). The dexamethasone suppression test in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 589–591.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toolan, J. (1962). Depression in children and adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 32, 404–414.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toolan, J. (1974). Masked depression in children and adolescents. In S. Lesse (Ed.), Masked depression. New York: Aronson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toussieng, P. (1975). Depression in childhood and adolescence. Biological Psychological Bulletin, 4, 81–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, W., Rutman, J., Sullivan, L., Penick, E., & Dietz, S. (1973). Depression in children referred to an educational diagnostic center: Diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Pediatrics, 83, 1065–1077.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, A., & Beck, A. T. (1978, November). Development and validation of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M. M., & Klerman, G. L. (1977). Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 98–111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weller, E., Weiler, R., Fristad, M., & Preskorn, S. (1984). The dexamethasone suppression test in hospitalized prepubertal depressed children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 290–291.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welner, Z., Welner, A., McCrary, D., & Leonard, M. (1977). Psychopathology in children of inpatients with depression: A controlled study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 164, 408–413.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wirt, R., Lachar, D., Klinedinst, J., & Seat, P. (1977). Multidimensional description of child personality: A manual for the Personality Inventory for Children. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA

    Lynn P. Rehm, Barbara Gordon-Leventon & Carolyn Ivens

Authors
  1. Lynn P. Rehm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Barbara Gordon-Leventon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Carolyn Ivens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

    Johnny L. Matson

  2. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA

    Cynthia L. Frame

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rehm, L.P., Gordon-Leventon, B., Ivens, C. (1987). Depression. In: Frame, C.L., Matson, J.L. (eds) Handbook of Assessment in Childhood Psychopathology. Applied Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0041-8_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0041-8_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0043-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0041-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation