Skip to main content

Thinking Postcognitively about Depression

  • Chapter
Comprehensive Handbook of Cognitive Therapy

Abstract

The resurgence of the cognitive perspective in the early 1970s was so strong that it became widely described as the “cognitive revolution” (Dember, 1974). More than a decade later, there still has been little in the way of critical response or sober reevaluation of the enthusiastic claims and polemics that accompanied this shift in perspective. As measured by the continued outpouring of articles, chapters, books, and even new journals, the cognitive perspective is clearly in ascendance in clinical psychology, as well as much of the rest of the discipline. Dissent is muted, and, with the exception of the perennial question of the causal priority of cognition over emotion (Lazarus, 1984; Zajonc, 1984), there is little in the way of spirited theoretical debate. On the rare occasions when theoretical disagreements do occur, they are largely confined to minor issues arising within the cognitive perspective, rather than representing any challenge to the basic assumptions of the perspective.

Cut the pie any way you like, “meanings’’ just ain’t in the head.

Putnam, 1975, p 227

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., and Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., and Young, J. E. (1985). Depression. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (pp. 206–244 ). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, N., Mock, J., and Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 53–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., and Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression: A treatment manual. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A., Hops, H., Sherman, L., Friedman, L. S., Arthur, J., and Osteen, V. (1985). Problem-solving interactions of depressed women and their husbands. Behavior Therapy, 16, 431–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J., and Christie, J. E. (1981). The efficacy of cognitive therapy in depression: A treatment trial using cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy, each alone and in combination. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 181–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. W., and Harris, T. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchwald, A. M., Coyne, J. C., and Cole, C. S. (1978). A critique of the learned helplessness model of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 180–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Courney, R. H. (1984). The effectiveness of social workers in the management of depressed female patients in general practice. Psychological Medicine 14, (Monograph Suppl. 6).

    Google Scholar 

  • Covi, L., Lipman, R. S., Derogatis, L. R., Smith, J. E., and Patterson, J. H. (1974). Drugs and group psychotherapy in neurotic depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 191–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C. (1976a). Toward an interactional description of depression. Psychiatry, 39, 28–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C. (1976b). Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2, 186–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C. (1982). A critique of cognitions as causal entities with particular reference to depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C. (1984). Strategic therapy with married depressed persons: Agenda, themes, and interventions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 10, 53–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C. (1985). Toward a theory of frames and reframing: The social nature of frames. Journal of marital and family therapy, 11, 337–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C. (1988). Strategic therapy with couples having a depressed spouse. In G. Haas, I. Glick, and J. Clarkin (Eds.), Family intervention in affective illness (pp. 89–113 ). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C., and DeLongis, A. (1988). The spouses of depressed persons. Psychological Bulletin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C., and Gotlib, I. H. (1983). The role of cognition in depression: A critical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 472–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C., and Gotlib, I. H. (1986). Studying the role of cognition in depression: Well-trodden paths and cul-de-sacs. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 695–705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C., Aldwin, C., and Lazarus, R. S. (1981). Depression and coping in stressful episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 439–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C., Kahn, J., and Gotlib, I. H. (1987). Depression. In T. Jacob (Ed.), Family interaction and psychotherapy (pp. 509–534 ). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H. (1979). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information in depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3, 97–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dember, W. N. (1974). Motivation and the cognitive revolution. American Psychologist, 29, 161–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Depue, R. A., and Monroe, S. M. (1978) Learned helplessness in the perspective of the depressive disorders: Conceptual and definitional issues. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 3–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, K. W., and Shaw, B. F. (1987). Specificity and stability of self-referent encoding in clinical depression, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 34–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, G., and Rush, A. J. (1984). Cognitive patterns in symptomatic and remitted unipolar major depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 31–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elkin, I., Shea, T., Watkins, J., and Colloins, J. (1986). Comparative treatment findings: Presentation of the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, K. (1982). Causal schemata: Review and criticism of research on a popular construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 1001–1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., and Lazarus, R. S. (1986). Stress processes and depressive symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 107–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geerwitz, C. (1973). The interpretation of culture. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotlib, I. H. (1986). A factor analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory. Unpublished study.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotlib, I. H., and Robinson, A. (1982). Responses to depressed individuals: Discrepancies between self-report and observer-rated behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 231–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurtman, M. (1986). Depression and the response of others: Reevaluating the reevaluation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95, 99–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halberstadt, L. J., Andrews, D., Metalsky, G. I., and Abramson, L. Y. (1984). Helplessness, hopelessness, and depression: A review of progress and future directions. In N. S. Endler and J. Mc V. Hunt (Eds.), Personality and the behavioral disorders (Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., pp. 373–412 ), New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, E. W., and Abramson, L. Y. (1983). Cognitive patterns and major depressive disorder: A longitudinal study in a hospital setting. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 173–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, S. D. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, 23, 56–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C., Marks, T., Mayol, A., and de Mayo, R. (1985). Depressive self-schemas, life stress, and vulnerability to depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 308–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollon, S. D., and Kendall, P. C. (1980). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 383–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollon, S. D., Kendall, P. C., and Lumry, A. (1986). Specificity of depressotypic cognitions in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 52–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., and Evans, M. D. (1987). Causal mediation of change in treatment for depression: Discriminating between nonspecificity and noncausality. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 139149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooley, J. M., Orley, J., and Teasdale, J. D. (1986). Levels of expressed emotion and relapse in depressed patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 642–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, N. S., Schmelling, K. B., Salsalusky, S., Follette, V., and Dobson, K. (1987). Marital therapy as an adjunct treatment of depression. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, J., Coyne, J. C., and Margolin, G. (1985). Depression and marital conflict: The social construction of despair. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 447–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, M. B., Klerman, G. L., Lavori, P. W., Coryell, W., Endicott, J., and Taylor, J. (1984). Long-term outcome of episodes of major depression: Clinical and public health significance. Journal of the American Medical Association, 252, 788–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. F. (1974). Endogenomorphic depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 447–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., and Beck, A. T. (1978). Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 525–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., Rush, A. J., Beck, A. T., and Hollon, S. D. (1981). Depressed outpatients treated with cognitive therapy of pharmacotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 33–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1984). On the primacy of cognition. American Psychologist, 39, 124–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Steinmetz, J. L., Larsen, D. W., and Franklin, J. (1981). Depression-related cognitions: Antecedents or consequence? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 213–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLean, P. D., and Hakstian, A. R. (1979). Clinical depression: Comparative efficacy of outpatient treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 818–836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm, N. (1977). Memory and mind. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, I. W., and Norman, W. H. (1986). Persistence of depressive cognitions within a subgroup of depressed inpatients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 211–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, G. E., Simons, A. D., Wetzel, R. D., and Lustman, P. J. (1984). Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy, singly and together in the treatment of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 33–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • sParker, G., and Blignault, I. (1985). Psychosocial predictors of outcomes in subjects with untreated depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 8, 73–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, G., Holmes, S., and Manicavagar, V. (1986). Depression in general practice attenders: Caseness, natural history, and predictors of outcome. Journal of Affective Disorders, 10, 27–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, G., Tennant, C., and Blignault, I., (1985). Predicting improvement in patients with non-endogenous depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 132–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Persons, J. B., and Rao, P. A. (1985). Longitudinal study of cognitions, life events, and depression in psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 51–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., and Seligman, M. E. P. (1984). Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91, 347–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L. H., Metalsky, G., and Seligman, M. E. P. (1982). The Attributional Style Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 287–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, H. (1975). Mind, language, and reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Reda, (1984). Cognitive organization and antidepressants: Attitude modification during amitriptyline treatment in severely depressed individuals. In M. A. Reda and M. J. Mahoney (Eds.), Cognitive psychotherapies (pp. 124–139 ). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riskind, J. H., and Steer, R. E. (1984). Do maladaptive attitudes “cause” depression?: Misconception of cognitive theory. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 1111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, S. M., Gottfredson, D. K., Christensen, P., and Weaver, R. (1986). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Findings across clinical populations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 159–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rounsaville, B. J., Weissman, M. M., Prusoff, B. A., and Herceg-Baron, R. L. (1979). Marital disputes and treatment outcome in depressed women. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 20, 483–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rounsaville, B. J., Prusoff, B. A., and Weissman, M. M. (1980). The course of marital disputes in depressed women: A 48-month follow-up study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 21, 111–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rush, A. J., and Giles, D. E. (1982). Cognitive therapy: Theory and research. In A. J. Rush (Ed.), Short-term psychotherapies for depression (pp. 143–181 ). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rush, A. J., Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., and Hollon, S. (1977). Comparative efficacy of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 17–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. New York: Hutchinson University Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacco, W. P., and Beck, A. T. (1985). Cognitive therapy of depression. In E. E. Beckham and W. R. Leber (Eds.), Handbook of depression: Treatment, assessment, and research (pp. 3–38 ). Homewood, IL: The Dorsey Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, Z. V., and Shaw, B. F. (1986a). Cognition and depression: A reappraisal of Coyne and Gotlib’s critique. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 671–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, Z. V., and Shaw, B. F. (1986b). When cul-de-sacs are more mentality than reality: A rejoinder to Coyne and Gotlib. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 707–714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, B. F. (1979). The theoretical and empirical foundations of a cognitive model of depression. In P. Pliner, I. Spigel, and K. Blankstein (Eds.), Perception of emotion in self and others (pp. 137–164 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, J. S., Silverman, J. A., and Eardley, D. A. (1984). Do maladaptive attitudes cause depression? Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 28–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, A. D., Garfield, S. L., and Murphy, G. E. (1984). The process of change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy of depression: Changes in mood and cognition. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 4551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. L., and Smith, T. W. (1982). Symptoms as self-handicapping strategies: The virtue of old wine in a new bottle. In G. Weary and H. Mirels (Eds.), Integration of clinical and social psychology (pp. 104–127 ). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strack, S., and Coyne, J. C. (1983). Social confirmation of dysphoria: Shared and private reactions to depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 806–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swann, W. B., Jr., and Predmore, S. C. (1985). Intimates as agents of social support: Sources of consolation or despair? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1609–1617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, P. D., Anderson, A., and Bailey, S. (1986). Attributional style in depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 974–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, C. E., and Leff, J. (1985). Expressed emotion in families: Its significance for mental illness. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watzlawick, P. W., and Coyne, J. C. (1980). Depression following stroke: Brief problem-focused family treatment. Family Process, 19, 13–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1985). Spontaneous causal thinking. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 74–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, A. N., and Beck, A. T. (1978). Development and validation of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale: A preliminary investigation. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M. M., and Paykel, E. S. (1974). The depressed woman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, A., Marten, S., Wochnick, Davis, M. A., Fishman, R., and Clayton, P. J. (1979). Psychiatric disorders among professional women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 169–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, I. M., and Blackburn, I. M. (1986). Do thinking patterns predict depressive symptoms? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 225–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittgenstein, L. (1980). Remarks on the philosophy of psychology (Vol. 1 ). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, R. B. (1984). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeiss, A. M., Lewinsohn, P. M., and Munoz, R. F. (1979). Nonspecific improvement effects in depression using interpersonal skills training, pleasant activity schedules, or cognitive training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 427–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Coyne, J.C. (1989). Thinking Postcognitively about Depression. In: Freeman, A., Simon, K.M., Beutler, L.E., Arkowitz, H. (eds) Comprehensive Handbook of Cognitive Therapy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9779-4_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9779-4_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9781-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9779-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics