Abstract
Traditionally, child psychopathology research has been focused on discrete symptomatology leading to diagnosable disorders or behavioral/emotional syndromes. For example, psychiatric nosologies for children and adolescents have typically focused on symptom constellations such as depression, anxiety, and conduct disorders. As research has progressed in these areas, etiological studies have contributed to a growing realization that many major childhood problems have their origins in dysfunctional environmental circumstances. For instance, research with conduct-problem children has identified numerous family processes that have functional relationships with externalizing forms of behavior problems (e.g., inconsistent consequences for positive and negative behaviors).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achenbach, T. M. (1991). A manual for the Child Behaviour Checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1983). Manual for the Child Behaviour Checklist and Revised Child Behaviour Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Alexander, P., & Lupfer, S. (1987). Family characteristics and long-term consequences associated with sexual abuse. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 16, 235–245.
Allen, M., Jones, P., & Nash, M. (August, 1989). Detection of sexual abuse among emotionally disturbed preschoolers: Unique effects of sexual abuse as observed on doll play and other standard assessment procedures. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.
American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Anderson, A., & Coleman, E. (1991). Childhood abuse and family sexual attitudes in sexually compulsive males: A comparison of three clinical groups. American Journal of Preventive Psychiatry & Neurology, 3, 8–15.
Basta, S., & Peterson, R. (1990). Perpetrator status and the personality characteristics of molested children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 555–566.
Becker, I., Skinner, L., Abel, G., & Treacy, E. (1982). Incidence and types of sexual dysfunctions in rape and incest survivors. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 8, 65–74.
Briere, J. (1989). The Trauma Symptom Checklist-Children. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1988). Symptomatology associated with childhood sexual victimization in a nonclinical adult sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12, 51–59.
Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1990). Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 357–364.
Burgess, A. W., Hartman, C.R., McCausland, M. P., & Powers, P. (1984). Response patterns in children and adolescents exploited through sex rings and pornography. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 656–662.
Cattell, R., Cattell, M, & Johns, E. (1984). Manual and norms for the High School Personality Questionnaire. Champaign, IL: Institute of Personality and Ability Testing.
Cavaiola, A., & Schiff, M. (1988). Behavioral sequelae of physical and/or sexual abuse in adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12, 181–188.
Cicchetti, D. (1987). Developmental psychopathology in infancy: Illustration from the study of maltreated youngsters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 837–845.
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1988). Psychological symptoms in sexually abused girls. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12, 571–577.
Cole, P., & Woolger, C (March, 1989). The role of emotion in the parenting difficulties of incest victims. Paper presented at the Biannual Convention of the Society for Research in Child Development, in the symposium, “Social transmission of patterns of emotion regulation and dysregulation,” Kansas City, Missouri.
Conte, J., Briere, J., & Sexton, D. (August, 1989). Mediators of long term symptomatology in women molested as children. Paper presented at the 97th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.
Conte, J., & Scheurman, J. (1987). The effects of sexual abuse on children: A multidimensional view. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 380–390.
Costello, A., Edelbrock, C., Dukan, M., & Kalas, R. (1984). Testing of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) in a clinical population. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh.
Deblinger, E., McLeer, S., Atkins, M., Ralphe, D., & Foa, E. (1989). Post-traumatic stress in sexually abused, physically abused, and nonabused children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 13, 403–408.
De Young, M. (1984). Counterphobic behaviour in multiply molested children. Child Welfare, 63, 333–339.
Edwall, G., Hoffman, A., & Harrison, P. (1989). Psychological correlates of sexual abuse in adolescent girls in chemical dependency treatment. Adolescence, 24, 208–288.
Einbender, A. J., & Friedrich, W. N. (1989). Psychological functioning and behavior of sexually abused girls. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 155–157.
Elliot, D., & Briere, J. (1992). Sexual abuse trauma among professional women: Validating the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 (TSC-40). Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 391–398.
Everson, M., & Boat, B. (1990). Sexualized doll play among young children: Implications for the use of anatomical dolls in sexual abuse evaluations. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 736–742.
Famularo, R., Kinscherff, R., & Fenton, T. (1990). Symptom differences in acute and chronic presentation of childhood post-traumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 439–444.
Feinauer, L. (1988). Relationship of long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse to identity of the offender: Family, friend, or stranger. Women & Therapy, 4, 89–107.
Finkelhor, D., & Browne, A. (1985). The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 530–541.
Friedrich, W. N. (1993). Sexual victimization and sexual behaviour in children: A review of recent literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17, 59–66.
Friedrich, W., Beilke, R., & Urquiza, A. (1987). Children from sexually abusive families: A behavioural comparison. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 391–402.
Friedrich, W., Beilke, R., & Urquiza, A. (1988). Behaviour problems in young sexually abused boys. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 3, 21–27.
Friedrich, W., Grambach, P., Damon, L., Hewitt, S., Koverola, C., Lang, R., Wolfe, V., & Broughton, D. (1992). The Child Sexual Behaviour Inventory: Normative and clinical findings. Psychological Assessment, 4, 303–311.
Friedrich, W., & Leucke, W. (1988). Young school-age sexually aggressive children. I. Assessment and comparison. Professional Psychology, 19, 155–164.
Friedrich, W., & Lui, B. (1985). An observational rating scale for sexually abused children. Unpublished manuscript. University of Washington, Seattle.
Friedrich, W. N., Urquiza, A. J., & Beilke, R. L. (1986). Behaviour problems in sexually abused young children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 11, 47–57.
Fromuth, M. (1986). The relationship of childhood sexual abuse with later psychological and sexual adjustment in a sample of college women. Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 5–15.
Gale, J., Thompson, R., Moran, T., & Sack, W. (1988). Sexual abuse in young children: Its clinical presentation and characteristic patterns. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12, 163–170.
Gentile, C. (1988). Factors mediating the impact of child sexual abuse: Learned helplessness and severity of abuse. Unpublished master’s thesis. University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.
German, D. E., Habenicht, D. J., & Futcher, W. G. (1990). Psychological profile of the female adolescent incest victim. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 429–438.
Gold, E. (1986). Long-term effects of sexual victimization in childhood: An attributional approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 471–475.
Goldston, D. B., Turnquist, D. C., & Knutson, J. F. (1989). Presenting problems of sexually abused girls receiving psychiatric services. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 314–317.
Gomes-Schwartz, B., Horowitz, J., & Cardarelli, A. (1990). Child sexual abuse: The initial effects. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Greenwald, E., & Leitenberg, H. (1990). Post-traumatic stress disorder in a nonclinical and nonstudent sample of adult women sexually abused as children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 217–228.
Greenwald, E., Leitenberg, H., Cado, S., & Tarran, M. (1990). Childhood sexual abuse: Long-term effects on psychological and sexual functioning in a nonclinical and nonstudent sample of adult women. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14, 503–513.
Gruber, K. J., & Jones, R. J. (1981). Does sexual abuse lead to delinquent behaviour? A critical look at the evidence. Victimology: An International Journal, 6, 85–91.
Gundlach, R. (1977). Sexual molestation and rape reported by homosexual and heterosexual women. Journal of Homosexuality, 2, 367–384.
Harter, S., & Alexander, P. (1988). Long-term effects of incestuous child abuse in college women: Social adjustment, social cognition, and family characteristics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 5–8.
Harter, S., & Pike, R. (1984). The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children. Child Development, 55, 1969–1982.
Hibbard, B., & Hartman, G. (1990). Emotional indicators in human figure drawings of sexually victimized and nonabused children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 211–219.
Hibbard, B., Roghmann, K., & Hoekelman, R. (1987). Genitalia in children’s drawings: An association with sexual abuse. Pediatrics, 79, 129–137.
Hotte, J. P., and Rafman, S. (1992). The specific effects of incest on prepubertal girls from dysfunctional families. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 273–283.
Inderbitzen-Pisaruk, H., Shawchuck, C. R., & Hoier, T. S. (1992). Behavioural characteristics of child victims of sexual abuse: A comparison study. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 14–19.
Ireton, H., & Thwing, E. (1977). Minnesota Child Development Inventory. Minneapolis, MN: Behavioral Systems.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7, 113–136.
Johnson, B. K., & Kenkel, M. B. (1991). Stress, coping, and adjustment in female adolescent incest victims. Child Abuse & Neglect, 15, 293–305.
Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Williams, L. M, & Finkelhor, D. (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin, 13, 16–180.
Kilpatrick, D. G., Veronen, L. J., & Resnick, P. A. (1979). Assessment of the aftermath of rape: Changing patterns of fear. Journal of Behavioural Assessment, 1, 133–148.
Kolko, D. J., Moser, J. T., & Weldy, S. R. (1988). Behavioural/emotional indicators of sexual abuse in child psychiatric inpatients: A controlled comparison with physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12, 529–541.
Kovacs, M., and Beck, A. (1977). An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. In J. G. Schulterbrandt & A. Raskin (Eds.). Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment and conceptual models (pp. 1–25). New York: Raven.
Kreiger, M. J., & Robbins, J. (1985). The adolescent incest victim and the juvenile system. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 419–425.
Lachar, D., Gdowski, C., & Snyder, D. (1984). External validation of the Personality Inventory for Children. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 54, 155–164.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
Leitenberg, H., Greenwald, E., & Cado, S. (1992). A retrospective study of long-term methods of coping with having been sexually abused during childhood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 399–407.
Lindberg, F., & Distad, L. (1985). Post-traumatic stress disorders in women who experienced childhood incest. Child Abuse & Neglect, 9, 329–334.
Malinosky-Rummell, R., & Hoier, T. S. (November, 1990). Dissociation in sexually abused children: Behavioural assessment and treatment implications. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Francisco, CA.
Mannarino, A., Cohen, J., & Gregor, M. (1989). Emotional and behavioural difficulties in sexually abused girls. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, 437–451.
McLeer, S., Deblinger, E., Atkins, M., Foa, E., & Ralphe, D. (1988). Post-traumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 650–654.
Meiselman, K. (1978). Incest: A psychological study of causes and effects with treatment recommendations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Meiselman, K. (1980). Personality characteristics of incest history psychotherapy patients: A research note. Journal of Sexual Behaviour, 9, 195–197.
Miller, L. (1977). Louisville Behavior Checklist. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Miller, L., Hampe, E., Barrett, C., & Nobel, H. (1971). Children’s deviant behavior within the general population. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 37, 16–22.
Murphy, S., Kilpatrick, D., Amick-McMullan, A., Veronen, L., Paduhovich, J., Best, C., Vil-leponteauz, L., & Saunders, B. (1988). Current psychological functioning of child sexual assault survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 3, 55–79.
O’Donohue, W., & Elliot, A. (1993). Treatment of the sexually abused child: A review. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 3, 218–228.
Ollendick, T. (1983). Reliability and validity of the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 21, 685–692.
Pallotta, G., & Hansen, D. (November, 1990). Long-term psychological adjustment in adult female survivors of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Presented at the 24th Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Francisco, CA.
Peters, S. (1988). Child sexual abuse and later psychological problems. In G. Wyatt & G. Powell (Eds.). Lasting effects of child sexual abuse (pp. 101–117). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Piers, E. (1984). Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale (Revised manual). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Porter, R. B., & Cattell, R. B. (1975). Children’s Personality Questionnaire. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality & Ability Testing.
Putnam, F., & Trickett, P. (1987). The psychobiological effects of sexual abuse: Female growth and development during childhood and adolescence. National Institute of Mental Health, Be-thesda, MD.
Ray, K., Jackson, J., & Long, P. (1990, November). History of sexual abuse and family environment: Understanding victims’ later social and psychological adjustment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Francisco, CA.
Reynolds, C., & Richmond, B. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280.
Sansonnet-Hayden, H., Haley, G., Marriage, K., & Fine, S. (1987). Sexual abuse and psychopa-thology in hospitalized adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 753–757.
Scott, R., & Stone, D. (1986). MMPI Profile constellations in incest families. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 364–368.
Sedney, M., & Brooks, B. (1984). Factors associated with a history of childhood sexual experience in a nonclinical female population. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 215–218.
Seidner, A., & Calhoun, K. (July, 1984). Childhood sexual abuse: Factors related to differential adult adjustment. Paper presented at the 2nd Annual National Family Violence Research Conference, Durham, New Hampshire.
Sirles, E. A., & Smith, J. A. (September, 1990). Behavioural profiles of preschool, latency, and teenage female incest victims. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, Hamburg, Germany.
Sirles, E. A., Smith, J. A., & Kusama, H. (1989). Psychiatric status of intrafamilial child sexual abuse victims. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 225–229.
Spielberger, C. (1973). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
Steele, B. (1986). Notes on the lasting effects of early child abuse throughout the life cycle. Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 283–291.
Terr, L. (1987). Severe stress and sudden shock — the connection. Sam Hibbs Award Lecture, American Psychiatric Association, Convention, Chicago, IL.
Tong, L., Oates, K., & McDowell, M. (1987). Personality development following sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect11, 371–383.
Tsai, M, Feldman-Summers, & Edger, M. (1979). Childhood molestation: Variables related to differential impacts on psychosexual functioning in adult women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 407–417.
Watchel, A., & Scott, B. (1991). The impact of child sexual abuse in developmental perspective. In C. Bagley & R. Thomlinson (Eds.), Child sexual abuse: Critical perspectives on prevention, intervention, and treatment (pp. 79–120). Toronto: Wall & Emerson.
White, S., Halpin, B. M., Strom, G. A., & Santilli, G. (1988). Behavioral comparisons of young sexually abused, neglected, and nonabused children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 53–61.
White, S., Strom, G., Santilli, G., & Halpin, B. (1986). Interviewing young sexual abuse victims with anatomically correct dolls. Child Abuse & Neglect, 10, 519–529.
Wolfe, V. V. (November, 1990). Type I and Type II PTSD: A conceptual framework for sexual abuse sequelae. In symposium “The Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of the Sexually Abused Child.” Presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Francisco, CA.
Wolfe, V. V., & Gentile, C. (1987). Children’s Impact of Traumatic Events Scale-Revised. Unpublished assessment instrument. Children’s Hospital of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.
Wolfe, V. V., & Gentile, C. (1992). Psychological assessment of sexually abused children. In W. O’Donahue and J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Clinical issues, Vol. 2 (pp. 143–187). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wolfe, V. V., Gentile, C., & Klinck, A. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Sexual Abuse Fear Evaluation (SAFE). Unpublished manuscript. Children’s Hospital of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.
Wolfe, V., Gentile, C., Michienzi, T., Sas, L., & Wolfe, D. (1991). The Children’s Impact of Traumatic Events Scale-Revised: A measure of postsexual abuse PTSD symptoms. Behavioral Assessment, 14, 359–383.
Wolfe, V., Gentile, C., & Wolfe, D. (1989). The impact of sexual abuse on children: A PTSD formulation. Behavior Therapy, 20, 215–228.
Wolfe, V. V., Sirles, E. A., Michienzi, T., & Evans, B. (November, 1992). Child Behaviour Checklist item differences among sexually abused, nonabused/clinic-referred, and standardization samples. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, Boston, MA.
Wolfe, V., & Wolfe, D. (1986). The Sexual Abuse Fear Evaluation (SAFE): A subscale for the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised. Unpublished questionnaire. Children’s Hospital of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.
Wolfe, V., & Wolfe, D. (1988). The sexually abused child. In E. Mash & L. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioural assessment of childhood disorders, 2nd ed. (pp. 670–714). New York: Guildford Press.
Wolfe, V. V., Wolfe, D. A., Gentile, C., & Bourdeau, P. A. (August, 1981). The Victimization History Form: Assessing type and severity of maltreatment. Assessing type and severity of maltreatment. In symposium entitled, “Growing up with the violence: Victimization and maltreatment of children.” Presented at the American Psychological Association, New York City.
Wozencraft, T., Wagner, W., & Pellegrin, A. (1991). Depression and suicidal ideation in sexually abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 15, 505–511.
Yates, A. (1982). Children eroticized by incest. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 482–485.
Yates, A., Beutler, L., & Crago, M. (1985). Drawings by child victims of incest. Child Abuse & Neglect, 9, 183–189.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wolfe, V.V., Birt, JA. (1995). The Psychological Sequelae of Child Sexual Abuse. In: Ollendick, T.H., Prinz, R.J. (eds) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, vol 17. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9044-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9044-3_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9046-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9044-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive