Abstract
The discussion that follows begins with the observation that the dominant view among contemporary investigators is that most adults have outgrown the childish belief they live in a just world (BJW). These BJW investigators have also assumed that one can assess the vestigial remnants of that belief as a stable meaningful individual difference variable. Beginning with the question of why this view of BJW has prevailed over the initial theory and research that portrayed BJW as a “fundamental delusion,” I will raise and attempt to address several basic issues. Among these are whether, in fact, adults give up their BJW or merely employ various ways to maintain it in the face of contradicting evidence, and to what extent BJW actually influences people’s lives. After reviewing relevant evidence and contemporary theories, I will offer evidence to the effect that people actually maintain and express the effects of two forms of BJW: One involves consciously held conventional rules of morality and rational social judgments, while the second is characterized by preconscious processes with primitive rules of blaming and automatic emotional consequences. Recognizing the two forms of BJW raises questions concerning what can and cannot be profitably studied with questionnaire research. Clearly, the highly creative and insightful contributions reported in the chapters in this volume are among the best examples of what can be learned. Finally, I will conclude with the scientific and personal implications of failing to recognize the differential properties and influences of these two forms of BJW.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Asch, S.E. (1952). Social psychology. New York: Prentice Hall.
Bazerman, M.H., White, S.B., Lowenstein, G.F. (1995). Perceptions of fairness in interpersonal and individual choice situations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 39–42.
Brody, E. (1985). Parent care as normative family stress. The Gerontologist, 25, 19–29
Bulman, R.J., Wortman, C.B. (1977). Attributions of blame and coping in the real world: Severe accident victim’s reactions to their lots. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 351–363.
Chaiken, S., Trope, Y. (Eds) (forthcoming). Dual process theories in social psychology. New York: Guillford
Epstein, S., Lipson, A., Hostein, C., Hub, E. (1992). Irrational reactions to negative outcomes: Evidence for two conceptual systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 328–339.
Forgas, J.P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect intrusion model ( AIM ). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39–66.
Freedman, J.L., Wallington, S.A., Bless, E. (1967). Compliance without pressure: The effects of guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 117–124.
Gilbert, D.T., Malone, S.P. (1995). The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 21–38.
Hardin, R., (1996) Distributive justice in the real world. in L. Montada, M.J. Lerner (Eds.) Current societal concerns about justice (pp. 9–24 ). New York: Plenum Press
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations New York: John Wiley, Sons.
Kahneman, D., Miller, D.T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives.Psychological Review, 93, 136–153.
Keltner, D., Ellsworth, P.C., Edwards, K. (1993). Beyond simple pessimism: Effects of sadness and anger on social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 740–752.
Kushner, H.S. (1981). When bad things happen to good people New York: Schocken.
Lerner, J., Goldberg, J., Tetlock, P. (forthcoming). Sober second thought: The effects of accountability, anger, and authoritarianism on attributions of responsibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
Lerner, M.J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion New York: Plenum Press.
Lerner, M.J. (1987). Integrating societal and psychological rules of entitlement: The basic task of each social actor and fundamental problem for the social sciences. Social Justice Research, 1, 107–125.
Lerner, M.J., Miller, D.T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1030–1051.
Lincoln, H., Levinger, G. (1972). Observers’ evaluations of the victim and the attacker in an aggressive incident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 202–210.
Levenson, H. (1994). Why the behemoths fell: Psychological roots of corporate failure. American Psychologist, 49, 428–436.
McGraw, K.M. (1987). Guilt following transgression: An attribution of responsibility approach.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 247–256.
Meindl, J., Lerner, M.J. (1984). Exacerbation of extreme responses to an outgroup. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 71–84.
Messick, D. M., Cook, K.S. Eds. (1983). Equity theory: Psychological and sociological perspectives New York: Praeger.
Miller, D.T. (1975). Personal deserving vs. justice for others: An exploration of the justice motive, Doctoral dissertation. University of Waterloo.
Miller,D.T. (1977). Personal deserving and justice for others: An exploration of the justice motive. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 1–13.
Miller, D.T., Ratner, R.K. (1996). The power of the myth of self-interest. In L. Montada, M.J. Lerner (Eds) Current societal concerns about justice (p. 25–48 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Miller, D.T., Ross, M. (1975). Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction? Psychological Bulletin, 82, 213–225.
Mullen, J.T. (1992). The bereaved caregiver: A prospective study of changes in well-being. The Gerontologist. 32, 673–683.
Nisbett, R.E., Wilson, T.D. (1977). Telling more than w can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–257.
Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
Rosenbaum, R. (1995). Staring into the heart of darkness. New York Times Magazine, June 4, 36–46.
Rozin,P., Markwith, M., McCauley, C. (1994). Sensitivity to indirect contacts with other persons: AIDS aversion as a composite of aversion to strangers, infection, moral taint, and misfortune. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 495–504.
Rubin, Z., Peplau, L.A. (1973). Belief in a just world and reactions to another ‘s lot: A study of participants in the national draft lottery. Journal of Social Issues, 29, 73–93.
Shaver, K.G. (1985). The attribution of blame: Causality, responsibility, and blameworthiness. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Shweder, R.A., Haidt, J. (1993). The future of moral psychology: Truth, intuition, and the pluralist way. Psychological Science, 4, 360–365.
Shweder, R.A., Miller, J.G. (1985). The social construction of the person: How is it possible?. Chapter 3 in K.J. Gergen, K.E. Davis. (Eds.) The social construction of the person. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Simons, C. (1968). The effects of deception manipulations within an experiment on reactions to victims of misfortune. M.A. thesis. University of Pennsylvania.
Simons.C., Piliavin, J. (1972). The effect of deception on reactions to a victim. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 56–60.
Smith C.A., Ellsworth, P.C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838.
Smith, L. (1994). Burned-out bosses. Fortune, 130, No. 2 (July 25), 44–52.
Sorrentino, R.M., Hardy, E. (1974). Religiousness and derogation of an innocent victim. Journal of Personality, 42, 372–382.
Taylor, S.E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 11, 1161–1173.
Walster, E., Walster, C.W., Berscheid, E. (1978). Equity: Theory and reseach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Weiner, B. (1993) On sin versus sickness: A theory of perceived responsibility and social motivation. American Psychologist, 48, 957–965.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lerner, M.J. (1998). The Two Forms of Belief in a Just World. In: Montada, L., Lerner, M.J. (eds) Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World. Critical Issues in Social Justice. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6418-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6418-5_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3306-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-6418-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive