Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Human Exceptionality ((SSHE))

Abstract

Since the introduction of the term learning disabilities more than 35 years ago (Kirk, 1963), the use of this category to describe children with learning problems has increased to the point that this designation currently accounts for the largest group of children in special education in the United States. Despite the popularity of this label, lively disputes about the phenomenon of learning disabilities remain, even for such basic issues as how to define learning disabilities and how children with such disabilities should be identified (Kavale and Forness, 1985). As a result, the children identified as learning disabled are a heterogeneous group, with varied problems and strengths.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackerman, D., and Howes, C. (1986). Sociometric status and after-school social activity of children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 416–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ackerman, P. T., Elardo, P. T., and Dykman, R. A. (1979). A psychosocial study of hyperactive and learning disabled boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 7, 91–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aponik, D. A., and Dembo, M. H. (1983). LD and normal adolescents’ causal attributions of success and failure at different levels of task difficulty. Learning Disability Quarterly, 6, 31–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, L. (1982). Social perception in learning disabled adolescents. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 15, 610–613.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bachara, G. H. (1976). Empathy in learning disabled children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43, 541–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, D. D., Duffelmeyer, F., and Geelan, M. (1988). Resource teacher perceptions of the prevalence of social

    Google Scholar 

  • dysfunction among students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities,21, 380–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bear, G. G., and Minke, K. M. (1996). Positive bias in maintenance of self-worth among children with LD. Learning Disability Quarterly, 19, 23–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bear, G. G., Clever, A., and Proctor, W. A. (1991). Self-perceptions of nonhandicapped children and children with learning disabilities in integrated classes. Journal of Special Education, 24, 409–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bear, G. G., Juvonen, J., and McInerney, F. (1993). Self-perceptions and peer relations of boys with and boys without learning disabilities in an integrated setting: A longitudinal study. Learning Disability Quarterly, 16, 127–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bendell, D., Tollefson, N., and Fine, M. (1980). Interaction of locus-of-control orientation and the performance of learning disabled adolescents. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 13, 32–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, W. N. (1985). Differences between learning disabled and non-learning disabled children in temperament and behavior. Learning Disability Quarterly, 8, 11–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, W. N. (1989). Generalization and setting specificity of behavioral deficits among learning disabled students. Learning Disabilities Research, 4, 96–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, W. N., and Golden, L. B. (1988). Adaptive behavior of learning disabled and non-learning disabled children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 11, 55–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, W. N., and Wall, M. E. (1994). Social-emotional development of students with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 17, 323–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski, J. G., Weyhing, R. S., and Carr, M. (1988). Effects of attribution retraining on strategy-based reading comprehension in learning disabled students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 46–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brier, N. (1989). The relationship between learning disability and delinquency: A review and reappraisal. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 546–553.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruck, M., and Hebert, M. (1982). Correlates of learning disabled students’ peer interaction patterns. Learning Disability Quarterly, 5, 353–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruininks, V. L. (1978a). Actual and perceived peer status of leaning disabled students in mainstream programs. Journal of Special Education, 12, 51–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruininks, V. L. (1978b). Peer status and personality of learning disabled and nondisabled students. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 11, 29–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno, R. M. (1981). Interpretation of pictorially presented social situations by learning disabled and normal children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 14, 350–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, J. H., and Sherman, R. (1980). Immediate impressions of nonverbal integration attempts by learning disabled boys. Learning Disability Quarterly, 3, 19–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, J. H., and Sonnefeld, L. J. (1981). Children’s social desirability ratings of ingratiation tactics. Learning Disability Quarterly, 4,287–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, J. H., Sonnefeld, L. J., and Greenberg, F. Z. (1981). Ingratiation preferences of learning disabled children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 4, 170–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T. H. (1977). Children’s comprehension of non-verbal communication. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 10, 501–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T. H. (1974a). An observational analysis of classroom behaviors of children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 7, 26–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T. H. (1974b). Peer popularity of learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 7, 621–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T. H. (1976). Peer popularity of learning disabled children: A replication. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 9, 307–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T. H., and Bryan, J. H. (1978). Social interactions of learning disabled children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 1, 33–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T. H., and Bryan, J. H. (1986). Understanding learning disabilities. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T., and McGrady, H. (1972). Use of a teacher rating scale. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 5, 199–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T., and Pflaum, S. (1978). Social interactions of learning disabled children. A linguistic, social, and cognitive analysis. Learning Disability Quarterly, 1, 70–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T., and Smiley, A. (1983). Learning disabled boys’ performance and self-assessments on physical fitness tests. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, 443–450.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T. H., Wheeler, R., Felcan, J., and Henek, T. (1976). “Come on dummy”: An observational study of children’s communications. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 9, 661–669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T., Donahue, M., and Pearl, R. (1981a). Learning disabled children’s peer interactions during a small-group problem solving task. Learning Disability Quarterly, 4, 13–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T., Donahue, M., Pearl, R., and Sturm, C. (1981b). Learning disabled children’s conversational skills: The “TV Talk Show.” Learning Disability Quarterly, 4, 260–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T., Cosden, M., and Pearl, R. (1982a). The effects of cooperative goal structures and cooperative models on learning disabled and nondisabled students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 5, 415–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T., Werner, M., and Pearl, R. (1982b). Learning disabled students’ conformity responses to prosocial and antisocial situations. Learning Disability Quarterly, 5, 344–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T., Pearl, R., and Fallon, P. (1989a). Conformity to peer pressure by students with learning disabilities: A replication. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 458–459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, T., Pearl, R., and Herzog, A. (1989b). Learning disabled adolescents’ vulnerability to crime: Attitudes, anxieties, experiences. Learning Disabilities Research, 5, 51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bursuck, W. (1983). Sociometric status, behavior ratings, and social knowledge of learning disabled and low-achieving students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 6, 329–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bursuck, W. (1989). A comparison of students with learning disabilities to low achieving and higher achieving students on three dimensions of social competence. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 188–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, C. I. (1987). Social interaction goals and strategies of children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20, 306–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cartledge, G., Frew, T., and Zaharias, J. (1985). Social skill needs of mainstream students: Peer and teacher perceptions. Learning Disability Quarterly, 8, 132–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cartledge, G., Stupay, D., and Kaczala, C. (1986). Social skills and social perception of LD and nonhandicapped elementary-school students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 9, 226–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Center, D. B., and Wascom, A. M. (1986). Teacher perceptions of social behavior in learning disabled and socially normal children and youth. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 7, 420–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, J. W. (1988a). Cognitive-motivational characteristics and academic achievement of learning disabled children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 357–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, J. W. (1988b). Learning disabled children’s self-concepts. Review of Educational Research, 58, 347–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, J. W., and Boersma, E. J. (1979). Academic self-concept in elementary learning disabled children: A study with the student’s perception of ability scale. Psychology in the Schools, 16, 201–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. B., Larsen, S. C., and Parker, R. M. (1979). Interactions of first-grade teachers with learning disordered children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 12, 225–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. S., and Zigmond, N. (1986). The social integration of learning disabled students from self-contained to mainstream elementary school settings. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 614–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. M. (1984). Mothers’ predictions of the self-concept of their normal or learning-disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 214–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. M. (1985). Achievement level, social class and the self-concepts of mildly handicapped children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 18, 26–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. M., and Minnett (1992). Learning disabilities and social competence: A social ecological perspective. Exceptional Children, 59, 234–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. M., McHam, L. A., and Minnett, A. M. (1992). Similarities in the social competencies of learning disabled and low achieving elementary school children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 671–677.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conderman, G. (1995). Social status of sixth-and seventh-grade students with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 18, 13–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, E. J., and Ayres, R. R. (1988). Self-concept and success-failure attributions of nonhandicapped students and students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21, 174–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cosden, M., Pearl, R., and Bryan, T. (1985). The effects of cooperative versus individual goal structures on learning disabled and nondisabled students. Exceptional Children, 52, 103–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, J. L., Boersma, F. J., and Chapman, J. W. (1981). Characteristics of third grade learning disabled children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 4, 224–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dailey, M. B., Bolocofsky, D. N., Alcorn, M. B., and Baker, C. (1992). Depressive symptomatology, attributional style, dysfunctional attitude, and social competency in adolescents with and without learning disabilities. School Psychology Review„ 21, 444–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., Hodges, R., Pierson, L., and Tomassone, J. (1992). Autonomy and competence as motivational factors in students with learning disabilities and emotional handicaps. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 457–471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delacato, C. H. (1963). The diagnosis and treatment of speech and reading problems. Springfield, IL: Thomas. Dickstein, E. B., and Warren, D. R. (1980). Role taking deficits in learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 13, 378–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donahue, M. L. (1981). Requesting strategies of learning disabled children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 2, 213–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donahue, M. (1983). Learning disabled children as conversational partners. Topics in Learning Disorders, 4, 15–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donahue, M., and Prescott, B. (1988). Reading disabled children’s conversational participation in dispute episodes with peers. First Language, 8, 247–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donahue, M., Pearl, R., Bryan, T. (1980). Learning disabled children’s conversational competence: Responses to inadequate messages. Applied Psycholingistics, 1, 387–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donahue, M., Pearl, R., and Bryan, T. (1983). Communicative competence in learning disabled children. In I. Bialer and K. Gadow (Eds.),Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities (Vol. 2, pp. 49–84 ). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorval, B., McKinney, J. D., and Feagans, L. (1982). Teachers’ interaction with learning disabled children and average achievers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17, 317–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley-Marling, C. C., and Edmiaston, R. (1985). Social status of learning disabled children and adolescents: A review. Learning Disability Quarterly, 8, 189–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durrant, J. E. (1993). Attributions for achievement outcomes among behavioral subgroups of children with learning disabilities, Journal of Special Education, 27, 306–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Englert, C. S. (1992). Writing instruction from a sociocultural perspective: The holistic, dialogic, and social enterprise of writing. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 153–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanner, T. W., Pearl, R., and Van Acker, R. (1996a). Expanding the social skills deficit framework: A developmental synthesis perspective, classroom social networks, and implications for the social growth of students with disbilities. Journal of Special Education, 30, 232–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, T. W., Pearl, R., Van Acker, R., and Rodkin, P. C. ( 1996b, July). The social relations of students with exceptionalities in general education classrooms. Poster presented at the meeting of the Office of Special Education programs Research Project Directors’ Conference, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feagans, L., and McKinney, J. D. (1981). The pattern of exceptionality across domains in learning disabled chidren. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 1, 313–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feagans, L., and McKinney, J. D. (1982). Longitudinal studies of learning disabled children. Paper presented at the Association for Children and Adults with Learning Disabilities, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feagans, L., and Short, E. J. (1986). Referential communication and reading performance in learning disabled children over a 3-year period. Developmental Psychology, 22, 177–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fellers, G., and Saudargas, R. A. (1987). Classroom behaviors of LD and nonhandicapped girls. Learning Disability Quarterly, 10, 231–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Femald, G. M. (1943). Remedial techniques in basic school subjects. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flicek, M., and Landau, S. (1985). Social status problems of learning disabled and hyperactive/learning disabled boys. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 14, 340–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forman, E. A. (1988). The effects of social support and school placement of the self-concept of LD students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 11, 115–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fomess, S., and Kavale, K. (1991). Social skills deficits as primary learning disabilities: A note on problems with the ICLD diagnostic criteria. Learning Disabilities Research Practice, 6, 44–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fomess, S., and Kavale, K. (1996). Treating social skill deficits in children with learning disabilities: A meta-analysis of the research. Learning Disability Quarterly, 19, 2–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frostig, M. (1967). Education of children with learning disabilities. In E. C. Frierson and W. B. Barbe (Eds.), Educating children with learning disabilities (pp. 387–398 ). New York: Appleton-Century-Crafts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, M. K., and Crump, W. D. (1980). Peer acceptance, teacher references, and self-appraisal of social status among learning disabled students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 3, 42–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, P. J., and Zinkgraf, S. A. (1982). A comparative study of social-perceptual ability in learning disabled and nonhandicapped students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 3, 42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gettinger, M., and Fayne, H. R. (1982). Classroom behaviors during small group instruction and learning performance in learning disabled and nondisabled children. Journal of Educational Research, 75, 182–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, B. W., Gottlieb, J., Berkell, D., and Levy, L. (1986). Sociometric status and solitary play of LD boys and girls. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 619–622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gresham, E M., and Reschly, D. J. (1986). Social skill deficits and low peer acceptance of mainstreamed learning disabled children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 9, 23–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gresham, E, and Reschly, D. (1987). Sociometric differences between mildly handicapped and nonhandicapped Black and White students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 195–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grolnick, W. S., and Ryan, R. M. (1990). Self-perceptions, motivation, and adjustment in children with learning disabilities: A multiple group comparison study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 177–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haager, D., and Vaughn, S. (1995). Parent, teacher, peer, and self-reports of the social competence of students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28, 205–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagborg, W. J. (1996). Self-concept and middle school students with learning disabilities: A comparison of scholastic competence subgroups. Learning Disability Quarterly, 19, 117–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallahan, D. P., and Kauffman, J. M. (1986). Exceptional children: Introduction to special education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallahan, D. P., and Kauffman, J. M. (1994). Exceptional children. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallahan, D. P., and Reeve, R. E. (1980). Selective attention and distractibility. In B. K. Keogh (Ed.), Advances in special education, Vol 1: Basic constructs and theoretical orientations. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halmhuber, N. L., and Paris, S. G. (1993). Perceptions of competence and control and the use of coping strategies by children with disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 16, 93–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammill, D. D. (1993). A brief look at the learning disabilities movement in the United States. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26, 295–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haubenstricker, J. L. (1982). Motor development in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 53, 41–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, N. L. (1995). Distortion and deficit: Self-perceived versus actual academic competence in depressed and nondepressed children with and without learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 10, 2–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, N. L., and Wiener, J. (1996). Depression and nonacademic self-perceptions in children with and without learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 19, 34–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heyman, W. B. (1990). The self-perception of a learning disability and its relationship to academic self-concept and self-esteem. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 472–475.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiebert, B., Wong, B., and Hunter, M. (1982). Affective influences on learning disabled adolescents. Learning Disability Quarterly, 5, 334–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holder, H. B., and Kirkpatrick, S. W. (1991). Interpretation of emotion from facial expressions in children with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 170–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, E. C. (1981). Popularity, decentering ability, and roletaking skills in learning disabled and normal children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 4, 23–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyle, S. G., and Serafica, F. (1988). Peer status of children with and without learning disabilities-A multimethod study. Learning Disability Quarterly, 11, 322–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, D. D., and Bender, W. N. (1993). Adolescents with learning disabilities at risk? Emotional well-being, depression, suicide. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26, 159–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton, J., and Polo, L. (1976). A sociometric study of learning disability children and types of teaching strategy. Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama, 29, 113–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S. C., Enright, R. D., and Murdock, J. Y. (1987). Social perception problems in learning disabled youth: Developmental lag versus perceptual deficit. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20, 361–364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, B., Lowerey, B., and DuCette, J. (1986). Attributions of learning disabled children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, P. A., and Justice, E. M. (1992). Social sensitivity in adolescents and adults with learning disabilities. Adolescence, 27, 976–988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. J. (1985). Analysis of the self-concept of handicapped students. Remedial and Special Education, 6, 32–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Junoven, J., and Bear, G. (1992). Social adjustment of children with and without learning disabilities in integrated classrooms. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 322–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamann, M. P., and Wong, Y. L. (1993). Inducing adaptive coping self-statements in children with learning disabilities through self-instruction training. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26, 630–638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kavale, K., and Forness, S. (1985). The science of learning disabilities. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press. Kavale, K. A., and Forness, S. R. (1996). Social skill deficits and learning disabilities: A meta-analysis. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 29, 226–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavale, K. A., and Reese, J. H. (1992). The character of learning disabilities: An Iowa profile. Learning Disability Quarterly, 15, 74–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, S. A. (1963). Behavioral diagnosis and remediation of learning disabilities. In Conference on exploration into the problems of the perceptually handicapped child (pp. 1–7 ). Evanston, IL: Fund for Perceptually Handicapped Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kistner, J. A., and Gatlin, D. F. (1989). Sociometric differences between learning-disabled and nonhandicapped students: Effects of sex and race. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 118–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kistner, J., and Osborne, M. (1987). A longitudinal study of LD children’s self-evaluations. Learning Disability Quarterly, 10, 258–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kistner, J., White, K., Haskett, M., and Robbins, F. (1985). Development of learning-disabled and nonhandicapped students: Effects of sex and race. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 118–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kistner, J., Haskett, M., White, K., and Robbins, F. (1987). Perceived competence and self-worth of LD and normally achieving students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 10, 37–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kistner, J. A., Osborne, M., and LeVerrier, L. (1988). Causal attributions of learning-disabled children: Developmental patterns and relation to academic progress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 82–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kloomok, S., and Cosden, M. (1994). Self-concept in children with learning disabilities: The relationship between global self-concept, academic “discounting,” nonacademic self-concept, and perceived social support. Learning Disability Quarterly, 17, 140–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight-Arest, I. (1984). Communicative effectiveness of learning disabled and normally achieving 10- to 13-yearold boys. Learning Disability Quarterly, 7, 237–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., and Stone, W. L. (1990). LD status and achievement: Confounding variables in the study of children’s social status, self-esteem, and behavioral functioning. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 483–490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landau, S., Milich, R., and McFarland, M. (1987). Social status differences among subgroups of LD boys. Learning Disability Quarterly, 10, 277–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapadat, J. C. (1991). Pragmatic language skills of students with language and/or learning disabilities: A quantitative synthesis. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 147–158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, K. A. (1988). A research review and alternative hypothesis explaining the link between learning disability and delinquency. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21, 357–363, 369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, K. A., and Gerber, M. M. (1987). Effects of social metacognitive training for enhancing overt behavior in learning disabled and low achieving delinquents. Exceptional Children, 54, 201–211.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, J. W. (1971). Children with learning disabilities. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, L., and Gottlieb, J. (1984). Learning disabled and non-LD children at play. Remedial and Special Education, 5, 43–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Licht, B. (1983). Cognitive-motivational factors that contribute to the achievement of learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16, 483–490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Licht, B. G., Kistner, J. A., Ozkaragoz, T., Shapiro, S., and Clausen, L. (1985). Causal attributions of learning disabled children: Individual differences and their implications for persistence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 208–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, A., and Chazen, S. (1979). Perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in learning disabled children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 8, 213–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maag, J. W., and Behrens, J. T. (1989). Depression and cognitive self-statements of learning disabled and seriously emotionally disturbed adolescents. Journal of Special Education, 23, 17–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madge, S., Affleck, J., and Lowenbraun, S. (1990). Social effects of integrated classrooms and resource room/regular class placements on elementary students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 439–445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maheady, L., and Maitland, G. (1982). Assessing social perception abilities in learning disabled students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 5, 363–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margalit, M., and Almougy, K. (1991). Classroom behavior and family climate in students with learning disabilities and hyperactive behavior. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 406–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margalit, M., and Ben-Dov, I. (1992). Kibbutz versus city comparisons of social competence and loneliness among students with and without learning disabilities. Paper presented at the annual IARLD Conference, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalit, M., and Levin-Alyagon, M. (1994). Learning disability, subtyping, loneliness, and classroom adjustment. Learning Disability Quarterly, 17, 297–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margalit, M., and Shulman, S. (1986). Autonomy perceptions and anxiety expressions of learning disabled adolescents. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 291–293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margalit, M., and Zak, I. (1984). Anxiety and self-concept of learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 537–539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathinos, D. A. (1988). Communicative competence of children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21, 437–443.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McConaughy, S. H. (1986). Social competence and behavioral problems of learning disabled boys aged 12–16. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 101–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McConaughy, S. H., and Ritter, D. R. (1986). Social competence and behavioral problems of learning disabled boys aged 6–11. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 39–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGrady, H. J. (1987). Eligibility: Back to basics. In S. Vaughn and C. S. Bos (Eds.), Research in learning disabilities (pp. 105–115 ). Boston: College-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, R., Vaughn, S., and Zaragoza, N. (1991). A review of social interventions for students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 451–458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, J. D., and Feagans, L. (1984). Academic and behavioral characteristics: Longitudinal studies of learning disabled children and average achievers. Learning Disability Quarterly, 7, 251–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, J. D., and Speece, D. L. (1986). Academic consequences and longitudinal stability of behavioral subtypes of learning disabled children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 365–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, J. D., McClure, S., and Feagans, L. (1982). Classroom behavior of learning disabled children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 5, 45–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, T. M., Kolb, T. L., and Lister, M. O. (1994). Social skills, school skills, and success in the high school: A comparison of teachers’ and students’ perceptions. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 9,142–147. Mercer, C. (1983). Students with learning disabilities. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. (1984). Social acceptability characteristics of learning disabled students. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 619–621.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, M. S. (1994). Self-concept and children with learning disabilities: Observer-child concordance across six context-dependent domains. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27, 254–262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, G. M. (1985). Differences in teacher perceptions and student self-perceptions for learning disabled and nonhandicapped learners in regular and special education settings. Learning Disabilities Research, 1, 32–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morvitz, E., and Motta, R. W. (1992). Predictors of self-esteem: The roles of parent-child perceptions, achievement, and class placement. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 72–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mykelbust, H. R. (1968). Learning disabilities: Definition and overview. In H. R. Mykelbust (Ed.), Progress in learning disabilities (Vol. 1, pp. 1–15 ). New York: Grune and Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomer, P. L., and Barenbaum, E. M. (1991). The written composing ability of children with learning disabilities: A review of the literature from 1980 to 1990. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 578–593.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noel, N. M. (1980). Referential communication abilities of learning disabled children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 3, 70–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oakland, T., Shermis, M. D., and Coleman, M. (1990). Teacher perceptions of differences among elementary students with and without learning disabilities in referred samples. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 8, 499–504, 520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochoa, S. H., and Palmer, D. J. (1995). Comparison of the peer status of Mexican-American students with learning disabilities and non-disabled low-achieving students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 18, 57–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okolo, C. M. (1992). The effects of computer-based attribution retraining on the attributions, persistence, and mathematics computation of students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 327–334.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliva, A. H., and La Greca, A. M. (1988). Children with learning disabilities: Social goals and strategies. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21, 301–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, R. W., Adams, P. A., Forrest, T., Stolz, L. M., and Fisher, S. (1971). Learning disorders in children: Sibling studies. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 36, 144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, D. J., Drummond, F., Tollison, P., and Zinkgraff, S. (1982). An attributional investigation of performance outcomes for learning-disabled and normal-achieving pupils. Journal of Special Education, 16, 207–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E. T., Pflaum, S. W., Bryan, T. H., and Pearl, R. A. (1983). Interaction of internal attribution for effort and teacher response mode in reading instruction: A replication note. American Educational Research Journal, 20, 269–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R. (1982). Learning disabled children’s attributions for success and failure: A replication with a labeled learning disabled sample. Learning Disability Quarterly, 5, 173–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R. (1985). Cognitive-behavioral interventions for increasing motivation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 443–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R. (1987). Social cognitive factors in learning-disabled children’s social problems. In S. J. Ceci (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive, social, and neuropsychological aspects of learning disabilities (pp. 273–294 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R., and Bryan, T. (1992). Students’ expectations about peer pressure to engage in misconduct. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 582–585, 597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R., and Bryan, T. (1994). Getting caught in misconduct: Conceptions of adolescents with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27, 193–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R., and Cosden, M. (1982). Sizing up a situation: Learning disabled children’s understanding of social interactions. Learning Disability Quarterly, 3, 3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R., Bryan, T., and Donahue, M. (1980). Learning disabled children’s attributions for success and failure. Learning Disability Quarterly, 3, 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R., Donahue, M., and Bryan, T. (1985). The development of tact: Children’s strategies for delivering bad news. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 6, 141–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R., Donahue, M., and Bryan, T. (1986). Social relationships of learning disabled children. In J. K. Torgesen and B. Y. L. Wong (Eds.), Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities (pp. 193–224 ). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R., Bryan, T., and Herzog, A. (1990). Resisting or acquiescing to peer pressure to engage in misconduct: Adolescents’ expectations of probable consequences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19, 43–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R., Bryan, T., Fallon, P., and Herzog, A. (1991). Learning disabled students’ detection of deception. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 6, 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R., Farmer, T. W., Van Acker, R., Rodkin, P. C., Bost, K. K., Coe, M., and Henley, W. (1998). The social integration of students with mild disabilities in general education classrooms: Peer group membership and peer-assessed social behavior. Elementary School Journal, 99, 167–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter, B. F., Crocker, J., Cordray, D., and Garstecki, D. (1983). Sociometric status and related personality characteristics of mainstreamed learning disabled adolescents. Learning Disability Quarterly, 6, 21–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poplin, M. S. (1984). Summary rationalizations, apologies, and farewell: What we don’t know about the learning disabled. Learning Disability Quarterly, 7, 129–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prilliman, D. (1981). Acceptance of learning disabled students in the mainstream environment: A failure to replicate. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 14, 344–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pullis, M. (1985). LD students’ temperament characteristics and their impact on decisions by resource and mainstream teachers. Learning Disability Quarterly, 8, 109–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raviv, D., and Stone, C. A. (1991). Individual differences in the self-image of adolescents with learning disabilities: The role of severity, time of diagnosis, and parental perceptions. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 60 2611, 629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D. K. (1988). Teaching the learning disabled. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, D. R. (1989). Social competence and problem behavior of adolescent girls with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 460–461.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, H., F Saklofske, D. H. (1985). Self-concepts, locus of control and performance expectations of learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 18, 273–278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, H. R., and Cosden, M. (1995). The relationship between self-perception of a learning disability and achievement, self-concept and social support. Learning Disability Quarterly, 18, 203–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rourke, B. P., and Fuerst, D. R. (1991). Learning disabilities and psychosocial functioning: A neuropsychological perspective. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabornie, E. J. (1994). Social-affective characteristics in early adolescents identified as learning disabled and nondisabled. Learning Disability Quarterly, 17, 268–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabornie, E. J., and Kauffman, J. M. (1986). Social acceptance of learning disabled adolescents. Learning Disability Quarterly, 9, 55–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sainato, D. M., Zigmond, N., and Strain, P. (1983). Social status and initiations of interaction by learning disabled students in a regular education setting. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 3, 71–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saloner, M. R., and Gettinger, M. (1985). Social inference skills in learning disabled and nondisabled children. Psychology in the Schools, 22, 201–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sater, G. M., and French, D. C. (1989). A comparison of the social competencies of learning disabled and low achieving elementary-aged children. Journal of Special Education, 23, 17–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, J. (1981). Complementary and conflicting identities: Images and interactions in an interracial school. In S. R. Asher J. M. Gottman (Eds.), The development of children’s friendships (pp. 53–90 ). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schunk, D. H., and Cox, P. D. (1986). Strategy training and attributional feedback with learning disabled students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 201–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scranton, T., and Ryckman, D. (1979). Sociometric status of learning disabled children in an integrative program. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 12, 402–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seidel, J. F., and Vaughn, S. (1991). Social alienation and the learning disabled school dropout. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 6, 152–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheare, J. B. (1978). The impact of resource programs upon the self-concept and peer acceptance of learning disabled children. Psychology in the Schools, 15, 406–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, T. L., Anastopoulos, A. D., and Linden, J. D. (1985). An attribution training program with learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 18, 261–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silver, L. B. (1989). Psychological and family problems associated with learning disabilities: Assessment and intervention. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 319–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siperstein, G. N., and Goding, M. J. (1983). Social status of learning disabled children in regular classrooms. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siperstein, G. N., Bopp, M. J., and Bak, J. K. (1978). Social status of learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 11, 98–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slate, J. R., and Saudargas, R. A. (1986). Differences in learning disabled and average students’ classroom behaviors. Learning Disability Quarterly, 9, 61–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. S., and Nagle, R. J. (1995). Self-perceptions and social comparisons among children with LD. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28, 364–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sobol, M. P., Earn, B. M., Bennett, D., and Humphries, T. (1983). A categorical analysis of the social attributions of learning-disabled children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 217–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soenksen, P. A., Flagg, C. L., and Schmits, D. W. (1981). Social communication in learning disabled students: A pragmatic analysis. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 14, 283–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Speece, D. L., McKinney, J. D., and Appelbaum, M. I. (1985). Classification and validation of behavioral subtypes of learning disabled children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 67–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spekman, N. (1981). A study of the dyadic verbal communication abilities of learning disabled and normally achieving fourth-and fifth-grade boys. Learning Disability Quarterly, 4, 139–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K. E. (1988). Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: The phonological-core variable-difference model. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21, 360–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K. E. (1991). Conceptual and empirical problems with discrepancy definitions of reading disability. Learning Disability Quarterly, 14, 269–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, D. T., and Romney, D. M. (1984). Depression in learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 579–582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiliadis, K., and Wiener, J. (1989). Relationship between social perception and peer status in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 624–629.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, W. L., and La Greca, A. M. (1984). Comprehension of nonverbal communication: A reexamination of the

    Google Scholar 

  • social competencies of learning disabled children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12,505–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, W. L., and La Greca, A. M. (1990). The social status of children with learning disabilities: A reexamination. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 32–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tollefson, N., Tracy, D. B., Johnsen, E. P., Buenning, M., Farmer, A., and Barke, C. R. (1982). Attribution patterns of learning disabled adolescents. Learning Disability Quarterly, 5, 14–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tollefson, N., Tracy, D. B., Johnsen, E. R, Farmer, A. W., and Buenning, M. (1984). Goal setting and personal responsibility training for LD adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 21, 224–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toro, R A., Weissberg, R. P., Guare, J., and Liebenstein, N. L. (1990). A comparison of children with and without learning disabilities on social problem-solving skill, school behavior, and family background. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 115–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Touliatos, J., and Lindholm, B. W. (1980). Dimensions of problem behavior in learning disabled and normal children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 50, 145–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tur-Kaspa, H., and Bryan, T. (1994). Social information-processing skills of students with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 9, 12–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tur-Kaspa, H., and Bryan, T. (1995). Teachers’ ratings of the social competence and school adjustment of students with LD in elementary and junior high school. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28, 44–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Department of Education. (1994). Sixteenth annual report to Congress on the implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, S., Hogan, A., Kouzekanani, K., and Shapiro, S. (1990). Peer acceptance, self-perceptions, and social skills of learning disabled students prior to identification. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 101–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, S., McIntosh, R., and Spencer-Rowe, J. (1991). Peer rejection is a stubborn thing: Increasing peer acceptance of rejected students with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 6, 83–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, S., Haager, D., Hogan, A., and Kouzekanani, K. (1992). Self-concept and peer acceptance in students with learning disabilities: A four-to five-year prospective study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 43–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, S., McIntosh, R., Schumm, J. S., Haager, D., and Callwood, D. (1993a). Social status, peer acceptance, and reciprocal friendships revisited. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 8, 82–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, S., Zargoza, N., Hogan, A., and Walker, J. (1993b). A four-year longitudinal investigation of the social skills and behavior problems of students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26, 404–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, R. K., and Torgesen, J. K. (1987). The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 192–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1979). A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 3–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, E. (1984). Learning disabled children’s understanding of social interactions of peers. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 13, 506–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, J. (1980). A theoretical model of the acquisition of peer relationships of learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 13, 506–511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, J., and Harris, R J. ( 1993, March). Social interaction of children with and without learning disabilities in dyads and small groups. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, J., and Siegel, L. (1992). A Canadian perspective on learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 340–350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, J., Harris, R J., and Shirer, C. (1990). Achievement and social-behavioral correlates of peer status in LD children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 13, 114–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiig, E. H., and Harris, S. P. (1974). Perception and interpretation of nonverbally expressed emotions by adolescents with learning disabilities. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 38, 239–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiig, E., and Semel, E. (1984). Language assessment and intervention for the learning disabled. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. R., and David, W. J. (1994). Academic intrinsic motivation and attitudes toward school and learning of learning disabled students. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 9, 148–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, B. Y. L. (1982). Understanding learning disabled students’ reading problems: Contributions from cognitive psychology. Topics in Learning and Learning Disabilities, 3, 15–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, B. Y., and Wong, R. (1980). Role-taking skills in normal achieving and learning disabled children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 3, 11–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright-Strawderman, C., and Watson, B. L. (1992). The prevalence of depressive symptoms in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 258–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ysseldyke, J. E., and Algozzine, B. (1995). Special education: A practical approach for teachers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pearl, R., Bay, M. (1999). Psychosocial Correlates of Learning Disabilities. In: Schwean, V.L., Saklofske, D.H. (eds) Handbook of Psychosocial Characteristics of Exceptional Children. Springer Series on Human Exceptionality. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5375-2_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5375-2_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3309-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5375-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics