Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of Higher Brain Functions in Children

Neural, Cognitive, and Behavioral Perspectives

  • Chapter
Handbook of Clinical Child Neuropsychology

Part of the book series: Critical Issues in Neuropsychology ((CINP))

Abstract

Higher cortical functions in children proceed through defined stages of development. Significant limitations in our knowledge exist as to the processes involved in the normal developing human brain with respect to neurophysiological, neuro-chemical, neuroanatomical, metabolic, and other related neuroscience disciplines. Attempts have been made to correlate anatomical and behavioral data in a direct manner, leading to a surfeit of postulations in the literature against a shortage of supporting data for known brain—behavior relationships in children (Taylor, Fletcher, & Satz, 1984). Much emphasis tends to be placed on proposed neural mechanisms and theories accounting for changes regarding development of the human central nervous system (CNS) versus description of changes taking place with respect to normal development of the human brain. Major difficulties exist in drawing fixed conclusions because each human brain is unique with respect to its molecular blueprint, cellular differentiation pattern, acculturation factors, and neural growth patterns (Cooke, 1980; McConnell, 1991).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aboitiz, F., Scheibel, A. B., Fisher, R. S.,& Zaidel, E. (1992). Fiber composition of the human corpus callosum. Brain Research, 598, 143–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afifi, A. K.,& Bergman, R. A. (1980). Basic neuroscience. Munich: Urban& Schwarzenberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman, D. I., Powers, W. J., Perlman, J. M., Herscovitch, P., Volpe, S. L.,& Volpe, J. J. (1988). Cerebral blood flow requirements for brain viability in newborn infants is lower than adults. Annals of Neurology, 24, 218–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman, J., Brunner, R. L.,& Bayer, S. A. (1973). The hippocampus and behavioral maturation. Behavioral Biology, 8, 557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P. (1975). Organization of hippocampal neurons and their interconnections. In R. L. Isaacson& K. H. Pribam (Eds.), The hippocampus (Vol. I ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annett, M. (1978). Genetic and nongenetic influences on handedness. Behavior, 8, 227–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arey, L. B. (1974). Developmental anatomy ( 7th ed. ). Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakan, P. (1971). Handedness and birth order. Nature, 229, 195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnet, A. B. (1966). Visual responses in infancy and their relation to early visual experience. Clinical Proceedings Children’s Hospital National Medical Center, 22, 273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bear, D. M. (1986). Hemispheric asymmetries in emotional functioning. In B. K. Doane& K. E. Livingston (Eds.), The limbic system: Functional organization and clinical disorders. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekkers, J. M. (1993). Enhancement by histamine of NMDAmediated synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Science, 261, 104–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennes, F. M., Turtle, M., Khan, Y.,& Farol, P. (1994). Myelination of a key relay zone in the hippocampal formation occurs in the human brain during childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 5/, 477–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, D. F.,& Zaidel, E. (Eds.). (1985). The dual brain: Hemispheric specialization in humans. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstine, R. L, Borkowski, W. J.,& Price, A. H. (1955). Prenatal fetal electroencephalography. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 70, 623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, F. E. (1973). Dynamic synaptic communication: Finding the vocabulary. Brain Research, 62, 229–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, F. E. (1979). Neurobiological research and selective attention. H. G. Birch Memorial Lecture, 1979 International Neuropsychological Society, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, F. E. (Ed.). (1994). Neuroscience: From the molecular to the cognitive. Progress in Brain Research, 100. New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogen, J. E. (1969). The other side of the brain: Parts I, II, III. Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Society, 34, 73–105, 135–162, 191–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower, T. G. R. (1977). The perceptual world of the child. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, J. L.,& Nettleson, N. C. (1983). Human cerebral asymmetry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandeis, D., Vitacco, D.,& Steinhausen, H. C. (1994). Mapping brain electric microstates in dyslexic children during reading. Acta-Paedopsychiatrica, 56, 239–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronson, G. W. (1982). The scanning patterns of human infants: Implications for visual learning. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, F. J., Fraley, D. S., Haigh, J., Marquez, J. M., Martin, D. J., Matuschak, G. M.,& Snyder, J. V. (1987). Control of blood flow in organs. In J. V. Snyder& M. R. Pinsky (Eds.), Oxygen transport in the critically ill (pp. 87–125 ). Chicago: Year Book Medical.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryden, M. (1979). Evidence for sex differences in cerebral organization. In M. Wittig& A. Peterson (Eds.), Determinants of sex-related differences in cognitive functioning. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buffery, A. W. H. (1976). Sex differences in the neuropsychological development of verbal and spatial skills. In R. M. Knights& D. J. Bakker (Eds.), The neuropsychology of learning disorders. Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushnell, E. W. (1982). Visual-tactual knowledge in 8-, 91-, and 11-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 5, 63–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cady, E. B., Costello, A. M., Dawson, M. J., Delpy, D. T., Hope, P. L., Reynolds, E. O., Tofts, P. S.,& Wilkie, D. R. (1983). Non-invasive investigation of cerebral metabolism in newborn infants by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lancet, 8333, 1059–1062.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, B. M. (1994). Human embryology and developmental biology (pp. 204–251 ). St. Louis: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, N. R. (1994). Physiology of behavior ( 5th ed. ). Boston: Allyn& Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, M. B. (1978). Core text of neuroanatomy ( 2nd ed. ). Baltimore: Williams& Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chugani, H. T. (1992). Functional brain imaging in pediatrics. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 39, 777–799.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chugani, H. T. (1993). Positron emission tomographic scanning: Applications in newborns. Clinic in Perinatologv, 20, 395–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chugani, H. T. (1994). The role of PET in childhood epilepsy. Journal of Child Neurology, 9 (Suppl.), 582–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chugani, H. T.,& Jacobs, B. (1994). Metabolic recovery in caudate nucleus following cerebral hemispherectomy. Annals of Neurology 36, 794–797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chugani, H. T.,& Phelps, M. E. (1986). Maturational changes in cerebral function in infants determined by ‘8FDG positron emission tomography. Science, 231, 840–843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. B. (1979). Our developing knowledge of infant perception and cognition. American Psychologist, 34, 894–899.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. B., DeLoache, J. S.,& Strauss, M. S. (1979). Infant perceptual development. In J. D. Osofosky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M.,& Roesmann, U. (1994). In utero brain damage: Relationship of gestational age to pathological consequences. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 36, 263–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, A., Jackson, G. D., Frackowiak, R. S., Belliveau, J. W., Vargha-Khadem, F.,& Gadian, G. D. (1993). Functional mapping of activated human primary cortex with a clinical MR imaging system. Radiology, 188, 125–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, J. (1980). Early organization of the central nervous system: Form and pattern. In R. K. Hunt (Ed.), Neural development. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. R.& Bloom, F. E. (1991). The biochemical basis ofneuropharmacology ( 6th ed. ). London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corballis, M. C. (1980). Is left-handedness genetically determined? In J. Herron (Ed.), Neuropsychology of left handedness. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corballis, M. C. (1982). Asymmetries in spatial representation: Anatomical or perceptual? In R. N. Malatesha& L. C. Hartlage (Eds.), Neuropsychology and cognition (Vol. 1 ). The Hague: Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courchesne, E., Townsend, J.,& Saitoh, O. (1994). The brain in infantile autism: Posterior fossa structures are abnormal: Neurology, 44, 214–223.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowell, P. E., Allen, L. S., Kertesz, A., Zalatimo, N. S.,& Demenberg, V. H. (1994). Human corpus callosum: A stable mathematical model of regional neuroanatomy. Brain and Cognition, 25, 52–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cravioto, J.,& Arrieta, R. (1979). Stimulation and mental de- velopment of malnourished infants. Lancet, 2, 899.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cravioto, J.,& Arrieta, R. (1983). Malnutrition in childhood. In M. D. Rutter (Ed.), Developmental neuropsychiatry. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crelin, E. S. (1973). Functional anatomy of the newborn. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crelin, E. S. (1974). Development of the nervous system: A logical approach to neuroanatomy. Ciba Clinical Symposia, 26, 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, J. H., Gadian, D. G., Connelly, A.,& Leonard, J. V. (1993). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in lactic acidosis and mitochondrial disorders. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 16, 800–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtiss, S. (1979). Genie: Language and cognition. UCLA Working Papers in Cognitive Linguistics, 1, 15–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, H. (1989). Anatomical and neuroimaging contribution to the study of aphasia. In H. Goodglass (Ed.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. II ). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darley, F. L.,& Fay, W. H. (1980). Speech mechanism. In F. M. Laasman, R. O. Fisch, D. K. Vetter,& E. S. Benz (Eds.), Early correlates of speech, language, and hearing. Littleton, MA: PSG Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daughaday, W. H. (1981). The adenohypophysis. In R. H. Williams (Ed.), Textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P.,& Stewart, A. L. (1975). Low birthweight infants: Neurological sequelae and later intelligence. British Medical Bulletin, 31, 85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison, A. N.,& Dobbing, J. (1968). The developing brain. In A. N. Davison& J. Dobbing (Eds.), Applied neurochemistry. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison, A. N.,& Peter, A. (1970). Myelination. Springfield, IL: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLong, G. R. (1993). Effects of nutrition on brain development in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, (Suppl. 2), 2868–2905.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVilliers, P. A.,& DeVilliers, J. G. (1979). Early language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVos, K. J., Wyllie, E., Geckler, C., Kotagal, P.,& Comair, Y. (1995). Language dominance in patients with early childhood tumors near left hemisphere language areas. Neurology, 45, 349–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, R. B. (1990). Myelin disorders of childhood: Correlation of MR findings and severity of neurological impairment. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography; 14, 693.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, R. B., Bradley, W. G., Zaragoza, E. J., Otto, R. J., Taira, R. K., Wilson, G. H.,& Kangarbo, H. (1988). MR evaluation of early myelination patterns in normal and developmentally delayed infants. American Journal of Roentgenology, 150, 889–896.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, R. B.,& Hoffman, C. H. (1992). Myelination and dysmyelination. In D. D. Stark& W. G. Bradley (Eds.), Magnetic resonance imaging. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiGuilio, D. V., Seidenberg, M., O’Leary, D. S.,& Raz, N. (1994). Procedural and declarative memory: A developmental study. Brain and Cognition, 25, 79–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobbing, J. (1975). Prenatal nutritional and neurological development. In N. A. Buchwald& M. A. B. Brazier (Eds.), Brain mechanism in mental retardation. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobbing, J. (1990). Early nutrition and later achievement. Boyd Memorial Lecture. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 49, 103–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dobbing, J.,& Sands, J. (1970). Timing of neuroblast multipli- cation in developing human brain. Nature, 226, 639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobbing, J.,& Sands, J. (1973). Quantitative growth and development of human brain. Archives of Disabled Children, 48, 757.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobbing, J.,& Smart, J. L. (1974). Vulnerability of developing brain and behavior. British Medical Bulletin, 30, 164. Dodge, P., Prensky, A.,& Feigin, R. (1975). Nutrition and the developing nervous system. St. Louis: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodgson, M. C. H. (1962). The growing brain: An essay in de- velopmental neurology. Bristol, England: Wright Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, A. J. (1976). The chemistry of learning and the formation of memory. In W. H. Gispen (Ed.), Molecular and functional neurobiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, A. J. (1980). Neurochemistry of learning and memory: An evaluation of recent data. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 343–390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellingson, R. J. (1964). Studies of the electrical activity of the de- veloping human brain. Progress in Brain Research, 9, 26–53. Emde, R. N., Gaensbauer, T. J.,& Harmon, R. J. (1976). Emo- tional expression of infancy: A behavioral study (Vol. 10 ). New York: International University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, H. T. (1978). Growth spurts during brain development: Implications for educational policy and practice. In J. S. Chall& A. F. Mirsky (Eds.), Education and the brain: The 77th yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education (Part I I ). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fender, D. H. (1985). Source localization of brain electrical activity. In A. Gevins& A. Remond (Eds.), Handbook of elect roencephalography and clinical neurophysiology (Vol. 3A ). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, S., Alpert, N. M., Ackerman, R. H., Buonano, E S., Correia, J. A., Chang, J., Kulas, S., Brownell, G. L.,& Taveras, J. M. (1980). Positron imaging of the normal brain-Regional patterns of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 105, 8–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flechsig, P. (1883). Plan des menschlichen Gehirns. Leipzig: Veit. Franz, R. L. (1963). Pattern vision in newborn infants. Science, 140, 296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaddes, W. H. (1980). Learning disabilities and brain function: A neuropsychological approach. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gadian, D. G., Connelly, A., Duncan, J. S., Cross, J. H., Kirkhan, F. J., Johnson, C. L., Vargha-Khadem, E, Nevile, B. G.,& Jackson, G. D. (1994). I H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the investigation of intractable epilepsy. Acta Neurological Scandinavica, 152, 116–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallen, C. C., Sobel, D. E, Schwartz, B., Copeland, B., Waltz, T.,& Aung, M. (1993, August 28). Magnetic source imaging: Present and future. Investigative Radiology, 3, ( Suppl.), 5153–5157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geschwind, N.,& Galaburda, A. M. (Eds.). (1984). Cerebral dominance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gevins, A. S., Doyle, J. C., Cutillo, B. A., Schaffer, R. E., Tannehill, R. S., Ghannam, J. H., Gilcrease, V. A.,& Yeager, C. L. (1981). Electrical potentials in human brain during cognition-New method reveals dynamic patterns of correlation. Science, 213, 918–921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, P. S. (1975). Age, sex and experience as related to the neural basis of development. In N. A. Buchwald& M. A. B. Brazier (Eds.), Brain mechanisms in mental retardation. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodglass, H.,& Kaplan, E. (1972). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Philadelphia: Lea& Febiger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goplerud, J. M.,& Delivoria-Papadopoulos, M. (1993). Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy following asphyxia. Clinical Perinatology, 20, 345–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, G. (1976a). Conceptions of prenatal development: Behavioral embryology. Psychological Review, 83, 215–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, G. (1976b). The roles of experience in the development of behavior and the nervous system. In G. Gottleib (Ed.), Neural and behavioral specificity. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S. H., Myerhoff, D. J., Bayne, L,. Sharp, E R.,& Weiner, M. W. (1994). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of N-acetylaspartate in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Annals of Neurology, 35, 490–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossberg, S. (1980). How does a brain build a cognitive code? Psychological Review, 87, 1–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. C.,& Reivich, M. (1980). Cognitive task effects on hemispheric blood flow in humans; evidence for individual differences in hemispheric activation. Brain and Language, 9, 78–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hack, M., Taylor, H. G., Klein, N., Eiben, R., Schatschneider, C.,& Mercuri-Minich, N. (1994). School-age outcomes in children with birth weights under 750 g. New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 753–759.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagne, I. (1972). Development of the EEG in the normal infants during the first year of life. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 232 (Suppl. 1), 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halasz, B. (1994). Hypothalamo-anterior pituitary system and pituitary portal vessels. In H. Imura (Ed.), The pituitary gland ( 2nd ed., pp. 1–28 ). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W. J.,& Mossman, H. W. (1974). Human embryology: Prenatal development of form and function ( 4th ed. ). London: Heffer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heindel, W. C., Salmon, D. P., Shults, C. W., Walicke, P. A.,& Butters, N. A. (1989). Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory strategies: A comparison of Alzheimers, Huntington, and Parkinson disease patients. Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 282–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillyard, S. J. (1987). Electrophysiology of cognition. In V. Mountcastle, F. Plum,& S. Geiger (Eds.), Handbook of physiology: Sec. I. The Nervous System: Vol. V. (pp. 519–584 ). Bethesda: American Physiological Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hittmair, K., Wimberger, D., Rand T., Prayer, L., Bemert, G., Kramer, J.,& Imhof, H. (1994). MR assessment of brain maturation: Comparison of consequences. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 15, 425–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hope, P. L., Costelo, A. M., Cady, E. B., Delpy, D. T., Tofts, P. S., Chu, A., Hamilton, P. A., Reynolds, E. 0.,& Wilkie, D. R. (1984). Cerebral energy metabolism studied with phosphorus NMR spectroscopy in normal and birth-asphyxiated infants. Lancet, 2, 366–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hope, P. L.,& Moorecraft, J. (1991). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clinical Perinatology, 18, 535–548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudspeth, W. J.,& Pribram, K. H. (1992). Psychophysiological indices of cerebral maturation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 12, 19–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huk, W. J.,& Vieth, J. (1993). Functional imaging of the brain. Radiologe, 33, 633–638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, T. (1964). Some correlation between the appearance of human fetal reflexes and the development of the nervous system. In D. P. Purpura& J. P. Schade (Eds.), Progress in brain research: Growth and maturation of the brain (vol. 4 ). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, T. (1978). Function of the nervous system during prenatal life. In U. Stave& A. A. Weech (Eds.), Perinatal physiology. New York: Plenum Medical.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imura, H. (1994). The pituitary gland ( 2nd ed. ). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingvar, D. H., Sjölund, B.,& Ardö, A. (1976). Correlation between dominant EEG frequency, cerebral oxygen uptake and blood flow. Encephalography and Clinical Neuro-physiology, 41, 268–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, M. (1984). The cerebellum and neural control. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izquierdo, I. (1975). The hippocampus and learning. Progress in Neurobiology, 5, 37–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, G. D., Connelly, A., Cross, J. H., Gordon, I.,& Gaidan, D. E. (1994). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of focal seizures. Neurology, 44, 850–856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, B. L. (1994). Serotonin, motor activity, and depression- related disorders. American Scientist, 82, 456–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jernigan, T. L., Hesselink, J. R., Sowell, E.,& Tallal, P. A. (1991). Cerebral structure on magnetic resonance imaging in language and learning-impaired children. Archives of Neurology, 48, 539–545.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. G.,& Cowan, W. M. (1978). Nervous tissue: Development of nervous tissue. In E. Weiss (Ed.), Textbook of histology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. (1981). The second year. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. (1985). The human infant. In A. M. Rogers& C. J. Scheirer (Eds.), The G. Stanley Hall lecture series (Vol. 5 ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., Kearsley, R. B.,& Zelazo, R. R. (1978). Infancy: Its place in human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J.,& Moss, H. A. (1983). Birth to maturity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahle, W., Leonhardt, H.,& Platzer, W. (1978). Color atlas and textbook of human anatomy (Vol. 3 ). Chicago: Year Book Medical.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kail, R. V., Jr.,& Hagen, J. W. (1977). Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S. L., Grumbach, M. M.,& Aubert, M. L. (1976). The ontogenesis of pituitary hormone and hypothalamic factors in the human fetus: Maturation of the central nervous systern regulation of anterior pituitary function. Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 32, 161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kety, S. S. (1970). The biogenic amines in the central nervous system: Their possible roles in arousal, emotion and learning. In E. O. Schmitt (Ed.), The neurosciences: Second study program. New York: Rockefeller University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, D. (1967). Functional asymmetry of the brain in dichotic listening. Cortex, 3, 163–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, D.,& Harshman, R. (1984). Sex differences in brain organization for verbal and nonverbal functions. In G. De Vries, J. De Bruin, H. Vylings,& M. Conner (Eds.), Progress in brain research. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsbourne, M. (1974). Mechanisms of hemisphere interaction in man. In M. Kinsbourne& W. L. Smith (Eds.), Hemisphere disconnection and cerebral function. Springfield, IL: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsbourne, M. (1976). The ontogeny of cerebral dominance. In R. Reiber (Ed.), The neuropsychology of language. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsbourne, M. (1982). Hemispheric specialization and the growth of human understanding. American Psychologist, 37, 411–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinsbourne, M.,& Hiscock, M. (1977). Does cerebral dominance develop? In S. J. Segalowitz& F. A. Gruber (Eds.), Language development and neurological theory. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsbourne, M.,& Hiscock, M. (1978). Cerebral lateralization and cognitive development. In J. S. Chall& A. F. Mirsky (Eds.), Education and the brain: The 77th yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education (Part I I ). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krashen, S. (1973). Lateralization, language, learning, and the critical period: Some new evidence. Language and Learning, 23, 63–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kreis, R., Ernst, T.,& Ross, B. D. (1993). Development of the human brain: In vivo quantification of metabolite and water content with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Magnetic Resonance Medicine, 30, 424–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuffler, S. W.,& Nicholls, J. G. (1977). From neuron to brain: A cellular approach to the function of the nervous system. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulynych, J., Vladar, K., Jones, D.,& Weinberger, D. (1994). Gender differences in the normal lateralization of the supratemporal cortex: MRI surface-rendering morphometry of Heschel’s gyms and planum temporale. Cerebral Cortex, 4 ( 2), 107–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S.,& Turner, R. (1992). Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 5675–5679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langman, J. (1975). Medical embryology: Human development-normal and abnormal ( 3rd ed. ). Baltimore: Williams& Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lashley, K. S., Chow, K. L., and Semmes, J. (1951). An examination of the electrical field theory of cerebral integration. Psychology Review, 58, 123–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Douarin, N. (1980). Migration and differentiation of neural crest cells. In R. K. Hunt (Ed.), Neural development. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehninger, A. L. (1968). The neuronal membrane. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 60, 1069–1080.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehninger, A. L. (1993). Principles of biochemistry. New York: Worth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemire, R. J., Loeser, J. D., Alvord, E. C.,& Leech, R. W. (1975). Normal and abnormal development of the human nervous system. New York: Harper& Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenneberg, E. H. (1964). The natural history of language. In F. Smith& G. A. Miller (Eds.), The genesis of language: A psycholinguistic approach. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenneberg, E. H. (1967). Biological foundation of language. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levene, M. I.,& Dubowitz, L. M. S. (1982). Low-birth weight babies long-term follow-up. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 24, 487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, S. (1982). Comparative and psychobiological perspectives on development. In A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota symposium (Vol. 15 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leviton, A.,& Paneth, N. (1990). White matter damage in preterm newborns: An epidemiologic perspective. Early Human Development, 24 (1), 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. (1972). Lateral specialization of the human brain: Behavioral manifestation and possible evolutionary basis. In J. A. Kiger (Ed.), Biology of behavior. Corvaillis: Oregon State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy-Agresti, J.,& Sperry, R. W. (1968). Differential perceptual capacities in major and minor hemispheres. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 61, 1151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liben, L. S., Patterson, A. H.,& Newcombe, N. (1981). Spatial representation and behavior across the life span: Theory and application. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsley, D. B. (1939). A longitudinal study of the occipital alpha rhythm in normal children: Frequency and amplitude standards. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 55, 197–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsley, D. B.,& Wicke, J. D. (1974). The electroencephalogram: Autonomous electrical activity in man and animals. In R. F. Thompson& M. M. Patterson (Eds.), Bioelectric recording techniques. Part B. Electroencephalography and human brain potentials. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, R. B. (1978). Sensory processing, perception, and behavior. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorber, J. (1980). Is your brain really necessary? Science, 210, 1232–1234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowrey, G. H. (1978). Growth and development of children ( 7th ed. ). Chicago: Year Book Medical.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, R. D. (1978). Development and plasticity of the brain: An introduction. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1960). Verbal regulation of behavior. In M. Brazier (Ed.), The CNS and behavior. New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1961). The role of speech in the regulation of normal and abnormal behavior. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1966). The human brain and psychological processes. New York: Harper& Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1969a). Origin and brain organization of conscious activity. Evening lecture to the 19th International Congress of Psychology. London: Dorset Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1969b). Frontal lobe syndromes. In P. J. Vinken& G. W. Bruyn (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 2 ). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1969c). Speech development and the formation of mental processes. In J. Cole& I. Maltzman (Eds.), A handbook of contemporary Soviet psychology. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1970). The functional organization of the brain. Scientific American, 222, 66–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1973a). The working brain. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1973b). The frontal lobes and the regulation of behavior. In A. R. Luria& K. H. Pribram (Eds.), The behavioral psychophysiology of the frontal lobes. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1980). Higher cortical functions in man ( 2nd ed. ). New York: Basic Books.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1982). Language and cognition. New York: WileyInterscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R.,& Simernitskaya, E. G. (1977). Interhemispheric relations and the functioning of the minor hemisphere. Neuropsychologia, 15, 175–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R.,& Yudovich, F. I. (1959). Speech in the develop- ment of mental processes in the child. London: Staples.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, G., Blamire, A. M., Rothman, D. L., Gruetter, R.,& Shulman, R. G. (1993). Echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging studies of frontal cortex activation during word generation in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 90, 4952–4956.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConnell, S. K. (1988). Development of decision-making in the mammalian cerebral cortex. Brain Research Review, 13, 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell, S. K. (1991). The generation of neuronal diversity in the central nervous system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 14, 269–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, C. M.,& Witelson, S. F. (1994). Functional cerebral asymmetry and sexual orientation in men and women. Behavioral Neuroscience, 108, 525–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnun, G. R., Hillyard, S. A.,& Luck, S. J. (1993). Attention and performance XIV (pp. 219–244 ). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majovski, L. V.,& Jacques, D. B. (1982). Cognitive information processing and learning mechanisms of the brain. Neurosurgery, 10, 663–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majovski, L. V., Jacques, D. B., Hartz, G.,& Fogwell, L. A. (1981). Dopaminergic (DA) systems: Their role in pathological neurobehavioral symptoms. Neurosurgery, 9, 751–757.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, E., Grutter, R.,& Boesch, O. (1990). In vivo NMR spectroscopy: Investigation of brain metabolism in neonates and infants. Pediatre, 45, 877–882.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazziotta, J. C.,& Phelps, M. E. (1985). Metabolic evidence of lateralized cerebral function demonstrated by positron emission tomography in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders and normal individuals. In D. E Benson& E. Zaidel (Eds.), The dual brain. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazziotta, J. C., Phelps, M. E.,& Miller, J. (1981). Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism. Normal unstimulated state. Neurology, 31, 503–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcof, J. (1974). Biochemical markers of intrauterine malnutrition. In M. Winick (Ed.), Current concepts in nutrition (Vol. 2 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meudell, P. R. (1983). The development and dissolution of memory. In A. Mayes (Ed.), Memory in animals and humans. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, D. L., Coffey, C. S.,& Neville, H. J. (1993). Language acquisition and cerebral specialization in 20-month-old infants. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 317–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, E. (1976). CNS maturation and language acquisition. In H. Whitaker& H. A. Whitaker (Eds.), Studies in neurolinguistics (Vol. I ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishkin, M.,& Petri, H. L. (1984). Memories and habits: Some implications for the analysis of learning and retention. In L. R. Squire& N. Butlers (Eds.), Neuropsychology of memory. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mistretta, C. M.,& Bradley, R. M. (1978). Effect of early sensory experience on brain and behavioral development. In G. Gottlieb (Ed.), Studies on the development of behavior and the nervous system (Vol. 4 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molfese, D. L. (1977). Infant cerebral asymmetry. In S. J. Segalowitz& F. A. Gruber (Eds.), Language development and neurological theory. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molfese, D., Freeman,R.,& Palermo, D. (1975). The ontogeny of brain lateralization for speech and nonspeech stimuli. Brain Language, 2, 356–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K. L.,& Persand, T. V. N. (1993a). Before we were born: Essentials of embryology and birth defects (4th ed., pp. 45–59 ). Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K. L.,& Persand, T. V. N. (1993b). The developing human. Clinically oriented embryology ( 5th ed. ). Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. Y. (1977). The developmental organization of the fetal brain. In L. Gluck (Ed.), Intrauterine asphyxia and the developing fetal brain. Chicago: Year Book Medical.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M. (1977). Embryology and inheritance of asymmetry. In S. Hamad, R. Doty, L. Goldstein, J. Jaynes,& G. Lruthamer (Eds.), Lateralization in the nervous system. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscovitch, M. (1977). The development of lateralization of language functions and its relation to cognitive and linguistic development: A review and some theoretical speculations. In S. J. Segalowitz& F. A. Gruber (Eds.), Language development and neurological theory. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadel, L.,& Zola-Morgan, S. (1984). Infantile amnesia: A neurobiological perspective. In M. Moscovitch (Ed.), Infant memory. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nauta, W. H. (1986a). Circuitous connections linking cerebral cortex, limbic system and corpus striatum. In B. K. Doane& K. E. Livingston (Eds.), The limbic system: Functional or- ganization and clinical disorders. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nauta, W. H. (19866). A simplified perspective on the basal gan- glia and their relation to the limbic system. In B. K. Doane & K. E. Livingston (Eds.), The limbic system: Functional organization and clinical disorders. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Negergaard, M. (1994). Direct signaling from astrocytes to neurons in cultures of mammalian brain cells. Science, 263, 1768–1774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neville, H. (1984). Effects of early sensory and language experience on the development of the human brain. In J. Mehler& R. Fox (Eds.), Neonate cognition: Beyond the blooming buzzing confusion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, L. (1978). A child is born. New York: Delacorte Press. Oates, J. (Ed.). (1979). Early cognitive development. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Keefe, J. (1994). Developmental psychology. Cognitive maps in infants. Nature, 370, 57–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Keefe, J.,& Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orrison, W. W., Davis, L. E., Sullivan, G. W., Mettler, E A.,& Flynn, L. R. (1990). Anatomic localization of cerebral cortical function by magnetoencephalography combined with MR imaging and CT. American Journal ofNeuro-Radiology, 11, 713–716.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peden, C. J., Rutherford, M. A., Sargentorri, J., Cox, I. J., Bryant, D. J.,& Dubowitz, L. M. (1993). Proton spectroscopy of the neonatal brain following hypoxic-ischemie injury. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 35, 502–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M.,& Raichle, M. E. (1989). Positron emission tomographic studies of the processing of single words. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1, 153–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, S. E., Gorbetta, M., Miezin, F. M.,& Shulman, G. L. (1994). PET studies of parietal involvement in spatial attention: Comparison of different task types. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48, 319–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, M. E., Mazziotta, J.,& Schelbert, H. R. (1986). Positron emission tomography and autoradiography: Principles and applications for the brain and heart. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piven, J., Berthier, M. L., Storkstein, S. E.,& Nehme, E. (1990). Magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a defect of cerebral cortical development in autism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 734–739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plante, E., Swisher, L., Vance, R.,& Rapcsak, S. (1991). MRI findings in boys with specific language impairment. Brain and Language, 41, 52–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R. A.,& Rowe, D. C. (1979). Genetic and environmental etiology of social behavior in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 15, 62–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ploog, D. (1979). Phonation, emotion, cognition with reference to the brain mechanisms involved. Ciba Foundation Symposia, 69, 79–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. I. (1993). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673–674.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. I.,& Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attentional system of the human brain. Annual Review ofNeuroscience, 13, 25–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. I.,& Rothbart, M. K. (1992). Attentional mechanisms and conscious experience. In A. D. Milner& M. D. Rugg (Eds.), The neuropsychology of consciousness (pp. 91–112 ). Orlando: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pribam, K. H. (1976). Modes of central information processing in human learning and remembering. In T. J. Tyler (Ed.), Brain and learning. Baltimore: Graylock Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raichle, M. E. (1987). Circulatory and metabolic correlations of brain function in normal humans. In V. Mountcastle, F. R. Plum,& S. Geiger (Eds.), Handbook of physiology: Sec. 1. The nervous system: Vol. V. (1,2) (pp. 643–674 ). Bethesda: American Physiological Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raichle, M. E., Fiez, J. A., Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A. M., Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T.,& Petersen, S. E. (1994). Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cerebral Cortex, 4, 8–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramón y Cajal, S. (1911). Histologie du Systeme Nerveaux de l’Homme et des Vertebres. Paris: Maloine (Republished 1955, Histologie du Systeme Nerveux. Translated by L. Azoulay. Madrid: Inst. Ramón y Cajal ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichlin, S. (1974). Neuroendocrinology. In R. H. Williams (Ed.), Textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, E. O., McCormick, D. C., Roth, S. C., Edwards, A. O.,& Wyatt, J. S. (1991). New non-invasive methods for the investigation of cerebral oxidative metabolism and hemodynamics in newborn infants. Annals of Medicine, 23, 681–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Risberg, J.,& Ingvar, D. H. (1973). Patterns of activation in the gray matter of the dominant hemisphere. Brain, 96, 737–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riss, W. (1972). Nonspecific thalamic projection system: Intro- duction. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution, 6, 329–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E. (1986). Metabolism and nervous system disease: A challenge for our times (Part I). Metabolic Brain Disease, 1, 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roland, P. E., Eriksson, L., Widen, L.,& Stone-Elander, S. (1989). Changes in regional cerebral oxidative metabolism induced by tactile learning and recognition in man. European Journal of Neuroscience, 1, 3–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roncagliolo, M., Benitez, J.,& Perez, M. (1994). Auditory brainstem responses of children with developmental language disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 36, 26–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, B.,& Michaels, T. (1994). Clinical applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance Quarterly, 10, 191–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rourke, B. P., Bakker, D. J., Fisk, J. L.,& Strang, J. D. (1983). Child neuropsychology: An introduction to theory, research, and clinical practice. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saint-Cyr, J. A., Taylor, A. E.,& Lang, A. E. (1987). Procedural learning impairment in basal ganglia disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9, 280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saitoh, D., Courchesne, F., Egaas, B., Lincoln, A. J.,& Schreibrion, L. (1995). Cross-sectional axia of posterior hippocampus in autistic patients with cerebral and corpus collosum abnormalities. Neurology, 45, 317–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satz, P. (1993). Brain reserve capacity on symptom onset after brain injury: A formulation and review of evidence of threshold theory. Neuropsychology, 7, 293–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satz, P., Orsini, D. L., Saslow, E.,& Henry, R. (1985). The pathological left-handedness syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 4, 27–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satz, P., Strauss, E., Hunter, M.,& Wada, J. (1994). Reexamination of the crowding hypothesis: Effects of age of onset. Neuropsychology; 8, 255–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, A. B. (1978). Clinical neuroanatomy lecture. Anatomy and Physiology 103: Winter-Spring Quarter 1978, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, M.,& Scheibel, A. (1961). On circuit patterns of brain stem reticular core. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 89, 857–865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, M.,& Scheibel, A. (1963). Some neural substrates of postnatal development. In E. Hoffman (Ed.), First annual review of child development. New York: Russel] Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, M. E.,& Scheibel, A. G. (1966). Patterns of organization in specific and nonspecific thalamic fields. In D. Purpura& M. D. Yahr (Eds.), The thalamus. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheibe], M. E.,& Scheibel, A. B. (1972). Input-output relations of the thalamic nonspecific system. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution, 6, 332–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, M. E.,& Scheibel, A. B. (1973). Dendrite bundles as sites for central program: An hypothesis. International Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 195–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonhaut, S.,& Satz, P. (1983). Prognosis for children with learning disabilities: A review of follow-up studies. In M. Rutter (Ed.), Developmental neuropsychiatry. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, F. J. (1974). The neurological development of the neonate. In J. A. Davis& J. Dobbing (Eds.), Scientific foundation of pediatrics. Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segalowitz, S.,& Chapman, J. (1980). Cerebral asymmetry for speech in neonates: A behavioral measure. Brain Language, 9, 281–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seines, D. A.,& Whitaker, H. A. (1976). Morphological and functional development of the auditory system. In R. W. Rieber (Ed.), The neuropsychology of language. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semrud-Clikeman, M., Hynd, G. W., Novey, E. S.,& Elipulos, D. (1991). Dyslexia and brain morphology: Relationship between neuroanatomical variation and neurolinguistic tasks. Learning and Individual Differences, 3, 225–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sergent, J., Ohta, S.,& MacDonald, B. (1992). Functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing: A positron emission tomography study. Brain, 115, 15–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, R. G., Blamire, A. M., Rothman, D. L.,& McCarthy, G. (1993). Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of human brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 90, 3127–3133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, L. S. (1979). Infant perceptual, cognitive, and motor behavior as predictors of subsequent cognitive and language development. Canadian Journal of Psychological Reviews, 33, 382–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sips, H. J. W. A., Catsman-Berrevoets, C. E., Van Dongen, H. R., Van der Werff, P. J. J.,& Brooke, L. J. (1994). Measuring right-hemisphere dysfunction in children: Validity of two new computer tests. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 36, 57–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siqueland, E. R.,& Lipsitt, L. P. (1966). Conditioned head turning in newborns. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 3, 356–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. H.,& Sweet, W. H. (1978a). Monoaminergic regulation of central nervous system function. I. Noradrenergic systems. Neurosurgery, 3, 109–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. H.,& Sweet, W. H. (1978b). Monoaminergic regulation of central nervous system function. II. Serotonergic systems. Neurosurgery, 3, 257–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. W. (1976). Recognizable patterns of human malformation.: Genetic, embryologic and clinical aspects ( 2nd ed. ). Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, O. A.,& DeVito, J. L. (1984). Central neural integration for the control of autonomic responses associated with emotion. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 7, 43–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, S. (1980). Brain peptides as neurotransmitters. Science, 209, 976–983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sperry, R. W. (1974). Lateral specialization in the surgically separated hemispheres. In F. O. Schmitt& F. G. Worden (Eds.), Neurosciences: Third study program (pp. 5–19 ). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperry, R. W., Gazzaniga, M. S.,& Bogen, J. E. (1969). Interhemispheric relationships: The neocortical commissures; syndromes of hemisphere disconnection. In P. J. Vinken& G. W. Bruyn (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 4, pp. 273–290 ). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spreen, O., Tupper, D., Risser, A., Tuokko, H.,& Edgell, D. (1984). Human developmental neuropsychologv. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squire, L. R.,& Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). The medial-temporal lobe memory system. Science, 253, 1380–1386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark, D. D.,& Bradley, W. G. (Eds.). (1992). Magnetic resonance imaging (2nd ed., Vols. 1,2). St. Louis: Mosby Year Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehling, M. K., Mansfield, P., Ordidge, R. J., Coxon, R., Chapman, B., Blamire, A., Gibbs, P., Johnson, I. R., Symonds, E. M., Worthington, B. S., et al. (1990). Echo-planar imaging of the human fetus in utero. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 13, 314–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stehling, M. K., Turner, R.,& Mansfield, P. (1991). Echo-planar imaging in a fraction of a second. Science, 254, 43–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steriade, M., McCormick, D. A.,& Sejnowski, T. J. (1993). Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science, 262, 679–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storm-Mathisen, J. (1979). Localization of transmitter candidates in the brain: The hippocampal formation as a model. Progress in Neurobiology, 8, 381–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuss, D. T.,& Benson, D. F. (1986). The frontal lobes. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szentagothai, J. (1975). The “module concept” in the cerebral cortex architecture. Brain Research, 95, 475–496.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szentagothai, J. (1978). The Ferrier Lecture. The neuron network of the cerebral cortex: A functional interpretation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 201, 219–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szentagothai, J.,& Arbib, M. A. (1974). Conceptual models of neural organization. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin, 12, 307–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D. (1969). Differential rates of cerebral maturation between sexes and between hemispheres. Lancet, 2, 140–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, H. G., Fletcher, J. M.,& Satz, P. (1984). Neuropsychological assessment of children. In L. Halpern& G. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of psychological assessment. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thach, W. T., Goodkin, H. P.,& Keating, J. G. (1992). The cerebellum and the adaptive coordination of movement. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 15, 403–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. (1985). On the classification problem in learning and memory. In L. Nilsson& T. Archer (Eds.), Perspectives on learning and memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzika, A. A., Vigneron, D. B., Ball, W. S., Dunn, R. S.,& Kirks, D. R. (1993). Localized proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in children. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 3, 719–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valk, J.,& Van der Knapp, M. S. (1989). White matter and myelin. In J. Valk& M. S. Van der Knapp (Eds.), Magnetic resonance of myelin, myelination, and myelin disorders (pp. 9–21 ). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Bor, M., Den-Ouden, L.,& Guit, G. L. (1992). Value of cranial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants. Pediatrics, 90, 196–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vohr, B. R., Coll, C. E., Lobato, D., Yunis, K. A., O’Dea, C.,& Oh, W. (1991). Neurodevelopmental and medical status of low birth weight survivors of broncho-pulmonary dysphasia at 10–12 years of age. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 33, 690–697.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1974). The problem of age-periodization of child development (translated by A. Zender& B. F. Zen-der). Human Development, 17, 24–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological process (edited by M. Coles, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner,& E. Souberman). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J. Z., Kaufman, L.,& Williamson, S. J. (1993). Imaging regional changes in the spontaneous activity of the brain: An extension of the minimum-norm least-squares estimate. Encephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 86, 36–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, J. M.,& Akert, K. (Eds.) (1964). The frontal granular cortex and behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisberg, L. A., Strub, R. L.,& Garcia, C. A. (1989). Neurological disorders of childhood. In L. A. Weisberg, R. L. Strub,& C. A. Garcia (Eds.), Essentials of clinical neurology ( 2nd ed. ). Rockville, MD: Aspen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertsch, J. V. (1979). The regulation of human action and the given new organization of private speech. In G. Zivin (Ed.), The development of self-regulation through private speech. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S. (1977). Early hemispheric specialization and interhemispheric plasticity: An empirical and theoretical review. In S. J. Segalowitz& F. A. Gruber (Eds.), Language development and neurological theory. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S. F. (1985). On hemispheric specialization and cerebral plasticity from birth: Mark II. In C. Best (Ed.), Hemispheric function and collaboration in the child (pp. 33–85 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S.,& Kigar, D. (1992). Sylvian fissure morphology and asymmetry in men and women: Bilateral differences in relation to handedness in men. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 323, 326–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S.,& Pallie, W. (1973). Left hemisphere specialization for language in the newborn. Brain, 96, 641–646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, V.,& Wong, S. N. (1991). Brainstem auditory evoked potential study in children with autistic disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 329–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yakovlev, P. I. (1962). Morphological criteria of growth and maturation of the nervous system in man. Research Publications, Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases, 39, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakovlev, P. I.,& Lecours, A. R. (1967). The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In A. Minkowski (Ed.), Regional development of the brain. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, R. A., Bilaniuk, L. T.,& Grossman, R. I. (1983). Computed tomography in migratory disorders of human brain development. Neuroradiology, 25, 257–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, R. A., Bilaniuk, L. T.,& Gusnard, D. A. (1992). Pediatric cerebral anomalies. In D. D. Stark& W. G. Bradley (Eds.), Magnetic resonance imaging ( 2nd ed. ). St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zola-Morgan, S.,& Squire, L. R. (1993). Neuroanatomy of memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16, 547–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, R. S.,& Lando, L. (1986). Mechanism of transmitter release: Voltage hypothesis and calcium hypothesis. Science, 231, 574–579.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Harbor View Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, 98104-2499, USA

    Lawrence V. Majovski

Authors
  1. Lawrence V. Majovski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, 77843, College Station, Texas, USA

    Cecil R. Reynolds

  2. The Brown Schools of West Texas, 79706, Midland, Texas, USA

    Elaine Fletcher-Janzen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Majovski, L.V. (1997). Development of Higher Brain Functions in Children. In: Reynolds, C.R., Fletcher-Janzen, E. (eds) Handbook of Clinical Child Neuropsychology. Critical Issues in Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5351-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5351-6_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5353-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5351-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation