Abstract
In the placental villi, nearly the entire maternofetal and fetomaternal exchange takes place. There is only a limited contribution to this exchange by the extraplacental membranes. In addition, most metabolic and endocrine activities of the placenta have been localized in the villi (for review, see Gröschel-Stewart, 1981; Miller & Thiede, 1984; Knobil & Neill, 1993; Polin and Fox, 1998).
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Castellucci, M., Kaufmann, P. (2000). Basic Structure of the Villous Trees. In: Pathology of the Human Placenta. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4199-5_6
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