Skip to main content

Children’s Adaptation to Divorce

From Description to Explanation

  • Chapter
Handbook of Children’s Coping

Part of the book series: Issues in Clinical Child Psychology ((ICCP))

Abstract

Divorce has become a common experience for children in the United States, where one out of every two is likely to undergo a parental divorce before the age of 18 (see Emery, 1988; Furstenberg, 1990). The high divorce rate has been viewed with alarm by many because there long has been a perception that “broken” homes adversely affect children’s adjustment. Early investigations of the effects of divorce on children appeared to support the idea that children from divorced homes were more poorly adjusted than those from intact families, but more recent investigations have gone beyond this simple comparison to investigate processes that lead to better or worse outcomes. In this chapter we examine research on children’s adaptation to divorce. To provide a context for our analysis, we begin by summarizing the epidemiology of divorce in the United States and research on the effects of divorce on children. The bulk of the chapter then examines children’s adaptation to divorce in relation to four important questions: What increases the stressfulness of divorce for children? What helps children cope more effectively? What interventions exist to facilitate children’s adjustment after divorce? What do we still need to learn about children’s adaptation after divorce? 1960s and 1970s (Cherlin, 1981). Some demographers report that the rate leveled off in the 1980s, but others argue that it has continued to rise (see Castro Martin & Bumpass, 1989).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University Associates in Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, P. D., & Furstenberg, F. F. (1989). How marital dissolution affects children: Variations by age and sex. Developmental Psychology, 25, 540–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alpert-Gillis, L. J., Pedro-Carroll, J. L., & Cowen, E. L. (1989). The children of divorce intervention program: Development, implementation, and evaluation of a program for young urban children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 583–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amato, P. R. (1993). Children’s adjustment to divorce: Theories, hypotheses, and empirical support. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 23–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amato, P. R., & Keith, B. (1991). Consequences of parental divorce for the well-being of children: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 26–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armistead, L., McCombs, A., Forehand, R., Wierson, M., Long, N., & Fauber, R. (1990). Coping with divorce: A study of young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 79–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Block, J. H., Block, J., & Gjerde, P. F. (1986). The personality of children prior to divorce: A prospective study. Child Development, 57, 827–840.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, A., Binkerhoff, D. B., & White, L. K. (1984). The impact of divorce on courtship. Journal of Marriage and Family, 46, 85–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. T., Bornstein, P. H., & Walters, H. A. (1988). Children of divorce: Empirical evaluation of a group-treatment program. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,17, 248–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Vol. 2: Separation. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braver, S. L., Wolchik, S. A., Sandler, I. N., Sheets, V. L., Fogas, B., & Bay, C. (1993). A longitudinal study of noncustodial parents: Parents without children. Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 9–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, G. H., & Forehand, R. (1990). Interparental conflict, relationship with the noncustodial father, and adolescent post-divorce adjustment. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 11, 139–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, C. M., Maccoby, E. E., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Caught between parents: Adolescents’ experience in divorced homes. Child Development, 62, 1008–1029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camara, K. A., & Resnick, G. (1987). Marital and parental subsystems in mother-custody, fathercustody, and two-parent households: Effects on children’s social development. In J. P. Vincent (Ed.), Advances in family intervention, assessment, and theory (Vol. 4, pp. 165–196). Greenwich, CT: JAI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camara, K. A., & Resnick, G. (1988). Interpersonal conflict and cooperation: Factors moderating children’s post-divorce adjustment. In E. M. Hetherington & J. Aratesh (Eds.), Impact of divorce, singleparenting, and stepparenting on children (pp. 169–195). Hillsdale, NY: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camara, K. A., & Resnick, G. (1989). Styles of conflict, resolution and cooperation between divorced parents: Effects on child behavior and adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 560–575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro Martin, T., & Bumpass, L. L. (1989). Recent trends and differentials in marital disruption. Demography,26, 37–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherlin, A. J. (1981). Marriage, divorce, remarriage: Changing patterns in the postwar United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherlin, A. J., Furstenberg, F. F., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Kiernan, K. E., Robins, P. K., Morrison, D. R., & Teitler, J. O. (1991). Longitudinal studies of the effects of divorce on children on Great Britain and the United States. Science, 252, 1386–1389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, M. J., Owen, M. T., Lewis, J. M., & Henderson, V. K. (1989). Marriage, adult adjustment, and early parenting. Child Development, 60, 1015–1024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, E. M., Ballard, M., El-Sheikh, M., & Lake, M. (1991). Resolution and children’s responses to interadult anger. Developmental Psychology, 27, 462–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. (1994). Children and marital conflict. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, E. M., Vogel, D., Cummings, J. S., & El-Sheikh, M. (1989). Children’s responses to different forms of expression of anger between adults. Child Development, 60, 1392–1404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, E. M., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1981). Young children’s responses to expressions of anger and affection by others in the family. Child Development, 52, 1274–1282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 387–411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, G. J., & Hoffman, S. D. (1985). Economic consequences of marital instability. In M. David & T. Smeeding (Eds.), Horizontal equity, uncertainty, and economic well-being (pp. 112–131). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterbrooks, M. A., & Emde, R. N. (1988). Marital and parent-child relationships: The role of affect in the family system. In R. A. Hinde & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), Relationships within families: Mutual influences (pp. 83–103). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, R. E. (1982). Interpersonal conflict and the children of discord and divorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310–330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emery, R. E. (1988). Marriage, divorce, and children’s adjustment. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, R. E. (1994). Renegotiating family relationships. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, R. E., Hetherington, E. M. & DiLalla, L. F. (1984). Divorce, children and social policy. In H. W. Stevenson & A. E. Siegel (Eds.), Child development research and social policy (pp. 189–266). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fauber, R., & Long, N. (1991). Children in context: The role of the family in child psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 813–820.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fauber, R., Forehand, R., Thomas, A. M., & Wierson, M. (1990). A mediational model of the impact of marital conflict on adolescent adjustment in intact and divorced families: The role of disrupted parenting. Child Development, 61, 1112–1123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felner, R. D., Terre, L., & Rowlison, R. T. (1988). A life transition framework for understanding marital dissolution and family reorganization. In S. A. Wolchik & P. Karoly (Eds.), Children of divorce: Empirical perspectives on adjustment (pp. 35–66). New York: Gardner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fincham, F. D., Grych, J. H., & Osborne, L. (1994). Does marital conflict cause child maladjustment? Directions and challenges for longitudinal research. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 128–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fogas, S., Wolchik, S. A., Braver, S. L., Freedom, D. S., & Bay, R. C. (1992). Locus of control as a mediator of negative divorce-related events and adjustment problems in children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 589–598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furstenberg, F. F. (1990). Divorce and the American family. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 379–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furstenberg, F. F., Morgan, S. P., & Allison, P. D. (1987, April). Parental participation and children’s well-being after marital disruption. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furstenberg, F. F., & Nord, C. W. (1985). Parenting apart: Patterns of childrearing after marital disruption. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47, 893–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gano-Phillips, S., & Fincham, F. D. (1995). Family conflict, divorce, and children’s adjustment. In M. Fitzpatrick & A. Vangelisti (Eds.), Perspectives on family communication (pp. 206–231). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N. (1983). Stressors of childhood. In N. Garmezy & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, coping and development in children (pp. 43–84). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, W. A., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (1984). Role of marital quality in toddler development. Developmental Psychology, 20, 504–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (1990). Marital conflict and children’s adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 267–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (1992a). Interventions for children of divorce: Toward greater integration of research and action. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 434–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (1992b). Marital dissolution and family adjustment: An attributional analysis. In T. Orbuch (Ed.), Close relationship loss: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 157–173). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (1993). Children’s appraisals of marital conflict: Initial investigations of the cognitive-contextual framework. Child Development, 64, 215–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grych, J. H., Seid, M., & Fincham, F. D. (1992). Assessing marital conflict from the child’s perspective: The Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale. Child Development, 63, 558–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guidubaldi, J., & Cleminshaw, H. (1983, August). Impact of family support system on children’s academic and social functioning after divorce. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidubaldi, J., Perry, J. D., & Cleminshaw, H. K. (1984). The legacy of parental divorce. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 109–151). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Guidubaldi, J., Perry, J. D., & Nastasi, B. K. (1987). Assessment and intervention for children of divorce: Implications of the NASP-KSU nationwide survey. In J. Vincent (Ed.), Advances in family intervention, assessment, and theory (Vol. 4, pp. 33–69). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1992). Broken attachments: Relationship loss from the perspective of attachment theory. In T. Orbuch (Eds.), Close relationship loss: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 174–192). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, R. D., & Camara, K. A. (1979). Post-divorce relationships as mediating factors in the consequences of divorce for children. Journal of Social Issues,35, 79–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, E. M. (1988). Parents, children, and siblings: Six years after divorce. In R. Hinde & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), Relationships within families (pp. 311–331). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, E. M. (1989). Coping with family transitions: Winners, losers, and survivors. Child Development, 60, 1–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, E. M., Clingempeel, W. G., Anderson, E. R., Deal, J. E., Hagen, M. S., Hollier, E. A. & Linder, M. S. (1992). Coping with marital transitions: A family system perspective. With commentary by Eleanor E. Maccoby. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 57, 1–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, E. M., Cox, M., & Cox, R. (1982). Effects of divorce on parents and children. In M. Lamb (Ed.), Nontraditional families (pp. 233–288). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, E. M., Stanley-Hagen, M., & Anderson, E. R. (1989). Marital transitions: A child’s perspective. American Psychologist, 44, 303–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, W. F. (1991). Interventions for children of divorce. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, L. A., Cowen, E. L., Pedro-Carroll, J. L., & Alpert-Gillis, L. J. (1990). Anxiety and depression in youth children of divorce. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 26–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, K., Fernandes, L. O., Gano-Phillips, S., Bhana, A. E., & Fincham, F. D. (1993). A community oriented approach to divorce intervention. Family Journal, 1, 4–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. M., & Smith, M. A. (1990). Factors protecting children living in disharmonious homes: Maternal reports. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 60–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, J. R., Kline, M., & Tschann, J. M. (1989). Ongoing post-divorce conflict in families contesting custody: Effects on children of joint custody and frequent access. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 576–592.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalter, N., Pickar, J., & Lesowitz, M. (1984). School-based developmental facilitation groups for children of divorce: A preventive intervention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54, 613–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalter, N., & Rembar, J. (1981). The significance of a child’s age at the time of parental divorce. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,51, 85–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalter, N., Schaefer, M., Lesowitz, M., Alpern, D., & Pickar, J. (1988). School-based support groups for children of divorce. In B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.), Martialing social support: Formats, processes and effects (pp. 165–185). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. B. (1988). Longer-term adjustment in children of divorce: Converging findings and implications for practice. Journal of Family Psychology, 2, 119–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kempton, T., Armistead, L., Wierson, M., & Forehand, R. (1991). Presence of a sibling as a potential buffer following parental divorce: An examination of young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 434–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kliewer, W., & Sandler, I. N. (1993). Social competence and coping among children of divorce. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 432–440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krantz, S. E., Clark, J., Pruyn, J. P., & Usher, M. (1985). Cognition and adjustment among children of separated or divorced parents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9, 61–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krein, S. F., & Beller, A. H. (1988). Educational attainment of children from single-parent families: Differences by exposure, gender, and race. Demography, 25, 221–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A. (1986). Children’s reasoning about parental divorce. In R. D. Ashmore & D. M. Brodzinsky (Eds.), Thinking about the family: Views of parents and children (pp. 233–276). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A. (1987). Children’s adjustment to parental divorce: An ecological perspective. In J. P. Vincent (Ed.), Advances in family intervention, assessment and theory (Vol. 4, pp. 1–31). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A., & Berg, B. (1983). Correlates of children’s adjustment to their parent’s divorces. In L. A. Kurdek (Ed.), New directions in child development. Vol. 19: Children and divorce (pp. 47–60). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A., & Berg, B. (1987). Children’s beliefs about parental divorce scale: Psychometric characteristics and concurrent validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 712–718.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A., & Sinclair, R. J. (1988). Adjustment of young adolescents in two-parent nuclear, stepfather, and mother-custody families. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 91–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. A., Blisk, D., & Siesky, A. E. (1981). Correlates of children’s long-term adjustment to their parent’s divorce. Developmental Psychology, 17, 565–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, N., Forehand, R., Fauber, R., & Brody, G. (1987). Self-perceived and independently observed competence of young adolescents as a function of parental marital conflict and recent divorce. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology15, 15–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luepnitz, D. A. (1982). Child custody: A study of families after divorce. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lustig, J. L., Wolchik, S. A., & Braver, S. L. (1992). Social support in chumships and adjustment in children of divorce. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 393–399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazur, E., Wolchik, S. A., & Sandler, I. N. (1992). Negative cognitive errors and positive illusions for negative divorce events: Predictors of children’s psychological adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 523–542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J. (1978). A comparison of the probability of the dissolution of first and second marriages. Demography, 15, 345–359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meissner, W. W. (1978). Conceptualization of marriage and family dynamics from a psychoanalytic perspective. In T. J. Paolino & B. S. McCrady (Eds.), Marriage and marital therapy (pp. 25–88). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, A. J., & Glick, P. C. (1979). Marital instability in America. Past, present and future. In G. Levinger & O. C. Moles (Eds.), Divorce and separation (pp. 6–19). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedro-Carroll, J. L., Alpert-Gillis, L. J., & Cowen, E. L. (1992). An evaluation of the efficacy of a preventive intervention for 4th–6th grade urban children of divorce. Journal of Primary Prevention, 13, 115–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedro-Carroll, J. L., Cowen, E. L., Hightower, A. D., & Guare, J. C. (1986). Preventive intervention with latency-aged children of divorce: A replication study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 277–289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedro-Carroll, J. L., & Cowen, E. L. (1985). The children of divorce intervention program: An investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 603–611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. L., & Zill, N. (1986). Marital disruption, parent-child relationships, and behavior problems in children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 295–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pillow, D. R., Sandler, I. N., Braver, S. L., Wolchik, S. A., & Gersten, J. C. (1991). Theory-based screening for prevention: Focusing on mediating processes in children of divorce. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 809–836.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roseby, V., & Deutsch, R. (1985). Children of separation and divorce: Effects of a social-role taking group intervention on fourth and fifth graders. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 14, 55–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., & West, S. G. (1994). Coping, stress and the psychological symptoms of children of divorce: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Child Development, 65, 1744–1763.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., Braver, S. L., & Fogas, B. (1991). Stability and quality of life events and psychological symptomatology in children of divorce. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 501–520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., & Braver, S. L. (1988). The stressors of children’s postdivorce environments. In S. A. Wolchik & P. Karoly (Eds.), Children of divorce: Empirical perspectives on adjustment (pp. 185–232). New York: Gardner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santrock, J. W., & Warshak, R. A. (1979). Father custody and social development in boys and girls. Journal of Social Issues, 35, 112–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, D. S., Emery, R. E., & Tuer, M. D. (1993). Parental functioning and children’s adjustment in families of divorce: A prospective study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 119–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., Beaman, J., & Conger, R. D. (1994). The impact of mothers’ parenting, involvement by nonresidential fathers, and parental conflict on the adjustment of adolescent children. Journal of Marriage and the Family,56, 356–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolberg, A. L., & Bush, J. P. (1985). A path analysis of factors predicting children’s divorce adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 14, 49–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolberg, A. L., Camplair, C., Currier, K., & Wells, M. J. (1987). Individual familial and environmental predictors of children’s post-divorce adjustment and maladjustment. Journal of Divorce, 11, 51–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolberg, A. L., & Anker, J. M. (1983). Cognitive and behavioral changes in children resulting from parental divorce and consequent environmental changes. Journal of Divorce, 7, 23–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolberg, A. L., & Cullen, P. M. (1983). Preventive interventions for families of divorce: The divorce adjustment project. In L. A. Kurdek (Ed.), New directions in child development. Vol. 19: Children and divorce (pp. 71–81). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolberg, A. L., & Garrison, K. M. (1985). Evaluating a primary prevention program for children of divorce: The divorce adjustment project. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 111–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stolberg, A. L., & Mahler, J. (1994). Enhancing treatment gains in a school-based intervention for children of divorce through skill training, parental involvement, and transfer procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 147–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoneman, Z., Brody, G. H., & Burke, M. (1989). Marital quality, depression, and inconsistent parenting: Relationship with observed mother-child conflict. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,59, 105–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, J. A., & Bumpass, L. L. (1992). Disruption of marital and cohabitation relationships: A social demographic perspective. In T. Orbuch (Ed.), Close relationship loss: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 67–89). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A. M., & Forehand, R. (1993). The role of parental variables in divorced and married families: Predictability of adolescent adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 126–135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorton, A. (1977). Children and marital stability. Journal of Marriage and Family, 39, 531–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tschann, J. M., Johnston, J. R., Kline, M., & Wallerstein, J. S. (1989). Family process and children’s functioning during divorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 431–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waite, L. J., Haggstrom, G. W., & Kanouse, D. E. (1985). The consequences of parenthood for the marital stability of young adults. American Sociological Review,50, 850–857.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, J. S. (1983). Children of divorce: Stress and developmental tasks. In N. Garmezy & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, coping, and development in children (pp. 265–302). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, J. S., & Blakeslee, S. (1989). Second chances: Men, women, and child a decade after divorce. New York: Ticknor & Fields.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1980). Surviving the breakup: How children actually cope with divorce. New York: Basic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, P. E., & Stolberg, A. L. (1989). Parental and environmental determinants of children’s behavioral, affective, and cognitive adjustment to divorce. Journal of Divorce, 12, 265–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzman, L. J. (1985). The divorce revolution. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolchik, S. A., Ruehlman, L. S., Braver, S. L., & Sandler, I. N. (1989). Social support of children of divorce: Direct and stress buffering effects. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 485–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolchik, S. A., Sandler, I. N., Braver, S. L. & Fogas, B. (1989). Events of parental divorce: Stressfulness ratings by children, parents, and clinicians. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 59–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Westover, S., Sandler, I. N., Martin, A., Lustig, J., Tein, J., & Fisher, J. (1993). The children of divorce parenting intervention: Outcome evaluation of an empirically based program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 293–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaslow, M. J. (1988). Sex differences in children’s response to parental divorce: 1. Research methodology and postdivorce family form. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 58, 355–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaslow, M. J. (1989). Sex differences in children’s response to parental divorce: 2. Samples, variables, ages, and sources. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 118–141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grych, J.H., Fincham, F.D. (1997). Children’s Adaptation to Divorce. In: Wolchik, S.A., Sandler, I.N. (eds) Handbook of Children’s Coping. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2677-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2677-0_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3269-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2677-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics