Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Civil Law

Employment and Discrimination

  • Chapter
Psychology and Law

Part of the book series: Perspectives in Law & Psychology ((PILP,volume 10))

  • 238 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter reviews empirical work pertinent to the laws on employment and discrimination.1 The crux of employment discrimination litigation entails proof of some of the most elusive and intangible human motives and reactions: bias and prejudice on one hand; psychological impairment and injury on the other hand. These topics have long been of interest to psychologists. The contribution of the discipline of psychology in cases involving employment and discrimination has been very uneven. Some aspects of employment discrimination, such as affirmative action and sexual harassment, have been quite thoroughly researched. Other aspects, such as disability discrimination, remain largely unexamined. The intent of this chapter is to summarize psychological research and literature that bears on this topic and to identify gaps in our knowledge of these issues. In addition, it will propose some research questions for future study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abell, N. L., & Jackson, M. N. (1996). Sexual harassment investigations—cues, clues and how-to’s. The Labor Lawyer, 12, 17–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 115 S. Ct. 2097 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1995, 5 U.S.C. §§ 571–583 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • American Bar Association. (1993). ABA model jury instructions in employment cases. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association Litigation Section.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees v. Washington, 77 F.2d 1401 (9th Cir. 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101–336, § 12101 et seq. (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson v. General Dynamics, 589 F.2d 397 (9th Cir. 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews v. City of Philadelphia, 895 F.2d 1469 (3rd Cir. 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arvey, R. D., & Cavanaugh, M. A. (1995). Using surveys to assess the prevalence of sexual harassment: Some methodological problems. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 117–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, C. L., Bensko, N. L., Bell, P. A., & Viney, W. (1995). Gender influence on perceptions of hostile environment sexual harassment. Psychological Reports, 77, 79–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bargh, J. A., & Raymond, P. (1995). The naive misuse of power: Nonconscious sources of sexual harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 85–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bastian, L. D., Lancaster, A. R., & Reyst, H. E. (1996). Department of Defense: 1995 sexual harassment survey. Arlington, VA: Defense Manpower Data Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belliveau, M. A. (1966). The paradoxical influence of policy exposure on affirmative action attitudes. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 99–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belz, H. (1991). Equality transformed: A quarter century of affirmative action. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bersoff, D. N. (1982). Regarding psychologists testily: The legal regulation of psychological assessment. In C. J. Scheirer & B. L. Hammonds (Eds.), The Master Lecture Series: Psychology and the law (pp. 37–88). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanck, P. D. (1994). Communicating the Americans With Disabilities Act. Transcending compliance: A case report on Sears, Roebuck & Co. Washington, DC: Annenberg Washington Program in Communications Policy Studies of Northwestern University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum v. Witco Chemical Corp., 829 F.2d 367 (3rd Cir. 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal, A. J. (1998). The reasonable woman standard: A meta-analytic review of gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 33–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumrosen, A. W. (1995). Draft report on reverse discrimination commissioned by Labor Department. In Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., Affirmative action after Adarand: A legal, regulatory, legislative outlook (Daily Labor Report, 147, pp. S45–51). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohen v. City of East Chicago, 622 F. Supp. 1234 (N.D. Ind. 1985), rev’d in part on other grounds, 799 F.2d 1180 (7th Cir. 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolden v. SEPTA, 31 F.3d 29 (3rd Cir. 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Booker v. Taylor Milk Co., 64 F.3d 860, 864 (3rd Cir. 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgida, E., Rudman, L. A., & Manteufel, L. L. (1995). On the courtroom use and misuse of gender stereotyping research. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 181–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braddock, J. M., II, & McPartland, J. M. (1987). How minorities continue to be excluded from equal employment opportunities: Research on labor market and institutional barriers. Journal of Social Issues, 43, 5–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, M. B. (1994). The social psychology of prejudice. Getting it all together. In M. Zanna & J. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 315–329). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, M. B. (1997). The social psychology of intergroup relations: Can research inform practice? Journal of Social Issues, 53, 197–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. B., & Germanis, I. L. (1994). Hostile environment sexual harassment: Has Harris really changed things? Employee Relations Law Journal, 19, 567–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. (1995, August). Affirmative action after Adarand: A legal, regulatory, legislative outlook (Daily Labor Report, 147, pp. Sl-101). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, D., & Borgida, E. (1997). Sexual harassment: An experimental test of sex-role spillover theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 63–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, U.S. Supr. Ct. No. 97–569 (June 26, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns v. McGregor Electronic Industries, Inc., 989 F.2d 959 (8th Cir. 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, S. E. (1995). Issues in workplace sexual harassment law and social science research. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 193–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burstein, P. (1992). Affirmative action, jobs, and American democracy: What has happened to the quest for equal opportunity? Law and Society Review, 26, 901–922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burstein, P., & Edwards, M. E. (1994). The impact of employment discrimination litigation on racial disparity in earnings: Evidence and unresolved issues. Law and Society Review, 28, 79–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burstein, P., & Pitchford, S. (1990). Social-scientific and legal challenges to education and test requirements in employment. Social Problems, 37, 243–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M. (1995). Psychological sex differences: Origins through sexual selection. American Psychologist, 50, 164–168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canada v. Boyd Group, 809 F. Supp. 771 (D. Nev. 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, W. C. (1996). Toward equal opportunities: Fairness, values and affirmative action programs in the U.S. Journal of Social Issues, 52(4), 93–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiapuzio v. BLT Operating Corp., No. 92-CV-0277-B (July 29,1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  • Civil Rights Act of 1866, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1985, 1986 (1866).

    Google Scholar 

  • Civil Rights Act of 1871, 42 U.S.C. §§1983, 1985, as amended (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., as amended (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub. L. No. 102–106, § 106 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, C. (1991). Racial preference in the factory. In R. Nieli (Ed.), Racial preference and racial justice: The new affirmative action controversy (pp. 279–312). Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connecticut v. Teal, 457 U.S. 440 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Copus, D. A. (1996). Employment law 101 deskbook: The essential foundation in the law for business executives, human resource professionals, and employment counsel. Larkspur, CA: National Employment Law Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • County of Washington v. Gunther, 452 U.S. 161 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, F. J. (1984). Relative deprivation in organizational settings. In B. M. Staw & L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 51–93). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, F. J. (1994). Understanding affirmative action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 13–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, F. J., & Cordova, D. I. (1996). Words worth of wisdom: Toward an understanding of affirmative action. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 33–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis v. Monsanto Chemical Co., 858 F.2d 345 (6th Cir. 1988).

    Google Scholar 

  • DeAngelis v. El Paso Municipal Police Officers Association, 51 F.3d 591 (5th Cir. 1995). Deaux, K. (1995). How basic can you be? The evolution of research on gender stereotypes. Journal of Social Issues, 51(1), 11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBruin, D. A. (1998). Identifying sexual harassment: The reasonable woman standard. In S. G. French, W. Teays, and Laura M. Purdy (eds.), Violence against women (pp. 107–122). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dertouzos, J. N., & Karoly, L. A. (1992). Labor market responses to employer liability. Santa Monica, CA: Rand’s Institute for Civil Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donohue, J. J., & Siegelman, P. (1991). The changing nature of employment discrimination litigation. Stanford Law Review, 51, 983–1033.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1981). The effects of race, status and ability on helping behavior. Journal of Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 192–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1983). The effects of sex, status and ability on helping behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 191–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Affirmative action, unintentional racial biases, and intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 51–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Anastasio, P. A., & Sanitioso, R. (1996). Cognitive and motivational bases for bias: The implications of aversive racism for attitudes towards Hispanics. In S. Knouse, P. Rosenfeld, & A. Culbertson (Eds.), Hispanics in the workplace (pp. 75–106). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duckitt, J. (1994). The social psychology of prejudice. Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H. (1995a). Reflections on the commenters’ views. American Psychologist, 50, 169–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H. (1995b). The science and politics of comparing men and women. American Psychologist, 50, 145–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, L. B., Erlanger, H. S., & Lande, J. (1993). Internal dispute resolution: The transformation of civil rights in the workplace. Law and Society Review, 27, 497–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • EEOC v. Federal Bank of Richmond, 689 F.2d 633 (4th Cir. 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • EEOC v. Murphy Motor Freight Lines, Inc., 488 F. Supp. 381 (D. Mn. 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck & Company, 839 F.2d 302 (7th Cir. 1988).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison v. Brady, 924 F.2d 872 (9th Cir. 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Epp, C. R. (1990). Connecting litigation levels and legal mobilization: Explaining interstate variation in employment civil rights litigation. Law & Society Review, 24(1), 145–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Equal Pay Act, 29 U.S.C. § 206(d) (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Executive Order No. 11246, 3 C.F.R. 339 (1964–1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, R. H., Jr. (1980). To each according to his ability, from none according to his race: The concept of merit in the law of antidiscrimination. Boston University Law Review, 60, 815–877.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faragher v. Boca Raton, Fla., U.S. Supr. Ct. No. 97–282 (June 26, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman-Schorrig, S. P. (1994). Special issues in sexual harassment cases. In J. J. McDonald & F. B. Kulick (Eds.), Mental and emotional injuries in employment litigation (pp. 332–390).

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferdman, B. M. (1989). Affirmative action and the challenge of color-blind perspective. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Eds.), Affirmative action in perspective (pp. 169–176). New York or Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fienberg, S. E. (ed.). (1989). The evolving role of statistical assessments as evidence in the courts (Report of the Panel on Statistical Assessments as Evidence in the Courts). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein, H. (1996). Peer prejudice and discrimination. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T. (1987). On the road: Comment on the cognitive stereotyping literature in Pettigrew and Martin. Journal of Social Issues, 43, 113–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (1995). Ambivalence and stereotypes cause sexual harassment: A theory with implications for organizational change. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 97–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, L. F., Drasgow, F., Magley, V. J., & Waldo, C. (1997, August). Sexual harassment in the armed forces: A test of an integrated model. Paper presented at the 105th Convention of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, L. F., Shullman, S. L., Bailey, N., Richards, M., Swecker, J., Gold, A., Ormerod, A. J., & Weitzman, L. (1988). The incidence and dimensions of sexual harassment in academia and the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 152–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, L. F., Swan, S., & Fischer, K. (1995). Why didn’t she just report him? The psychological and legal implications of women’s responses to sexual harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 117–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franczak, M. S. (1995). The Model Employment Termination Act (META): Does it violate the right to trial by jury? Journal on Dispute Resolution, 10, 441–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, P. A., Cochran, C. C., & Olson, A. M. (1995). Social science research on lay definitionsof sexual harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 21–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, P. A., & Hunt, J. (1998). Research on gender and the law: Where have we been and where are we going? Law and Human Behavior, 22, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller v. City of Oakland, 47 F.3d 1522 (9th Cir. 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Furnco Construction Corporation v. Waters, 438 U.S. 567 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61–89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaines, S. O., & Reed, E. S. (1995). Prejudice: From Allport to DuBoios. American Psychologist, 50, 96–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson v. Neighborhood Health Clinics, Inc., 121 F.3d 1126 (7th Cir. 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman-Delahunty, J., & Foote, W. (1995). Compensation for pain, suffering, and other psychological injuries: The impact of Daubert on employment discrimination claims. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 13, 183–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gore v. Turner, 563 F.2d 159 (5th Cir. 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, H. D. (1990). The civil rights era. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, E., & Goodman-Delahunty, J. (1995). Diagnosis of psychological impairment in employment discrimination claims. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 13, 459–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, A., & Banaji, M. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 324 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guardians Association of the New York City Police Department v. Civil Service Commission, 630 F.2d 79 (2nd Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 940 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutek, B. (1993). Changing women’s status in management. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 42, 301–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutek, B. A., & Morasch, B. (1982). Sex ratios, sex role spillover, and sexual harassment of women at work. Journal of Social Issues, 38, 55–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutek, B. A., & O’Connor, M. O. (1995). The empirical basis for the reasonable woman standard. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 151–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutek, B. A., O’Connor, M. O., & Melancon, R. (1997, May). Factors affecting perceptions of sexual harassment using realistic, detailed scenarios. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haney, C. (1993). Psychology and legal change: The impact of a decade. Law and Human Behavior, 17, 371–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haney, C, & Hurtado, A. (1994). The jurisprudence of race and meritocracy: Standardized testing and “race-neutral” racism in the workplace. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 223–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon v. Philip Morris, Inc., No. 71605, 1997 WL 537654 (Ohio Ct. App., Aug. 28, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 114 S. Ct. 567, 510 U.S. 17 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris v. International Paper Co., 765 F. Supp. 1509 (D. Me. 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartigan, J. A., & Wigdor, A. K. (1989). Fairness in employment testing. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartstein, B. A., & Wilde, T. M. (1994). The broadening scope of harassment in the workplace. Employee Relations Law Journal, 19, 639–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood School District v. United States, 433 U.S. 299 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., Cogan, J. C, & Glunt, E. K. (1997). Hate crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 195–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, W. M. (1994, April). The decline and fall of statistical evidence as proof of employment discrimination. Labor Law Journal, 208–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huo, Y. J., Smith, H. J., Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1996). Superordinate identification, subgroup identification, and justice concerns: Is separatism the problem; is assimilation the answer? Psychological Science, 7, 40–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J. S., & Plant, E. A. (1995). Magnitude of psychological gender differences: Another side of the story. American Psychologist, 50, 159–161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99–603, § XX, 100 Stat. 3359 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 344 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S., & Ruderman, M. (Eds.). (1996). Diversity in workteams. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, C. K. (1985). Resistance to affirmative action: Self-interest or racism? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 29, 751–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Company, 824 F. Supp. 847 (D. Minn. 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiobu, R. M. (1990). Ethnicity and inequality. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. (1993). The reasonable woman standard in sexual harassment law: Progress or illusion? Wake Forest Law Review, 28, 619–669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. M. (1997). Prejudice and racism. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, I., & Proshansky, H. M. (1987). Rethinking affirmative action. Journal of Social Issues, 43, 99–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman v. Allied Signal, Inc., 970 F.2d 178 (6th Cir. 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaye, D. H. (1990). Improving legal statistics. Law and Society Review, 25, 1255–1275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kneel, R. (1991). Ethnic tribalism and human personhood. In R. Kneel (Ed.), Racial preference and racial justice: The new affirmative action controversy (pp. 61–104). Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraiger, K., & Ford, J. K. (1985). A meta-analysis of ratee race effects in performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 56–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kravitz, D. A. (1995). Attitudes toward affirmative action plans directed at Blacks: Effects of plan and individual differences. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 2192–2220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kravitz, D. A, Harrison, D. A., Turner, M. E., Levine, E. L., Chaves, W., Brannick, M. T., Denning, D. L., Russell, C. J., Conrad, M. A. (1997). Affirmative action: A review of psychological and behavioral research. Bowling Green, OH: Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, L. H. (1995). The content of our categories: A cognitive bias approach to discrimination and equal employment opportunity. Stanford Law Review, 47, 1161–1248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann v. Toys ‘R’ Us, Inc., 626 A.2d 445 (N. J. 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lind, E. A. (1992). The fairness heuristic: Rationality and “relationality” in procedural evaluation. Paper presented at the Fourth International Congress of the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics, Irvine, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lind, E. A., Huo, Y. J., & Tyler, T. R. (1994). … And justice for all: Ethnicity, gender and preferences for dispute resolution procedures. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 269–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindemann, B., & Kadue, D. (1992). Sexual harassment in employment law. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez v. Laborers International Union Local 18, 987 F.2d 1210 (5th Cir. 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, F. R. (1992). Race unconsciousness and the white male. Society, 29, 30–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maracek, J. (1995). Gender, politics and psychology’s way of knowing. American Psychologist, 50, 162–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, J. J., Jr., & Kulick, F. B. (1994). Mental and emotional injuries in employment litigation. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, J. J., Jr., & Lees-Haley, P. R. (1995). Avoiding “junk science” in sexual harassment litigation. Employment Relations, 21, 51–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell-Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Melamed, T. (1995). Barriers to women’s career success: Human capital, career choices, structural determinants, or simply sex discrimination. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 44, 295–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meritor Savings Bank FEB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 106 S. Ct. 2399 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (1992). Blowing the whistle: The organizational and legal implications for companies and employees. New York: Lexington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. (1990). Discrimination and deprivation: The effects of social comparisons. Social Justice Research, 4(1), 49–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moses, S. (1990). Civil right bills worry some I/O psychologists: Effects on testing, selection are questioned. APA Monitor, p. 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munro, G. D. (1997, May). Judgments of outgroup and ingroup members employment qualifications: The role of antiblack prejudice. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murrell, A. J., Dietz-Uhler, B. L., Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Drout, C. (1994). Aversive racism and resistance to affirmative action: Perceptions of justice are not necessarily color blind. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 71–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murrell, A. J., & Jones, R. (1996). Assessing affirmative action: Past, present, and future. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nacoste, R. W. (1996). How affirmative action can pass Constitutional and social psychological muster. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 133–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson v. Cyprus Bagdad Copper Corp., 118 F.3d 756 (9th Cir. 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordin, V. (1989). Affirmative action. In M. Chamberlain (Ed.), Women in academe (pp. 165–191). New York: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 118 S. Ct. 998 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Opotow, S. (1996). Affirmative action, fairness, and the scope of justice. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Page v. Bolger, 645 F.2d 227 (4th Cir. 1981), cert. den. 454 U.S. 892 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, R. S. (1994). The role of values in predicting fairness judgments and support of affirmative action. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 95–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Martin, J. (1987). Shaping the organizational context for Black American inclusion. Journal of Social Issues, 43, 41–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratkanis, A. R., & Turner, M. E. (1996). The proactive removal of discriminatory barriers: Affirmative action as effective help. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 111–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price-Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pryor, J. D., Giedd, J. L., & Williams, K. B. (1995). A social psychological model for predicting sexual harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 69–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pryor, J. D., LaVite, C. M., & Stoller, L. M. (1993). A social psychological analysis of sexual harassment: The person/situation interaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42, 68–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pryor, J. D., & Whalen, N. (1997). A typology of sexual harassment: Characteristics of harassers and social circumstances under which sexual harassment occurs. In W. O. Donohue (Ed.), Sexual harassment: Theory, research, and treatment. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Queller, S., & Major, B. (1997, May). Effects of group focus on attention to distributive vs. procedural fairness. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radtke v. Everett, 501 N.W 2d 155 (Mich. 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raitz, A., Greene, E., Goodman, J., & Loftus, E. F. (1990). Determining damages: The influence of expert testimony on jurors’ decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 14(4), 385–395. Rasinski, K. A. (1987). What’s fair is fair—or is it? Value differences underlying public views about social justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 201–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. 794 et seq., as amended (1973, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc., 760 F. Supp. 1486 (M. D. Fla. 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers v. EEOC, 454 F.2d 234 (5th Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 406 U.S. 957 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudman, R. A., & Borgida, E. (1995). The afterglow of construct accessibility: The behavioral consequences of priming men to view women as sexual objects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 493–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, K. T., Swan, S., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1997). Job-related and psychological effects ofsexual harassment in the workplace: Empirical evidence from two organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 401–415.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, V. (1990). Telling stories about women and work: Judicial interpretation of sex segregation in the workplace in Title VII cases raising the lack of interest argument. Harvard Law Review, 103, 1749–1843.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, V, & Petterson, S. (1992). Race, gender, work, and choice: An empirical study of the lack of interest defense in Title VII cases challenging job segregation. University of Chicago Law Review, 59, 1073–1177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D. J., & Goodman, J. (1992). Expert testimony on decision processes in employment cases. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 337–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, D. O. (1988). Symbolic racism. In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 53–84). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selmi, M. (1996). The value of the EEOC: Reexamining the agency’s role in employment discrimination law. Ohio State Law Journal, 57, 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Bobo, L. (1996). Racism, conservativism, affirmative action, and intellectual sophistication: A matter of principled conservativism or group dominance? Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 70, 476–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegelman, P., & Donohue, J. J. (1990). Studying the iceberg from its tip: A comparison of published and unpublished employment discrimination cases. Law & Society Review, 24(5), 1133–1170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snider v. Consolidated Coal Co., 973 F.2d 555 (7th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1054 (4th Cir. 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence v. Board of Education of Christian School District, 806 F.2d 1198 (3rd Cir. 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Andean, T. J. (1992). The Model Employment Termination Act: Fairness for employees and employers alike. Labor Law Journal, 43, 495.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 113 S. Ct. 2472 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613–629.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone-Harris, R. (1996). Same-sex harassment—The next step in the evolution of sexual harassment law under Title VII. St. Mary’s Law Journal, 269–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tougas, F., & Beaton, A. M. (1993). Affirmative action in the workplace: For better or for worse. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 42, 253–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tougas, F., & Veilleux, F. (1988). The influence of identification, collective relative deprivation, and procedure of implementation on women’s response to affirmative action: A causal modeling approach. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 20, 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner v. Barr, 806 F. Supp. 1025 (D. D. C. 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, M. A., Fix, M., & Struyk, R. J. (1991). Opportunities denied, opportunities diminished: Racial discrimination in hiring. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp., 113 S. Ct. 2711 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R., Boeckmann, R. J., Smith, H. J., & Huo, Y. J. (1997). Social justice in a diverse society, Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1966, August 24). Guidelines on employee selection procedures. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1978, September 25). Uniform guidelines, supplementary information. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1979, March 2). Questions and answers to clarify and provide a common interpretation of the uniform guidelines on employee selection procedures. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1980a). Guidelines on discrimination because of national origin. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1980b). Guidelines on discrimination because of sex. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1985). Uniform guidelines for validation of tests. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1990). Policy guidance on current issues in sexual harassment. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1992, July 14). Compensatory damages and punitive damages available under Section 102 of the Civil Rights Act of 1991. EEOC Enforcement Guidance. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. (1996). Worksite enforcement: Reducing the job magnet. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Merit Systems Protection Board. (1981). Sexual harassment in the federal workplace—Is it is problem? Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Merit Systems Protection Board. (1995). Sexual harassment in the federal workplace: Trends, progress, continuing challenges. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldo, C. R., Berdahl, J. L., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1998). Are men sexually harassed? If so, by whom? Law and Human Behavior, 22, 59–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust, 487 U.S. 977, 108 S. Ct. 2777 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver v. Casa Gallardo, Inc., 922 F.2d 1515 (11th Cir. 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, C., & B. (1985). The longest debate. Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, R. L. (1995). Social analytic jurisprudence in sexual harassment litigation: The role of social framework and social fact. Journal of Social Issues, 51,167–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, R. L., Hurt, L. E., Russell, B., Mannen, K., & Gasper, C. (1997). Perceptions of sexual harassment: The effects of gender, legal standard, and ambivalent sexism. Law and Human Behavior, 21, 711–794.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, R. L., Watts, B. A., Goldkamp, K. H., & Gasper, C. (1995). Social analytic investigation of hostile workplace environments: A test of the reasonable woman standard. Law and Human Behavior, 19, 263–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. W., Brown, R. S., Lees-Haley, P. R., & Price, J. R. (1995). An attributional (causal dimensional) analysis of perceptions of sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1169–1183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittig, M. A. (1996). Taking affirmative action in education and employment. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 145–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrighten v. Metropolitan Hospitals, Inc., 726 F.2d 1346 (9th Cir. 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yates v. Avco Corp., 819 F.2d 630 (6th Cir. 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zanna, M., & Olson, J. (Eds.). The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario Symposium. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Los Angeles District Office, Roybal Federal Building, Fourth Floor, 255 East Temple Street, Los Angeles, California, 90012, USA

    Jane Goodman-Delahunty (Administrative Judge)

Authors
  1. Jane Goodman-Delahunty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and the Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada

    Ronald Roesch , Stephen D. Hart  & James R. P. Ogloff ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goodman-Delahunty, J. (1999). Civil Law. In: Roesch, R., Hart, S.D., Ogloff, J.R.P. (eds) Psychology and Law. Perspectives in Law & Psychology, vol 10. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4891-1_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4891-1_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45950-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4891-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation