Abstract
In 1908, when Hugo Munsterberg, then director of the Harvard Psychological Laboratory, published On the Witness Stand, he claimed that experimental psychology surpassed existing legal processes as a method for assessing a host of forensic claims. Showing the exuberance with which he repeatedly managed to annoy his contemporaries, Munsterberg charged “The psychological inspirations of the bench are often directly the opposite of demonstrable facts” (p. 19). Claims like these did little to forge a good working alliance between litigators and psychologists during the first half of the 20th century (Loh, 1984) despite occasional calls from both quarters for a rapprochement.
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Appendix A: Death Qualification References
Bernard, J. L., & Dwyer, W. O. (1984). Witherspoon v. Illinois: The court was right. Law and Psychology Review, 8, 105–114.
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Appendix B: Instructions References Definitional Instructions
Cornish, W. R., & Sealy, A. P. (1973). Juries and the rules of evidence. Criminal Law Review, 29, 209–223.
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Elwork, A., Sales, B. D., & Alfini, J. J. (1977). Juridic decisions: In ignorance of the law or in light of it? Law and Human Behavior, 1, 163–189.
Hegelson, V. S., & Shaver, K. G. (1990). Presumption of innocence: Congruence bias induced and overcome. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 276–302.
Heuer, L., & Penrod, S. D. (1989). Instructing jurors: A field experiment with written and preliminary instructions. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 409–430.
Kassin, S. M., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1979). On the requirements of proof: The timing of judicial instruction and mock juror verdicts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1877–1887.
Luginbuhl, J. (1992). Comprehension of judges’ instructions in the penalty phase of a capital trial. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 203–218.
Pfeifer, J. E., & Ogloff, J. R. (1991). Ambiguity and guilt determinations: A modern racism perspective. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1713–1725.
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Smith, V. L. (1993). When prior knowledge and the law collide. Law and Human Behavior, 17, 507–536.
Smith, V. L. (1991). Impact of pretrial instruction on jurors’ information processing and decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 220–228.
Smith, V. L. (1991). Prototypes in the courtroom: Lay representations of legal concepts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 857–872.
Weiten, W. (1980). The attraction-leniency effect in jury research: An examination of external validity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 340–347.
Pretrial Publicity Instructions
Kramer, G. P., Kerr, N. L., & Carroll, J. S. (1990). Pretrial publicity, judicial remedies, and jury bias. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 409–438.
Sue, S., Smith, R. E., & Gilbert, R. (1974). Biasing effects of pretrial publicity on judicial decisions. Journal of Criminal Justice, 2, 163–171.
Nullification Instructions
Hill, E. L., & Pfeifer, J. E. (1992). Nullification instructions and juror guilt ratings: An examination of modern racism. Contemporary Social Psychology, 16, 6–10.
Horowitz, I. A. (1985). The effect of jury nullification instruction on verdicts and jury functioning in criminal trials. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 25–36.
Horowitz, I. A. (1988). Jury nullification: The impact of judicial instructions, arguments, and challenges on jury decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 12, 403–438.
Kerwin, J., & Shaffer, D. (1991). The effects of jury dogmatism on reactions to jury nullification instructions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 140–146.
Disregard or Limited Use of Evidence Instructions
Carretta, T. R., & Moreland, R. L. (1983). The direct and indirect effects of inadmissible evidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 291–309.
Cavoukian, A., & Heslegrave, R. J. (1980). The admissibility of polygraph evidence in court: Some empirical findings. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 117–132.
Doob, A. N., & Kirshenbaum, H. M. (1972). Some empirical evidence on the effects of s.12 of the Canada Evidence Act upon the accused. Criminal Law Quarterly, 14, 88–96.
Harris, R. J. (1978). The effect of jury size and judge’s instructions on memory for pragmatic implications from courtroom testimony. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 11, 129–132.
Kerwin, J., & Shaffer, D. R. (1994). Mock jurors versus mock juries: The role of deliberations in reactions to inadmissible testimony. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 153–162.
Lenehan, G. E., & O’Neill, P. (1981). Reactance and conflict as determinants of judgment in a mock jury experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 11, 231–239.
Sue, S., Smith, R. E., & Caldwell, C. (1973). Effects of inadmissible evidence on the decisions of simulated jurors: A moral dilemma. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3, 345–353.
Tanford, S., & Cox, M. (1987). Decision processes in civil cases: The impact of impeachment evidence on liability and credibility judgments. Social Behavior, 2, 165–182.
Tanford, S., & Cox, M. (1988). The effects of impeachment evidence and limiting instructions on individual and group decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 12, 477–498.
Thompson, W. C., Fong, G. T., & Rosenhan, D. L. (1981). Inadmissible evidence and juror verdicts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 453–463.
Werner, C. M., Kagehiro, D. K., & Strube, M. J. (1982). Conviction proneness and the authoritarian juror: Inability to disregard information or attitudinal bias? Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 629–636.
Wolf, S., & Montgomery, D. A. (1977). Effects of inadmissible evidence and level of judicial admonishment to disregard on the judgments of mock jurors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 7, 205–219.
Eyewitness Testimony Instructions
Cutler, E. L., Dexter, H. R., & Penrod, S. D. (1990). Nonadversarial methods for sensitizing jurors to eyewitness evidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 1197–1207.
Greene, E. (1988). Judge’s instruction on eyewitness testimony: Evaluation and revision. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 252–276.
Hoffheimer, M. H. (1982). Effect of particularized instructions on evaluation of eyewitness identification evidence. Law and Psychology Review, 13, 43–58.
Katzev, R. D., & Wishart, S. S. (1985). The impact of judicial commentary concerning eyewitness identifications on jury decision making. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 76, 733–745.
Kennedy, T. D., & Haygood, R. C. (1992). The discrediting effect in eyewitness testimony. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 70–82.
Joinder of Offenses Instructions
Greene, E., & Loftus, E. F. (1985). When crimes are joined at trial. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 193–207.
Tanford, S. (1985). Decision-making processes in joined criminal trials. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 12, 367–385. (Data also found in Tanford and Penrod, 1984, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.)
Tanford, S., Penrod, S., & Collins, R. (1985). Decision making in joined criminal trials: The influence of charge similarity, evidence similarity, and limiting instructions. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 319–337.
Confession Evidence
Kassin, S. M., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1981). Coerced confessions, judicial instructions and mock juror verdicts. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 11, 489–506.
Miscellaneous
Archer, R. L., Foushee, H. C., & Davis, M. H. (1979). Emotional empathy in a courtroom simulation: A person-situation interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 275–291.
Greenwald, J. P., Tomkins, A. J., Kenning, M., & Zavodny, D. (1990). Psychological self-defense jury instructions: Influence on verdicts for battered women defendants. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 8, 171–180.
Kassin, S. M., Smith, V. L., & Tulloch, W. F. (1990). The dynamite charge: Effects on the perceptions and deliberation behavior of mock jurors. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 523–536.
Smith, v. L., & Kassin, S. M. (1993). The effects of the dynamite charge on the deliberations of deadlocked mock juries. Law and Human Behavior, 17, 625–644.
Appendix C: Expert Testimony References Eyewitness Reliability
Blonstein, R., & Geiselman, E. (1990). Effects of witnessing conditions and expert witness testimony on creditability of an expert witness. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 8, 11–19.
Cutler, B. L., Dexter, H. R., & Penrod, S. D. (1989). Expert testimony and jury decision making: An empirical analysis. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 7, 215–225.
Cutler, B. L., Dexter, H. R., & Penrod, S. D. (1990). Nonadversarial methods for sensitizing jurors to eyewitness evidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 1197–1207.
Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., & Dexter, H. R. (1989). The eyewitness, the expert psychologist and the jury. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 311–332.
Fox, S. G., & Walters, H. A. (1986). The impact of general versus specific expert testimony and eyewitness confidence upon mock juror judgment. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 215–228.
Hosch, H. M., Beck, E. L., & McIntyre, P. (1980). Influence of expert testimony regarding eyewitness accuracy on jury decisions. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 287–296.
Loftus, E. F. (1980). Impact of expert psychological testimony on the unreliability of eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 9–15.
Maas, A., Brigham, J. C., & West, S. G. (1985). Testifying on eyewitness reliability: Expert advice is not always persuasive. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 207–229.
McCloskey, M., & Egeth, H. E. (1983). Eyewitness identification: What can a psychologist tell a jury? American Psychologist, 38, 550–563.
Wells, G. L., Lindsay, R. C. L., & Tousignant, J. P. (1980). Effect of expert psychological advice on human performance in judging the validity of eyewitness testimony. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 275–286.
Child Testimony
Crowley, M. J., O’Callaghan, M. G., & Ball, P. J. (1994). The juridical impact of psychological expert testimony in a simulated child sexual abuse trial. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 89–104.
Gabora, N. J., Spanos, N. P., & Joab, A. (1993). The effects of complainant age and expert psychological testimony in a simulated child sexual abuse trial. Law and Human Behavior, 17, 103–120.
Fulero, S. M., & Finkel, N. J. (1991). Barring ultimate issue testimony: An “insane” rule? Law and Human Behavior, 15, 495–507.
Insanity Defense
Brekke, N., & Borgida, E. (1988). Expert psychological testimony in rape trials: A social-cognitive analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 372–386.
Other Criminal Topics
Kasian, M., Spanos, N. P., Terrance, C. A., & Peebles, S. (1993). Battered women who kill: Jury simulation and legal defenses. Law and Human Behavior, 17, 289–312.
Kovera, M. B., Levy, R. J., Borgida, E., & Penrod, S. (1994). Expert testimony in child sexual abuse cases: Effects of expert evidence type and cross-examination. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 653–674.
Schuller, R. A. (1992). The impact of battered woman syndrome evidence on jury decision processes. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 597–620.
Spanos, N. P., Dubreuil, S. C., & Gwynn, M. I. (1991–92). The effects of expert testimony concerning rape on the verdicts and beliefs of mock jurors. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 11, 37–51.
Other Information
Brekke, N. J., Enko, P. J., Clavet, G., & Seelau, E. (1991). Of juries and court appointed experts: The impact of nonadversarial versus adversarial expert testimony. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 451–476.
Raitz, A., Greene, E., Goodman, J., & Loftus, E. F. (1990). Determining damages: The influence of expert testimony on jurors’ decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 385–396.
Hypnosis
Diamond, S. S., & Caspar, J. D. (1992). Blindfolding the jury to verdict consequences: Damages, experts and the civil jury. Law and Society Review, 26, 513–563.
Spanos, N. P., Gwynn, M. I., & Terrade, K. (1989). Effects on mock jurors of experts favorable and unfavorable toward hypnotically elicited eyewitness testimony. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 922–926.
Appendix D: Joinder References
Bordens, K. S., & Horowitz, I. A. (1983). Information processing in joined and severed trials. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 351–370.
Bordens, K. S., & Horowitz, I. A. (1986). Prejudicial joinder of multiple offenses: Relative effects of cognitive processing and criminal schema. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 7, 243–258.
Greene, E., & Loftus, E. F. (1985). When crimes are joined at trial. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 193–208.
Horowitz, I. A., Bordens, K. S., & Feldman, M. S. (1980). A comparison of verdicts obtained in severed and joined criminal trials. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 444–456.
Tanford, S. (1985). Decision-making processes in joined criminal trials. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 12, 367–385.
Tanford, S., & Penrod, S. (1982). Biases in trials involving defendants charged with multiple offenses. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 453–480.
Tanford, S., Penrod, S., & Collins, R. (1985). Decision making in joined criminal trials: The influence of charge similarity, evidence similarity, and limiting instructions. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 319–337.
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Nietzel, M.T., McCarthy, D.M., Kern, M.J. (1999). Juries. In: Roesch, R., Hart, S.D., Ogloff, J.R.P. (eds) Psychology and Law. Perspectives in Law & Psychology, vol 10. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4891-1_2
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