Skip to main content

Understanding Abnormal Behavior in Cultural Context

  • Chapter
Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology

Abstract

In clinical practice today, psychologists are finding that many of their clients are from cultural backgrounds quite different from their own. This is not a startling revelation, because in our culturally complex society, many individuals who have severe psychological problems are just as likely to be from the underclasses (e.g., the poor, ethnic minorities, the growing number of refugees, and the chronically disabled) as they are to be from the more familiar middle class. What is starting, however, is that the theories we are taught, the procedures and techniques we have inherited from the last generation of psychologists, and even the training programs that introduced us to the profession have their roots—indeed, their major thrust—in middle-class values and orientations. Usually, contemporary practitioners or researchers have little preparation for dealing with the “cultural problem” in our professional activities—little beyond the admonition of sage methodologists that we should be wary of our transgressions if we consider using procedures or concepts derived in one culture with clients or problems from another.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abe, M., Sumita, K., & Kuroda, M. (1963). A manual of the MMPI, Japanese standard edition, Kyoto: Sankyobo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adebimpe, V. R., Chu, C. C., Klein, H. E., & Lange, M. H. (1982). Racial and geographic differences in the psychopathology of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 888–891.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Issa, I. (1982). Does culture make a difference in psychopathology? In I. Al-Issa (Ed.), Culture and psychopathology (pp. 3–29). Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porath, Y. S. (1990). Cross-cultural assessment of personality: The case for replicatory factor analysis. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Recent advances in personality assessment (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, M. E., & Padilla, A. M. (1982). Status of minority curricula and training in clinical psychology. American Psychologist, 37, 780–787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, J., & Weissman, M. (1982). Epidemiology. In E. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137–164). Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. (1973). Cross cultural research methods. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N. (1982). Cross-cultural research methods in clinical psychology. In P Kendall & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in clinical psychology (pp. 273–310). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N. (1987). Introduction to the special series. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 459–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N. (1990). MMPI-2 in psychological treatment. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N. (1991). Psychological evaluation of refugees. In J. Westermeyer, C. L. Williams, & N. Nguyen (Eds.), Mental Health Services for Refugees. (DHHS Pub. No [ADM]91–1824). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., & Clark, L. A. (1979). Recent trends in crosscultural MMPI research and application. In J. N. Butcher (Ed.), New developments in the use of the MMPI (pp. 64–112). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A. M., & Kaemmer, B. (1989). MMPI-2: Manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., & Garcia, R. (1978). Cross-national application of psychological tests. Personnel and Guidance, 56, 472–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., Graham, J. R., Williams, C. L., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (1990). Development and use of the MMPI-2 content scales. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., & Pancheri, P. (1976). Handbook of cross-national MMPI research. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., & Williams, C. L. (1992). MMPI-2/MMPI-A essentials of interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, G., Gottesmani I. I., & Robins, E. (1980). Prevalence rates for the neuroses: Pitfalls in the evaluation of familiarity. Psychological Medicine, 10, 437–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, W. T., Strauss, J. S., & Bartko, J. J. (1974). The diagnosis and understanding of schizophrenia: Part I. Use of signs and symptoms for the identification of schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 37–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, W. C. (1985). A cross-cultural study of depressive symptomatology. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 9, 295–317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, F. M. (1979). Translation of the MMPI into Chinese. Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on Personality Assessment, Kyoto, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, E M. (1981, February). Development of the Chinese MMPI in Hong Kong. Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Personality Assessment, Honolulu, Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, F. M. (1985). Cross-cultural considerations for the translation and adaptation of the Chinese MMPI in Hong Kong. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 4, pp. 131–158). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, E M., & Song, W. Z. (1989). A review of clinical applications of the MMPI in China. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 1, 230–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chien, C. R, & Yamamoto, J. (1982). Asian-American and Pacific-Islander patients. In E X. Acosta, J. Yamamoto, & L. A. Evans (Eds.), Effective psychotherapy for low-income and minority patients (pp. 117–145). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, L. A. (1985). A consolidated version of the MMPI in Japan. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 4, pp. 95–130). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J., Kendell, R., Gurland, B., Sartorius, N., & Farkas, T. (1969). Cross-national study of diagnosis of the mental disorders: Some results from the first comparative investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 21–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J., Kendell, R., Gurland, B., Sharpe, L., Copeland, J., & Simon, R. (1972). Psychiatric diagnosis in New York and London: A comparative study of mental hospital admissions. London: Oxford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana, R. H. (1988). Culturally diverse groups and MMPI interpretations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 19, 490–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, R., Nielsen, J. A., Korten, A., Ernberg, G., Dube, K. C., Gebhart, J., Jablensky, A., Leon, C., Marsella, A., Olatawura, M., Sartorius, N., Stromgren, E., Takahashi, R., Wig, N., & Wynne, L. C. (1985). Stressful life events preceding the acute onset of schizophrenia: A cross-national study from the WHO. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 11, 123–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devereaux, G. (1956). Normal and abnormal: The key problem in psychological anthropology. In J. Casagrande & T. Gladwin (Eds.), Some uses of anthropology: Theoretical and applied. Washington DC: Anthropological Society of Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohrenwend, B., & Dohrenwend, B. (1974). Social and cultural influences on psychopathology. Annual Review of Psychology, 25, 417–452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Draguns, J. G. (1973). Comparisons of psychopathology across cultures: Issues, findings, directions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4, 9–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Draguns, J. G. (1977a). Advances in the methodology of crosscultural psychiatric assessment. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 14, 125–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Draguns, J. G. (1977b). Problems of defining and comparing abnormal behavior across cultures. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 285, 664–679.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Draguns, J. G. (1980). Psychological disorders of clinical severity. In H. C. Triandis & J. Draguns (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 1–7). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draguns, J. G. (1984). Assessing mental health and disorder across cultures. In P. B. Pedersen, N. Sartorius, & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), Mental health services: The cross-cultural context (pp. 31–58). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draguns, J. G. (1985). Psychological disorders across cultures. In P Pedersen (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural counseling and therapy (pp. 55–62). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunham, H. W. (1966). Some persistent problems in the epidemiology of mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 14, 1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egli, E., Shiota, N., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Butcher, J. N. (1991). Psychological interventions. In Westermeyer, J., Williams, C. L., & Nguyen (Eds.), Mental Health Services for Refugees (pp.157–188). DHHS Publication No (ADM)91–1824, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eker, D. (1985). Diagnosis of mental disorders among Turkish and American clinicians. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 31, 99–109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Escobar, J. I., Gomez, J., & TUason, V. B. (1983). Depressive phenomenology in North and South American patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 47–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabrega, H., Jr. (1974). Problems implicit in the cultural and social study of depression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 36, 377–398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabrega, H., Jr. (1982). Culture and psychiatric illness: Biomedical and ethnomedical aspects. In A. J. Marsella & G. M. White (Eds.), Cultural conceptions of mental health and therapy (pp. 39–68).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boston D. Reidel., Fabrega, H., Jr. (1987). Psychiatric diagnosis: A cultural perspective. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 383–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feighner, J. P, Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 57–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flaherty, J. A., Gaviria, F. M., Pathak, D., Mitchell, T., Wintrob, R., Richman, J. A., & Birz, S. (1988). Developing instruments for cross-cultural psychiatric research. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 257–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, J. D. (1988). Racial bias in the evaluation of patients for psychotherapy. In L. Comas-Diaz & E. E. H. Griffith (Eds.), Clinical guidelines in cross-cultural mental health (pp. 112–134). New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • German, G. A. (1984). Comparative ecological studies of the schizophrenias. In P B. Pedersen, N. Sartorius, & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), Mental health services: The cross-cultural context (pp. 79–107). Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, B., & Kleinman, A. (1985). Epilogue: Culture and depression. In A. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and depression (pp. 491–506). Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. R. (1990). The MMPI-2. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, R. L. (1987). Ethnicity and MMPI performance: A review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 497–512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson, J. G., Autry, J. H., III, & Mosher, R. (1974). Special report: Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 9, 16–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. (1960). Rating depressive patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 21–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honigmann, J. J. (1968). The study of personality in primitive societies. In E. Norbeck, D. Price-Williams, & W. McCord (Eds), The study of personality: An interdisciplinary appraisal (pp. 246–274). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honigmann, J. J., International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (IPSS). (1974). Schizophrenia Bulletin, Issue 11, 21–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Gulbinat, W., & Ernberg, G. (1981). Characteristics of depressive patients contacting psychiatric services in four cultures. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 63, 367–383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jilek, W. G., & Jilek-Aall, L. (1985). The metamorphosis of “culture-bound” syndromes. Social Science and Medicine, 21, 205–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. E., & Gray, B. A. (1986). Problems in diagnosing schizophrenia and affective disorders among blacks. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 37, 61–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karp, I. (1985). Deconstructing culture-bound syndromes. Social Science and Medicine, 21, 221–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendell, R. E. (1973). Psychiatric diagnoses: A study of how they are made. British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 437–445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendell, R. E. (1975). The role of diagnosis in psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, J. (1973). Cultural psychiatry. In J. Honigmann (Ed.), Handbook of social and cultural anthropology (pp. 1119–1198). Chicago: Rand-McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinzie, J. D. (1974). A summary of literature on epidemiology of mental illness in Hawaii. In W. S. Tseng, J. G. McDermott Jr., & T. W. Maretzki (Eds.), People and cultures in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman, A. (1977). Depression, somatization and the “new cross-cultural psychiatry.” Social Science and Medicine, 11, 3–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroeber, A., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Papers of the Peabody Museum, 47, No. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leighton, A. H., Lambo, T. A., Hughes, C. C., Leighton, D. C., Murphy, J. M., & Macklin, D. B. (1963). Psychiatric disorder among the Yoruba. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, G. (1961). Projective techniques and cross-cultural research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longabaugh, R. (1980). The systematic observation of behavior in naturalistic settings. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 57–126). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonner, W. J. (1985). Issues in testing and assessment in crosscultural counseling. Counseling Psychologist, 13, 599–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorr, M., & Klett, C. J. (1969). Cross-cultural comparison of psychotic syndromes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 531–545.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manos, N. (1981). Translation and adaptation of the MMPI in Greece. Paper presented at the International Conference on Personality Assessment, Honolulu (February, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Manos, N. (1985). Adaptation of the MMPI in Greece: Translation, standardization, and cross-cultural comparisons. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 4). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsella, A. J. (1978). Thoughts on cross-cultural studies on the epidemiology of depression. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 2, 343–357.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsella, A. J. (1979). Cross-cultural studies of mental disorders. In A. J. Marsella, R. Tharp, & T. Ciborowski (Eds.), Perspectives in cross-cultural psychology. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsella, A. J. (1980). Depression experience and disorder across cultures. In H. Triandis & J. Draguns (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 237–290). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsella, A. J., & Kameoka, V. A. (1989). Ethnocultural issues in the assessment of psychopathology. In S. Wetzler (Ed.), Measuring mental illness: Psychometric assessment for clinicians (pp. 229–256). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsella, A. J., Kinzie, D., & Gordon, P. (1973). Ethnic variations in the expression of depression. Journal of CrossCultural Psychology, 4, 435–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsella, A. J., Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., & Fenton, F. R. (1985). Crosscultural studies of depressive disorders: An overview. In A. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and depression (pp. 299–324). Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. M. (1976). Psychiatric labeling in cross-cultural perspective. Science, 191, 1019–1028.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opler, M. K. (1967). Culture and social psychiatry. New York: Atherton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10, 799–812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pareek, U., & Rao, T. V. (1980). Cross-cultural surveys and interviewing. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 127–244). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, P (1982). Intercultural training of mental-health providers. In D. Landis & R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training: Vol. II. Issues in training methodology (pp. 325–352). New York: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, L., & Draguns, J. (1969). Some issues in intercultural research on psychopathology. In W. Caudill, & T. Y. Lin (Eds.), Mental health research in Asia and the Pacific. Honolulu: East-West Center Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, L., & Draguns, J. (1971). Classification of behavior disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 22, 447–482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponterotto, J. G., & Casas, J. M. (1987). In search of multicultural competence within counselor education programs. Journal of Counseling and Development, 65, 430–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Professional Staff of the United States-United Kingdom Cross National Project. (1974). The diagnosis and psychopathology of schizophrenia in New York and London. Schizophrenia Bulletin (Issue 11), 80–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince, R. H. (1983). Is anorexia nervosa a culture-bound syndrome? Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 20, 299–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prince, R. H., & Tcheng-Laroche, E (1987). Culture-bound syndromes and international disease classifications. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 11, 3–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pucheu, C., & Rivera, O. (1976). The development of a method of detecting psychological maladjustment in university students. In J. N. Butcher & P Pancheri (Eds.), Handbook of cross-national MMPI research (pp. 218–230). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resner, G., & Hartog, J. (1970). Concepts and terminology of mental disorder among Malays. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 369–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rissetti, E (1981, February). Clinical validity of the Chilean MMPI. Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Personality Assessment, Honolulu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rissetti, E, Butcher, J. N., Agostini, J., Elgueta, M., Gaete, S., Margulies, T., Morlans, I., & Ruiz, R. (1979). Translation and adaptation of the MMPI in Chile: Use in a university student health service. Paper given at the 14th Annual Symposium on Recent Developments in the Use of the MMPI, St. Petersburg, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rissetti, E J., & Maltes, S. G. (1985). Use of the MMPI in Chile. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 4, pp. 209–254). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogler, L. H. (1989). The meaning of culturally sensitive research in mental health. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 296–303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D. M. (1988). Language and psychotherapy: The influence of nonstandard English in clinical practice. In L. Comas-Diaz & E. E. H. Griffith (Eds.), Clinical guidelines in cross-cultural mental health (pp. 33–68). New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanua, V. D. (1969). Socio-cultural aspects. In L. Bellak & L. Loeb (Eds.), The Schizophrenic Syndrome (pp. 256–310). New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartorius, N. (1975). Epidemiology of depression. WHO Chronicle, 29, 423–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Gulbinat, W., & Ernberg, G.(1980). WHO collaborative study: Assessment of depressive disorders. Psychological Medicine, 10, 743–749.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Cooper, J. C., Day, R. (1986). Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. Psychological Medicine, 16, 909–928.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., & Shapiro, R. (1978). Crosscultural differences in the short-term prognosis of schizophrenic psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4, 102–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savasir, I., & Erol, N. (1990). The TUrkish MMPI: Translation, standardization, and validation. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 8, pp. 49–62). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholer, C, & Caudill, W. (1964). Symptomatology of Japanese and American schizophrenics. Ethnology, 3, 172–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segall, M. H. (1986). Culture and behavior: Psychology in global perspective. Annual Review in Psychology, 37, 523–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, B., & DeJesus Mari, J. (1986). Psychiatric research instruments in the transcultural setting: Experiences in India and Brazil. Social Science and Medicine, 23, 277–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shader, R. I. (1984). Epidemiologic and family studies. Psycho somatics, 25, 10–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shondrick, D. D., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Stafford, K. P (1992, May). Forensic assessment with the MMPI-2: Characteristics of individuals undergoing court-ordered evaluations. Paper given at the 27th Symposium on Recent Developments in the Use of the MMPI/MMPI-2, Minneapolis, MN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuy, R. W. (1983). Three types of interference to an effective exchange of information in the medical interview. In S. Fisher & A. D. Todd (Eds.), The social organization of doctor-patient communication (pp. 189–202). Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, R. C. (1985). Sorting the culture-bound syndromes. In R. C. Simons & C. C. Hughes (Eds.), The culture-bound syndromes: Folk illnesses of psychiatric and anthropological interest (pp. 25–38). Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, W. Z. (1981, February). Adaptation of the Chinese MMPI in Beijing. Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Personality Assessment, Honolulu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., & Fleiss, J. L. (1967). Instruments and recording forms for evaluating psychiatric status and history: Rationale, method of development, and description. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 8, 321–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., Fleiss, J. L., & Cohen, J. (1970). The psychiatric status schedule: A technique for evaluating psychopathology and impairment in role functioning. Archives of General Psychiatry, 23, 41–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, J. R., & Wyatt, R. J. (1987). Similar incidence of worldwide schizophrenia: Case not proven. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 131–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Bernier, J. E., Durran, A., Fernberg, L., Pedersen, P, Smith, E. J., & Vasquez-Nuttall, E. (1982). Position paper: Cross-cultural counseling competencies. Counseling Psychologist, 10, 45–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S. (1988). Psychotherapeutic services for ethnic minorities: Two decades of research findings. American Psychologist, 43, 301–308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S., Akutsu, P D., & Higashi, C. (1985). Training issues in conducting therapy with ethnic-minority group clients. In P. Pedersen (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural counseling and therapy (pp. 275–289). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S., & Morishima, J. K. (1982). The mental health of Asian-Americans. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S., & Zane, N. (1987). The role of culture and cultural techniques in psychotherapy: A critique and reformulation. American Psychologist, 42, 37–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, N. D., & Gonzales, L. R. (1981). Cross-cultural and cross-ethnic assessment: Overview and issues for clinical and community psychology. In P McReynolds (Ed.), Advances in psychological assessment (Vol. 5). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swartz, L. (1985). Anorexia nervosa as a culture-bound syndrome. Social Science and Medicine, 20, 725–730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka-Matsumi, J., & Marsella, A. J. (1976). Cross-cultural variations in the phenomenological experience of depression: Word association. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 7, 379–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tart, C. J. (1975). Some assumptions of orthodox Western psychology. In C. J. Tart (Ed.), Transpersonal psychologies (pp. 59–111). New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terminsen, J., & Ryan, J. (1970). Health and disease in a British Columbia community. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 15, 121–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, E. E (1987). Early manifestations and first contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures: Commentary. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C., Malpass, R. S., & Davidson, A. R. (1973). Psychology and culture. In P H. Müssen (Ed.), Annual Review of Psychology, 24, 355–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tseng, W. S., Di, X., Ebata, K., Hsu, J., & Yuhua, C. (1986). Diagnostic pattern for neuroses in China, Japan, and the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 1010–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tseng, W. S., & Hsu, J. (1969). Chinese culture, personality formation, and mental illness. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 16, 5–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng, W. S., & Hsu, J. (1980). Minor psychological disturbances of everyday life. In H. C. Triandis & J. C. Draguns (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 61–98). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tseng, W. S., & McDermott, J. E (1981). Culture, mind and therapy: An introduction to cultural psychiatry. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkoba Rao, A. (1984). Depressive illness in India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 301–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, M. G., & Kleinman, A. (1988). Depression in crosscultural perspective: Developing a culturally informed model. In P. R. Dasen, J. W. Berry, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Health and cross-cultural psychology (pp. 179–206). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westermeyer, J. (1987a). Clinical considerations in cross-cultural diagnosis. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 38, 160–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westermeyer, J. (1987b). Cultural factors in clinical assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 471–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westermeyer, J. (1988). Some cross-cultural aspects of delusions. In T. F. Oltmanns & B. A. Mäher (Eds.), Delusional beliefs (pp. 212–229). New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing, J. K. (1970). A standard form of psychiatric Present State Examination (PSE) and a method for standardizing the classification of symptoms. In E. H. Hare & J. K. Wing (Eds.), Psychiatric epidemiology. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E., & Sartorius, N. (1974). The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittkower, E. D., & Dubreuil, G. (1968). Cultural factors in mental illness. In E. Norbeck, D. Price-Williams, & W. M. McCord (Eds.), The study of personality: An interdisciplinary appraisal. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittkower, E. D., & Fried, J. (1959). A cross-cultural approach to mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 116, 423–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO). (1973). International pilot project on schizophrenia. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO). (1980). Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases (9th rev.) (ICD-9). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yap, P. M. (1951). Mental diseases peculiar to certain cultures: A survey of comparative psychiatry. Journal of Mental Science, 97, 313–327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yap, P M. (1967). Classification of the culture-bound reactive syndromes. Australian, New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 1, 172–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yap, P M. (1969). The culture-bound reactive syndromes. In W. Caudill & T. Lin (Eds.), Mental health research in Asia and the Pacific. Honolulu: East-West Center Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubin, J. (1969). Cross-national study of diagnosis of the mental disorders: Methodology and planning. American Journal of Psychiatry, 125 (Suppl.), 12–20

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Butcher, J.N., Narikiyo, T., Vitousek, K.B. (1993). Understanding Abnormal Behavior in Cultural Context. In: Sutker, P.B., Adams, H.E. (eds) Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3008-4_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3008-4_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6310-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3008-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics