Abstract
The Five-Factor Model is a prominent exemplar of the trait psychology perspective, one of several theoretical perspectives in the study of personality across cultures. Research indicates that the trait psychology perspective provides a viable theoretical basis for understanding Filipino personality and behavior. Structure-oriented studies in the Philippines using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) indicate that the Five-Factor Model generalizes well to the Philippine context, particularly when targeted factor rotations are used. Indigenous dimensions, derived using lexical and inventory approaches, resemble, or overlap with, dimensions of the FFM and are not very culture-specific, but sometimes carve up the personality space somewhat differently. In a study of mean trait levels with the NEO-PI-R, hypotheses about average cultural differences between Filipinos and Americans derived from the literature converged well with the personality comparison judgments of 43 bicultural judges. However, the resulting predictions of average cultural differences received only limited or partial support in an examination of Filipino mean profiles on the NEO-PI-R, plotted using U.S. norms. These results highlighted the uncertain nature of direct score comparisons, and concerns about measurement equivalence, in investigations of mean differences in personality traits across cultures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barrett, P. T., Petrides, K. V., Eysenck, S. B. G., & Eysenck, H. J. (1998). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: An examination of the factorial similarity of P, E, N, and L across 34 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 805–819.
Ben-Porath, Y. S., Almagor, M., Hoffman-Chemi, A., & Teilegen, A. (1995). A cross-cultural study of personality with the Multidimensional Personality Questionaire. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 360–373.
Brief, D. E., Comrey, A. L., & Collins, B. E. (1994). The Comrey Personality Scales in Russian: A study of concurrent, predictive, and external validity. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 113–122.
Bulatao, J. C. (1963). Personal preferences of Filipino students. Philippine Sociological Review, 11, 168–178.
Bulatao, J. C. (1978, July). An Asian approach to transpersonal counseling. Paper presented at the Convention of the Association of Psychological and Educational Counselors in Asia, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong.
Buss, D. M. (1996). Social adaptation and five major factors of personality. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The Five-Factor Model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 180–207). New York: Guilford.
Buss, D. M. (2001). Human nature and culture: An evolutionary psychological perspective. Journal of Personality, 69, 955–978.
Cheung, F. M., & Leung, K. (1998). Indigenous personality measures: Chinese examples. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 233–248.
Church, A. T. (1986). Filipino personality: A review of research and writings (Monograph Series No. 6). Manila: De La Salle University Press.
Church, A. T. (1987). Personality research in a non-Western culture. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 272–292.
Church, A. T. (2000). Culture and personality: Towards an integrated cultural trait psychology. Journal of Personality, 68, 651–703.
Church, A. T. (2001). Personality measurement in cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Personality, 69, 979–1006.
Church, A. T., & Burke, P. J. (1994). Exploratory and confirmatory tests of the Big Five and Tellegen’s three- and four-dimensional models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 93–114.
Church, A. T., & Katigbak, M. S. (1988). The emic strategy in the identification and assessment of personality dimensions in a non-Western culture: Rationale, steps, and a Philippine illustration. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 19, 140–163.
Church, A. T., & Katigbak, M. S. (1989). Internal, external, and self-report structure of personality in a non-Western culture: An investigation of cross-language and cross-cultural generalizability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 857–872.
Church, A. T., & Katigbak, M. S. (1992). The cultural context of academic motives: A comparison of American and Filipino college students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 23, 40–58.
Church, A. T., & Katigbak, M. S. (2000a). Filipino personality: Indigenous and cross-cultural studies. Manila: De La Salle University Press.
Church, A. T., & Katigbak, M. S. (2000b). Trait psychology in the Philippines. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 73–94.
Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., & Reyes, J. A. S. (1996). Toward a taxonomy of trait adjectives in Filipino: Comparing personality lexicons across cultures. European Journal of Personality, 10, 3–24.
Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., & Reyes, J. A. S. (1998). Further exploration of Filipino personality structure using the lexical approach: Do the Big-Five or Big-Seven dimensions emerge? European Journal of Personality, 12, 249–269.
Church, A. T., & Lonner, W. J. (1998). The cross-cultural perspective in the study of personality: Rationale and current research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 32–62.
Church, A. T., Reyes, J. A. S., Katigbak, M. S., & Grimm, S. D. (1997). Filipino personality structure and the Big Five model: A lexical approach. Journal of Personality, 65, 477–528.
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1988). From catalog to classification: Murray’s needs and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 258–265.
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., Jr., McCrae, R. R., & Kay, G. G. (1995). Persons, places, and personality: Career assessment using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 3, 123–139.
del Pilar, G. H. (1998). L’extraversion en psychologie différentielle et l’extratension au Test De Rorschach [Extraversion in differential psychology and Rorschach extratension]. Doctoral dissertation, University of Paris X-Nanteirre.
Enriquez, V. G. (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: The Philippine experience. Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Press.
Greenfield, P. M. (1997). Culture as process: Empirical methods for cultural psychology. In J. W. Berry, Y. H. Poortinga, & J. Pandey (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Theory and method (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 301–346). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Grimm, S. D., & Church, A. T. (1999). A cross-cultural investigation of response biases in personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 415–441.
Guanzon-Lapeña, M. A., Church, A. T., Carlota, A. J., & Katigbak, M. S. (1998). Indigenous personality measures: Philippine examples. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 249–270.
Guthrie, G. M., & Bennett, A. B., Jr. (1971). Cultural differences in implicit personality theory. International Journal of Psychology, 6, 305–312.
Guthrie, G. M., Jackson, D. N., Astilla, E., & Elwood, B. (1983). Personality measurement: Do the scales have similar meanings in another culture? In S. H. Irvine & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Human assessment and cultural factors (pp. 377–392). New York: Plenum Press.
Ho, D. Y. F. (1998). Indigenous psychologies: Asian perspectives. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 88–103.
Huang, C. D., Church, A. T., & Katigbak, M. S. (1997). Identifying cultural differences in items and traits: Differential item functioning in the NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 192–218.
Kallasmaa, T., Allik, J., Realo, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2000). The Estonian version of the NEO-PI-R: An examination of universal and culture-specific aspects of the Five-Factor Model. European Journal of Personality, 14, 265–278.
Katigbak, M. S., Church, A. T., & Akamine, T. X. (1996). Cross-cultural generalizability of personality dimensions: Relating indigenous and imported dimensions in two cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 99–114.
Katigbak, M. S., Church, A. T., Guanzon-Lapeña, M. A., Carlota, A. J., & del Pilar, G. H. (2002). Are indigenous personality dimensions culture-specific? Philippine inventories and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 89–101.
MacDonald, K. (1998). Evolution, culture, and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 119–149.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1998). The cultural psychology of personality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 63–87.
Mastor, K. A., Jin, P., & Cooper, M. (2000). Malay culture and personality: A Big Five perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 95–111.
McCrae, R. R. (2000). Trait psychology and the revival of personality and culture studies. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 10–31.
McCrae, R. R. (2001). Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons. Journal of Personality, 69, 803–846.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the Five-Factor Model. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The Five-Factor Model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 51–87). New York: Guilford.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509–516.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1999). A Five-Factor Theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality (2nd ed., pp. 139–153). New York: Guilford.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Jr., del Pilar, G. Y., Rolland, J.-P., & Parker, W. D. (1998). Cross-cultural assessment of the Five-Factor Model: The Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 171–188.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. Jr., & Yik, M. S. M. (1996). Universal aspects of Chinese personality structure. In M. Bond (Ed.), Handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 189–207). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
McCrae, R. R., Yik, M. S. M., Trapnell, P. D., Bond, M. H., & Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpreting personality profiles across cultures: Bilingual, acculturation, and peer rating studies of Chinese undergraduates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1041–1055.
McCrae, R. R., Zonderman, A. B., Costa, P. T., Jr., Bond, M. H., & Paunonen, S. V. (1996). Evaluating replicability of factors in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis versus Procrustes rotation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 552–566.
Miller, J. G. (1997). Theoretical issues in cultural psychology. In J. W. Berry, Y. H. Poortinga, & J. Pandey (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Vol 1. Theory and method (2nd ed., pp.85–128). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102, 246–268.
Passini, F. T., & Norman, W. T. (1966). A universal conception of personality structure? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 44–49.
Paunonen, S. V., & Ashton, M. C. (1998). The structured assessment of personality across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29,150–170.
Pe-Pua, R., & Protacio-Marcelino, E. (2000). Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology): A legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 49–71.
Piedmont, R. L., & Chae, J. H. (1997). Cross-cultural generalizability of the Five-Factor Model of personality: Development and validation of the NEO-PI-R for Koreans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 131–155.
Poortinga, Y. P., & Van Hemert, D. A. (2001). Personality and culture: Demarcating between the common and the unique. Journal of Personality, 69, 1033–1060.
Rolland, J. P. (2000, July). Cross-cultural validity of the Five-Factor Model of personality. In J. Allik and R. R. McCrae (Chairs), Personality and culture: The Five-Factor Theory perspective. Symposium presented at the XXVII International Congress of Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Saucier, G., & Goldberg, L. R. (2001). Lexical studies of indigenous personality factors: Premises, pro-ducts, and prospects. Journal of Personality, 69, 847–879.
Schmitt, D. P., & Buss, D. M. (2000). Sexual dimensions of person description: Beyond or subsumed by the Big Five? Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 141–177.
Shweder, R. A. (1991). Thinking through cultures: Expeditions in cultural psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Shweder, R. A., & Sullivan, M. A. (1993). Cultural psychology: Who needs it? Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 497–523.
Sinha, D. (1997). Indigenizing psychology. In J. W. Berry, Y. H. Poortinga, & J. Pandey (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Vol. 1. Theory and method (2nd ed., pp. 129–169). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Stumpf, H. (1993). The factor structure of the Personality Research Form: A cross-national evaluation. Journal of Personality, 61, 27–48.
Tinsley, H. E. A., & Weiss, D. J. (1975). Interrater reliability and agreement of subjective judgments. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 358–376.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Van de Vijver, F., & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Church, A.T., Katigbak, M.S. (2002). The Five-Factor Model in the Philippines. In: McCrae, R.R., Allik, J. (eds) The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures. International and Cultural Psychology Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0763-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0763-5_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-47355-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0763-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive