Skip to main content

Illicit Drug Use and Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health

  • Chapter
Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health

Part of the book series: Issues in Women’s Health ((WOHI))

  • 396 Accesses

Abstract

Historically, the use of drugs among women has been associated with prescription drugs, whereas drug use among men often is linked to the use of illegal substances such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine. Illicit drug use among women and the associated negative health consequences has only recently become a serious topic of investigation. Only since the 1960s have studies on the use of illicit drugs among women become common, a change that coincided with the second wave of the feminist movement in the western world. In most early 1960s/1970s studies, female drug users primarily were included as a comparison sample to male users. Consequently, the findings of these studies tended to emphasize differences between men and women, with female users typically being depicted as much more negative than their male counterparts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aaron, D. J., Markovic, N., & Danielson, M. E.. (1999). How age, race, education and sexual identity impact the health of lesbian and bisexual women. Presented at the Annual Symposium of the Gay & Lesbian Medical Association, San Diego, CA, August 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abadinsky, H. (1997). Drug abuse: An introduction (3rd ed.). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, P.A. (1985). Wheeling and dealing; An ethnography of an upper-level drug dealing and smuggling community. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agar, M. (1973) Ripping and running: A formal ethnography of urban heroin addicts. New York: Seminar Press. American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amaro, H. (1995). Love, sex and power: Considering women’s realities in HIV prevention. American Psychologist, 50, 437–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, B., McDonald, A., & Sloan, M. (1992). Cigarette, alcohol and coffee consumption and spontaneous abortion. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 85–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, J. C. (1967). The reliability and validity of interview data obtained from 59 drug addicts. American Journal of Sociology, 72, 650–654.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. H., & Joseph, J. K. (1988). AIDS and behavioral change to reduce risk: A review. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 394–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bevier, P. J., Chiasson, M. A., Hefferman, R. T., & Castro, K. G. (1995). Women at a sexually transmitted disease clinic who reported same-sex contact: Their seroprevalences and risk behaviors. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1366–1371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, R. E., Watters, J. K., & Chitwood, D. D. (1993). HIV risk-related sex behaviors among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 1144–1149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botvin, G. J., Baker, E., Botvin, E. M., Filazzola, B. S., & Millman, R. (1984). Prevention of alcohol misuse through development of personal and social competence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 45, 550–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgeois, P. (1989). Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and economy in the inner city. Anthropology Today, 5, 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourgeois, P. I., & Dunlap, E. (1993). Exorcising sex for crack: An ethnographic perspective from Harlem. In M. S. Ratner (Ed.), Crack pipe as a pimp: An ethnographic investigation of sex-for-crack exchanges. New York: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, K., & Anglin, M. D. (1993). To the curb: Sex bartering and drug use among homeless crack users in Los Angeles. In M. S. Ratner (Ed.), Crack pipe as a pimp: An ethnographic investigation of sex-for-crack exchanges. New York: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1993). Childhood sexual abuse as a precursor to depression and self-destructive behavior in adulthood. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 445–459-

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, D., McBride, A. B., & Benaventura, L. M. (1986). Chemical dependency in women: The link to ob/gyn problems. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 24, 26–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, S. R., Wesson, D. R., Galloway, G. O., & Smith, D. E. (1996). Abuse of flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) and other benzoiazepines in Austin and South Texas. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 28, 183–189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (1999). HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Midyear edition, 11, 1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandy, J. M., Blum, R. W., & Resnick, M. D. (1996). Female adolescents with a history of sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 503–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chasnoff, I. J., Burns, W. J., Schnoll, S. H., & Burns, K. A. (1985). Cocaine use in pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine, 313, 666–669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chasnoff, I. (1988). Cocaine, pregnancy, and the neonate. Women and Health, 15, 23–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavkin, W., Allen, M. H., & Oberman, M. (1991). Drug abuse and pregnancy: Some questions on public policy, clinical management, and maternal and fetal rights. Birth, 18: 107–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiasson, M. A., Stoneburner, R., Hildebrandt, D., Ewing, W., Telzak, E., & Jaffe, H. (1991). Heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 associated with the use of smokable freebase cocaine (crack). AIDS, 5, 1121–1126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, R. R., Voss, H. L., Robbins, C., & Skinner, W. F. (1986). Gender differences in drug use: An epidemiological perspective. In B. A. Ray and M. C. Braude (Eds.), Women and drugs: A new era for research. Rockville, MD: NIDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E., Navaline, H., & Metzger, D. (1994). High-risk behaviors for HIV: A comparison between crack-abusing and opioid-abusing African-American women. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 26, 233–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M., Deamant, C., Barkan, S., Richardson, J., Young, M., Holman, S., Anastos, K., Cohen, J., & Melrisk, S. (2000). Domestic violence and childhood sexual abuse in HIV-infected women at risk for HIV. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 560–566.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coles, C. (1992). Prenatal alcohol exposure and human development. In M. Miller (Ed.), Development of the CNS: Effects of alcohol and opiates. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin, M. (1998). Altered state: The story of ecstasy culture and acid house, 2d ed. London: Serpent’s Tail.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comerford, M., Chitwood, D. D., McElrath, K., & Taylor, J. (1998). Pregnancy among women with a history of injection drug use. Drugs & Society, 13, 177–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compton, W, Cottler, L., Shillington, A., & Price, R. (1995). Is anti-social personality disorder associated with increased HIV risk behaviors in cocaine users? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 37, 37–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crider, R. A., & Rouse, B. A. (1988). Epidemiology of inhalant abuse: An update. Rockville, MD: NIDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLaRosa, M., Lambert, E., & Gropper, B. (1990). Drugs and violence: Causes, correlations and consequences. Rockville, MD: NIDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Des Jarlais, D. C., Abdul-Quader, A., Minkoff, H., Hoegsberg, B., Landesman, S., & Tross, S. (1991). Crack use and multiple AIDS risk behaviors. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 4, 446–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (1993). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohrenwend, B. P., Levav, I., Shrout, P. E., Schwartz, S., Naveh, G., Link, B. G., Skodol, A. E., & Stueve, A. (1992). Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: The causation-selection issue. Science, 255, 946–952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dole, V. P., & Nyswander, M. (1967). Heroin addiction: A metabolic disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 120, 19–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donoghoe, M., Hall, N., Lopez, A., & Ball, A. (1998). Opioid overdose: Trends, risk factors, interventions, and priorities for action. Geneva: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edlin, B. R., Erwin, K. L., Faruque, S., McCoy, C. B., Word, C., Serrano, Y., Inciardi, J. A., Bowser, B. P., Schilling, R. F., & Holmberg, S. D. (1994). Intersecting epidemics: Crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner city young adults. Multicenter Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection Study Team. New England Journal of Medicine, 24, 1422–1427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elifson, K. W., Boles, J., Darrow, W. W., & Sterk, C. E. (1999). HIV seroprevalence and risk factors among clients of female and male prostitutes. JAIDS: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 20, 195–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J. (1994). Women and drugs revisited: Female participation in the cocaine economy. Journal of Drug Issues, 24(1–2): 179–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faupel, C. (1991). Shooting dope: Career patterns of hard-core heroin users. Gainsville: University of Florida Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiddle, S. (1976). Sequences in addiction. Addictive Diseases: An International Journal, 2, 4: 553–568.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • File, K. (1976). Sex roles and street roles. International Journal of Addictions, 2, 553–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein, M. (1980). A theory of reasoned action. Some applications and implications. In H. E. Howe & M. M. Page (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1979 (pp. 65–116). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullilove, R., Fullilove, M., Bowser, B., & Goss, S. (1990). Risk of sexually transmitted disease among black adolescent crack users in Oakland and San Francisco, Calif. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 851–855.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Funkhouser, A. W., Butz, A. M., Feng, T. I., McCaul, M. E., & Rosenstein, B. J. (1993). Prenatal care and drug use in pregnant women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 33, 1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, A., & Mur, A. (1991). Marijuana and pregnancy: impact on the pregnant woman, the fetus and the newborn infant. Medicina Clinica, 96, 106–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garfein, R. S., Vlahov, D., Galai, N., Doherty, M. C., & Nelson, K. E. (1996). Viral infections in short-term injection drug users: The prevalence of the hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus, and human T-lymphotropic viruses. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 655–661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, S. R. (1980). The CAP control theory of drug abuse. In P. J. Letter, M. Sayers, & H. W. Pearson, (Eds.), Theories on drug abuse: Selected contemporary prospective. Rockville, MD: NIDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, P. (1979). Prostitution and drug use. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, P. J. (1985). The drug violence nexus: A tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of Drug Issues, 15, 493–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A., & Kalant, H. (1993). In R. Bayer, & G. M. Oppenheimer (Eds.), Confronting drug policy: Illicit drugs in a free society (pp. 24–77). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, E. M., Clark, C. W., Welch, S. P., Nicholson, S., Amato, E., Laughren, L., & Coppedge, K. (1999). Presented at the National HIV Prevention Conference, Aug. 29–Sep. 1 (abstract no. 560).

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, M. L., Weiss, R. S., Mirin, S. M., & Lange, U. (1989). A comparison of male and female cocaine abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 122–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groopman, J. (1998). The shadow epidemic. The New Yorker, May 11, 48–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershow, R. C., Riester, K. A., Lew, J., Quinn, T. C., Mofenson, L. M., Davenny, K., Landesman, S., Cotton, D., Hanson, I. C., Hillyer, G. V., Tang, H. B., & Thomas, D. L. (1997). Increased vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus from hepatitis C virus-coinfected mothers. Women and Infants Transmission Study. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 176, 414–420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hien, N. M. (1998). Women, violence with intimates, and substance abuse: Relevant theory, empirical findings, and recommendations for future research. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 24, 419–438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, J. A., Klein, H., Eber, M., & Crosby, H. (2000). Frequency and intensity of crack use as predictors of women’s involvement in HIV-related sexual risk behaviors. Drug Alcohol Dependence, 58(3), 227–236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hser, Y., Anglin, M. D., & McGlothlin, W. (1987). Sex differences in addict careers. 1. Initiation of use. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 13, 37–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, R. L., Marsden, M. E., Rachal, J. V., Harwood, H. J., Cavanaugh, E. R., & Ginzburg, H. M. (1989). Drug abuse treatment; A national study of effectiveness. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inciardi, J. A., & Pottieger, A. (1986). Drug use and crime among two cohorts of women narcotics users: An empirical assessment. Journal of Drug Issues, 16(1), 91–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inciardi, J., Pottieger, D., & Lockwood, A. (1993). Women and crack cocaine. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inciardi, J. A. (1995). Crack, crack house sex, and HIV risk. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 24, 249–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jadack, R. A., Hyde, J. S., & Keller, M. L. (1995). Gender and knowledge about HIV, risky sexual behavior, and safer sex practices. Research in Nursing and Health, 18, 313–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, J. (1976). Prostitution and addiction: An interdisciplinary approach. Addictive Disease: An International Journal, 2, 601–618.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B., Goldstein, P., Prebble, E., Schmeidler, J., Lipton, D., Spunt, B., & Miller, T. (1985). Taking care of business: The economics of crime by heroin users. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1994). National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring the Future study. 1975–1993. Vol. 1. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1999). Drug trends in 1999 are mixed. University of Michigan News and Information Services: Ann Arbor (MI). [Online]. Available: http://www.monitoringthefuture.org;accessed05/30/00

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D., & Davies, M. (1991). Friendship networks, intimacy, and illicit drug use in young adulthood: A comparison of two competing theories. Criminology, 29, 441–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D. B. (1993). The social demography of drug use. In R. Bayer and G. M. Oppenheimer (Eds.), Confronting drug policy: Illicit drugs in a free society (pp. 24–77). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D., Chen, K., Warner, L. A., Kessler, R. C., & Grant, B. (1997). Prevalence and demographic correlates of symptoms of last year dependence on alcohol, nicotine, marijuana and cocaine in the U.S. population. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 44, 11–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, S. (1991). HIV, heroin, and heterosexual relations. Social Science and Medicine, 32, 1037–1050.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kearney, M., Murphy, S., & Rosenbaum, M. (1994). Mothering on crack cocaine: A grounded theory analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 38, 351–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kral, A. H., Lorvick J., Bluthenthal, R. N., & Watters, J. K. (1997). HIV risk profile of drug-using women who have sex with women in 19 United States cities. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 16(3), 211–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroll, D. (1986). Heroin addiction in pregnancy. Midwives Chronicle & Nursing Notes, July, 153–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieb, J., & Sterk-Elifson, C. (1993). Crack in the cradle: Reproductive decision making among crack cocaine users. Journal of Contemporary Drug Problems, 12(4), 687–706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. M., Holman, B. L., & Mendelson, J. H. (1998). Gender differences in cerebral perfusion in cocaine abuse: Technetium-99-m-HMPACO SPECT study of drug abusing women. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 35, 1902–1909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lex, B. W. (1991). Some gender differences in alcohol and polysubstance users. Health Psychology, 10, 121–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lex, B. W. (1994). Alcohol and other drug abuse among women. Alcohol Health and Research World, 18, 212–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T. K., & Leukefeld, C. (2000). Sexual and drug use behaviors among female crack users: A multi-site sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58, 237–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lukas, S. E., Sholar, M., Lundahl, L. H., Lamas, X., Kouri, E., Wines, J. D., Kragie, L., & Mendelson, J. H. (1996). Sex differences in plasma cocaine levels and subjective effects after acute cocaine administration in human volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 125, 346–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucke, J. C. (1998). Gender roles and sexual behavior among young women. Sex Roles, 39, 273–297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, S., & Rounsaville, B. (1993). Substance misuse and comorbid psychopathology in a high-risk group: A study of siblings of cocaine misusers. International Journal on Addictions, 28, 415–434.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, P. T., Waldorf, D., Reinarman, C., & Murphy, S. (1988). Heavy cocaine use and sexual behavior. Journal of Drug Issues, 18, 437–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maher, L., & Curtis, R. (1992). Women on the edge of crime: Crack cocaine and the changing contexts of street-level sex work in New York City. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 18, 221–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maiman, M., Fruchter, R. G., Serur, E., Remy, J. C., Feuer, G., & Boyce, J. G. (1990). Human immunodeficiency virus and cervical neoplasia. Gynecologic Oncology, 38, 377–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McBride, D. C., Inciardi, J. A., Chitwood, D. D., McCoy, H. V., & the National AIDS Research Consortium (1992). Crack use and correlates of use in a national population of street heroin users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 24, 411–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKirnan, D. J., & Peterson, P. L. (1989). Psychosocial and cultural factors in alcohol and drug abuse: An analysis of a homosexual community. Addictive Behavior, 14, 555–563.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mello, N. K. (1986). Drug use patterns and premenstrual dysphoria. In B. A. Ray and M. C. Braude (Eds.), Women and drugs: A new era for research. Rockville, MD: NIDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mensch, B. S., & Kandel, D. B. (1988). Do job conditions influence the use of drugs? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 29, 169–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milkman, H. B., & Sunderwirth, S. G. (1987). Craving for ecstasy: How our passions become addictions and what we can do about them. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, V. H., & Miles, C. (1992). A gender comparison of health status among users of crack cocaine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 24, 389–397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, S., & Rosenbaum, M. (1999). Pregnant women on drugs: Combating stereotypes and stigma. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musto, D. F. (1973). American disease: Origins of narcotic control. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Justice (NIJ), (2000). 1999 annual report on drug use among adult and juvenile arrestees. Washington, DC: NIJ, NCJ 181426.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (1996). The National Pregnancy and Health Survey—Drug use among women delivering livebirths: 1992. Rockville, MD: NCADI. Publication No. BKD192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neaigus, A., Atillasoy, A., Friedman, S. R., Andrade, X., Miller, M., Ildefonso, G., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (1998). Trends in the noninjected use of heroin and factors associated with the transition to injecting. In J. A. Inciardi & L. D. Harrison (Eds.), Heroin in the age of crack cocaine (pp. 131–159). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, K. E., Vlahov, D., Solomon, L., Cohn, S., & Munoz, A. (1995). Temporal trends of incident HIV infection in a cohort of injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. Archives of Internal Medicine, 155, 1305–1311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ness, R. B., Grisso, J. A., Hirschinger, N., Markovic, N., Shaw, L. M., Day, N. L., & Kline, J. (1999). Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 333–339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newald, I. (1986). Cocaine infants. Hospitals, 60, 76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1986). Cocaine use among adolescents: Longitudinal associations with social context, psychopathology, and use of other substances. Addictive Behavior, 11, 263–273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyamathi, A., Bayley, L., Anderson, N., Keenan, C., & Leake, B. (1999). Perceived factors influencing the initiation of drug and alcohol use among homeless women and reported consequences of use. Women & Health, 29, 99–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preble, E., & Casey, J. J. (1969). Taking care of business: The heroin user’s life on the street. International Journal of Addictions, 1, 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 1–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, J. (1984). Studies in empowerment: Introduction to the issue. Prevention in Human Services, 3, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasch, R. F. R., Weisen, C. A., MacDonald, B., Wechsberg, W. M., Perrit, R., & Dennis, M. L. (2000). Patterns of HIV risk and alcohol use among African-American crack abusers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58, 259–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratner, M. (1993). Crack pipe as a pimp. Lexington: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. S. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The epidemiological catchment area study. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolfs, R. T., Goldberg, M., & Sharrar, R. G. (1990). Risk factors for syphilis: Cocaine use and prostitution. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 853–857.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosario, M., Hunter, J., & Gwadz, M. (1995). Sexual, alcohol, and drug risk acts of lesbian/bisexual female youths. HIV Infect Women Conference, p 855, Feb. 22–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, R. C. (1991). Alcohol and drug effects on sexual response: Human experimental and clinical studies. Annual Review of Sex Research, 2, 119–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, M. (1981). Women on heroin. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, C., & Bradford, J. (1988). The national lesbian health care survey: 1988 report. Washington, DC: National Lesbian and Gay Health Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, L., Ehrlich, S., & Finnegan, L. (1987). Cocaine abuse in pregnancy: Effects on the fetus and newborn. Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 9, 295–299.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, J., & Brown, S. A. (1991). Marijuana and cocaine effect expectancies and drug use patterns. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 59, 558–565.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, J., Blanchard, L., & Fals-Stewart, W. (1994). Drug use and risky sexual behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 8, 3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serur, E., Fruchter, R. G., Maiman, M., McGuire, J., Arrastia, C. D., & Gibbon, D. (1995). Age, substance abuse, and survival of patients with cervical carcinoma. Cancer, 75, 2530–2538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, L. T., Farkas, K., Arendt, R., Minnes, S., Yamashita, T., & Kliegman, R. (1995). Postpartum psychological distress in cocaine using mothers. Journal of Substance Abuse, 7, 165–174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, L. T., Arendt, R., Minnes, S., Farkas, J., Coilin, M., & Yamashita, T. (1997). Fetal cocaine exposure and birth outcomes. Biologic and self-report measures. Abstracts of the Fifty Ninth Annual Scientific Meeting, College on Problems of Drug Dependence, 59, 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, W. F. (1994). The prevalence and demographic predictors of illicit and licit drug use among lesbians and gay men. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1307–1310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stacy, A. W., & Newcomb, M. D. (1999) Adolescent drug use and adult drug problems in women: Direct, interactive, and mediational effects. Experimental & Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 160–173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, R. C. (1991). The street addict role. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, C. (1988). Cocaine and HIV seropositivity. Lancet, 1, 1052–1053.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sterk C. (1999). Fast lives: Women who use crack cocaine. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, C. E. (2000). Tricking and tripping: Prostitution in the era of AIDS. Putnam Valley, NY: Social Change Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, C. E., Dolan, K., & Hatch, S. (1999). Epidemiological indicators and ethnographic realities of female cocaine use. Substance Use and Misuse, 34, 2055–2070.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, C. & Elifson, K. (1990). Drug-related violence and street prostitution. In M. De La Rosa, E. Lambert, & B. Gropper (Eds.), Drugs and violence: Causes, correlations and consequences. Rockville, MD: NIDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, C. E., & Elifson, K. E. (submitted). Exploring the impact of sexual identity: An ethnographic study among African-American female drug users. American Journal of Community Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, C., Elifson, K. & Theall, K. (2000). Women and drug treatment experiences: A generational comparison of mothers and daughters. Journal of Drug Issues, 30, 839–861.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, L. (1984). Drugs and other substance abuse in pregnancy. In L. Stern (Ed.), Drug use in pregnancy (pp. 148–176). Boston: AIDS Health Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (1996). National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Main Findings 1995, DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 96-3095.

    Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (1997). National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Main Findings 1996, DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 98-3200,

    Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (1999). National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Main Findings 1998, DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 00-3381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI), 1998. Prevalence of Substance Use among Racial and Ethnic Subgroups in the United States, 1991–1993 [Online]. Available:

    Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SMHSA), Drug and Alcohol Services Information System (DASIS), 1998b. National Admissions to

    Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse Treatment Services: The Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 1992–1996 [Online]. Available:

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutter, A. (1966). The world of the righteous dope fiend. Issues in Criminology, 2, 177182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, R. E., & Mezzich, A. C. (1992). Ontogeny of substance abuse: Perspectives and findings. In M. Glantz and R. Pickens (Eds.), Vulnerability to drug abuse. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. (1993). Women heroin injectors. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J., Fulop, N., & Green, J. (1999). Drink, illicit drugs and unsafe sex in women. Addiction, 94, 1209–1218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tennant, F. S., & Sagherian, A. A. (1987). Double-blind comparison of amantadine and bromocriptine for ambulatory withdrawal from cocaine dependence. Archives of Internal Medicine, 147, 109–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, N. J., Potter, J. S., Sanderson, A., & Maibach, E. W. (1997). The relationship of sexual abuse and HIV risk behaviors among heterosexual adult female STD patients. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tortu, S., Beardsley, M., Deren, S., Williams, M., McCoy, H. V., Stark, A., Estrada, A., & Goldstein, M. (2000). HIV infection and patterns of risk among women drug injectors and crack users in low and high sero-prevalence sites. AIDS Care, 12, 65–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C. F., Lessler, J. T., & Gfroerer, J. C. (1992). Survey measurement of drug use: Methodological studies. National Institute on Drug Abuse. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 92-1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldorf, D., Reinarman, C., & Murphy, S. (1991). Cocaine changes: The experience of using and quitting. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, L. A., Kessler, R. C., Hughes, M., Anthony, J. C., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Prevalence and correlates of drug use and dependence in the United States: Results from the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 219–229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watters, J. K., Estilo, M. J., Kral, A. H., & Lorvick, J. J. (1994). HIV infection among female injection drug users recruited in community settings. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 21, 321–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, E. A., Calsyn, D. A., Saxon, A. J., & Greenberg, D. M. (1993). Using drugs to facilitate sexual behavior is associated with sexual variety among injection drug users. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 181, 626–631.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel, S. L., Andersen, R., & Gelberg, L. (1998). Homeless women’s gynecological symptoms and their use of medical care for symptoms. Abstract Book/Association for Health Services Research, 15, 235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westherington, C., & Roman, A. (Eds.) (1998). Drug addiction research and the health of women. Rockville, MD: NIDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. L., Zhao, Z., Freeman, R. C., Elwood, W. N., Rusek, R., Booth, R. E., Dennis, M. L., Fisher, D. G., Rhodes, F., & Weatherby, N. L. (1998). A cluster analysis of not-in-treatment drug users at risk for HIV infection. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 24, 199–223.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, T. (1989). Cocaine kids. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilsnack, S. C., Wilsnack, R. W., & Hiller-Sturmhoefel, S. (1994). How women drink: Epidemiology of women’s drinking and problem drinking. Alcohol Health and Research World, 18, 171–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winder, G. C., Fenster, L., Hopkins, B., & Swan, S. H. (1995). The association of moderate maternal and paternal alcohol consumption with birthweight and gestational age. Epidemiology, 8, 509–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, H., Vranizan, K. M., Gorter, R. G., Keffelew, A. S., & Moss, A. R. (1992). Crack use and HIV infection among San Francisco drug users. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 19, 111–114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, N. S., Eyler, F., Behnke, M., & Conlon, M. (1993). Cocaine use during pregnancy: Maternal depressive symptoms and infant neurobehavior during first month of life. Infant Behavior and Development, 16, 83–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yablonsky, L. (1965). Synanon: The tunnel back. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, R. M., Weissman, G., & Cohen, J. B. (1992). Assessing risk in the absence of information: HIV risk among women injection drug users who have sex with women. AIDS Public Policy Journal, 7, 175–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zambrana, R. E., & Scrimshaw, S. C. (1997). Maternal psychosocial factors associated with substance use in Mexican-origin and African-American low-income pregnant women. Pediatric Nursing, 23, 253–259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zierler, S., Feingold, L., Laufer, D., Velentgas, P., Kantrowitz-Gordon, I., & Mayer, K. (1991). Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse and subsequent risk of HIV infection. American Journal of Public Health, 81(5), 572–575.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, B., Frank, D. A., Hingson, R., Amaro, H., Levenson, S., Kayne, H., Parker, S., Vinci, R., Aboagye, K., Fried, L., Cabral, H., Timperi, R., & Bauchner, H. (1989). Effect of maternal marijuana and cocaine use on fetal growth. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 762–768.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zweig, J. M., Barber, B. L., & Eccles, J. S. (1997). Sexual coercion and well-being in young adulthood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 291–308.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Theall, K.P., Sterk, C.E., Elifson, K. (2002). Illicit Drug Use and Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health. In: Wingood, G.M., DiClemente, R.J. (eds) Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health. Issues in Women’s Health. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0689-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0689-8_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5196-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0689-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics