Abstract
The interplay of societal structures, interpersonal interactions, personality, and temperament greatly affect the dynamics that occur between therapists and clients. Unfortunately, most of the literature assumes that therapists are members of the dominant culture; therefore, there is very little literature on therapists from marginalized groups (Kelly & Greene, 2010). However, to borrow from Robert Guthrie’s (Even the rate was White: an historical view of psychology. Harper & Row, New York, 1976) classic title, “Even the rat was White,” not all of the therapists are White. In order to explore how therapists and clients from racially ethnically diverse backgrounds may experience same-race relationship dynamics, this chapter will address itself to the systemic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal factors that contribute to and influence therapists, clients, and the therapy process within these unique relationships. As a means of providing sufficient depth and coverage of these highly complex issues, we have elected to focus on factors relevant to African-American therapists and clients in particular, and, we briefly address the relevance of these issues to members of other racial–ethnic groups in our concluding remarks.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ablack, J. (2000). Body psychotherapy, trauma, and the Black woman client. International Journal of Psychotherapy, 5, 145–151.
American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. (2001). AAMFT code of ethics. Washington, DC: Author.
American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA code of ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.
American Psychological Association. (2010). 2010 Amendments to the 2002 ‘Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct’. American Psychologist, 65, 493.
Black student college graduation rates inch higher but a large racial gap persists. (2007). Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 54.
Atkinson, D. R., Thompson, C. E., & Grant, S. K. (1993). A three-dimensional model for counseling racial/ethnic minorities. The Counseling Psychologist, 21, 257–277.
Ayonrinde, O. (1999). Black, White or shades of grey: The challenges of ethnic and cultural difference (or similarity) in the therapeutic process. International Review of Psychiatry, 11, 191–196. doi:10.1080/09540269974375.
Baker, F. M., & Bell, C. C. (1999). Issues in the psychiatric treatment of African Americans. Psychiatric Services, 50, 362–368.
Baldwin, J. A. (1989). The role of Black psychologists in Black liberation. Journal of Black Psychology, 16, 67–76.
Bell-Tolliver, L., Burgess, R., & Brock, L. J. (2009). African American therapists working with African American families: An exploration of the strengths perspective in treatment. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 35, 293–307. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00117.x.
Brofenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Social Development, 9, 115–125. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00114.
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805–881.
Comas-Diaz, L. (2005). Becoming a multicultural psychotherapist: The confluence of culture, ethnicity, and gender. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 973–981. doi:10.1002/jclp.20170.
Comas-Diaz, L., & Jacobsen, F. M. (1991). Ethnocultural transference and countertranference in the therapeutic dyad. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 392–402. doi:10.1037/h0079267.
Constantine, M. G. (2007). Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 1–16. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.1.
Cooke, M. (1995). Selfhood and solidarity. Constellations, 1, 337–357.
DuBois, W. E. B. (1903). The souls of Black folk. Chicago, IL: McClurg.
Ferguson, S. A., & King, T. C. (1997). There but for the grace of God: Two Black women therapists explore privilege. Women and Therapy, 20, 5–14. doi:10.1300/J015v20n01_02.
Gelso, C. J., Kelly, F. A., Fuertes, J. N., Marmarosh, C., Homes, S. E., Costa, C., et al. (2005). Measuring the real relationship in psychotherapy: Initial validation of the therapist form. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 640–649. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.640.
Goode-Cross, D. T. (2011a). Same difference: Black therapists’ experience of same-race dyads in therapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42, 368–374. doi:10.1037/a002552.
Goode-Cross, D. T. (2011b). “Those who learn must teach”: Black therapists’ experiences supervising Black therapist trainees. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 5, 73–80. doi:10.1037/a0023187.
Goode-Cross, D. T. (2012). Black therapists’ experience of same-race dyads in therapy and supervision. Unpublished manuscript.
Guthrie, R. V. (1976). Even the rate was White: An historical view of psychology. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Henry, P. J., & Sears, D. O. (2008). Symbolic and modern racism. In J. H. Moore (Ed.), Encyclopedia of race and racism. Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan.
Hochschild, A. R., & Machung, A. (2003). The second shift. New York, NY: Penguin.
Holloway, K. F. C. (2011). Private bodies/public texts: Race, gender, and a cultural bioethics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Jenkins, M., Lambert, E. G., & Baker, D. N. (2009). The attitudes of Black and White college students toward gays and lesbians. Journal of Black Studies, 39, 589–613. doi:10.1177/0021934707299638.
Jones, J. M. (1979). Conceptual and strategic issues in the relationship of Black psychology to American social science. In A. W. Boykin, A. J. Franklin, & J. F. Yates (Eds.), Research directions for psych psychologists (pp. 390–432). New York: Russell Sage.
Jones, J. (2010). Labor of love, labor of sorrow: Black women, work, and the family from slavery to the present. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Kelly, S., & Boyd-Franklin, N. (2005). African American women in client, therapist, and supervisory relationships: The parallel processes of race, culture, and family. In M. Rastogi & E. Wieling (Eds.), Voices of color: First-person accounts of ethnic minority therapists (pp. 67–90). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996). African American acculturation: Deconstructing race and reviving culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Maki, M. T. (1999). The effects on client identification when clinician and client share a common ethnic minority background. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 7, 57–72. doi:10.1300/J285v07n01_04.
Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W. (2007). Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 201–225. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212.
Miville, M. L., & Ferguson, A. D. (2014). Intersections of race-ethnicity and gender on identity development and social roles. In M. L. Miville, & A. D. Ferguson (Eds.), Handbook of race-ethnicity and gender in psychology. New York: Springer.
Myers, L. J., Young, A., Obasi, E., & Speight, S. L. (2003). Recommendations for the treatment of African descent populations. In Psychological treatment of ethnic minority populations. Washington, DC: Association of Black Psychologists.
National Association of Social Workers. (2000). NASW code of ethics. Washington, DC: Author.
Parham, T. A., & Parham, W. D. (2002). Understanding African American mental health. In T. A. Parham (Ed.), Counseling persons of African descent (pp. 25–37). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pierce, C. M. (1974). Psychiatric problems of the black minority. In S. Arieti (Ed.), American handbook of psychiatry (pp. 512–523). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Roberts, D. E. (2004). The social and moral cost of mass incarceration in African American communities. Stanford Law Review, 56, 1271–1305.
Sanders Thompson, V. L., Bazile, A., & Akbar, M. (2004). African Americans’ perceptions of psychotherapy and psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 19–26. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.19.
Shelby, T. (2005). We who are dark: The philosophical foundations of Black solidarity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Smith, P. M. (1973). Black psychologist as a change agent in the Black community. Journal of Black Studies, 4(1), 41–51.
Speight, S. L. (2007). Internalized racism: One more piece of the puzzle. Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 126–134. doi:10.1177/0011000006295119.
Speight, S. L. (2012). An exploration of boundaries and solidarity in counseling relationships. Counseling Psychologist, 40, 133–157. doi:10.1177/0011000011399783.
Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Thomas, A., & Sillen, S. (1972). Racism and psychiatry. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press.
Townes, D. L., Chavez-Korell, S., & Cunningham, N. J. (2009). Reexamining the relationships between racial identity, cultural mistrust, help-seeking attitudes, and preference for a Black counselor. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 330–336. doi:10.1037/a0015449.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2011). Current populations survey, annual social and economic supplement 2010.
Utsey, S. O., Chae, M. H., Brown, C. F., & Kelley, D. (2002). Effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race-related stress, and quality of life. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 366–377. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.8.4.367.
Utsey, S. O., Ponterotto, J. G., Reynolds, A. L., & Cancelli, A. A. (2000). Racial discrimination, coping, life satisfaction, and self esteem among African Americans. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 72–80.
Walker, M., & Miller, J. B. (2004). Racial images and relational possibilities. In J. V. Jordan, M. Walker, & L. M. Hartling (Eds.), The complexity of connection (pp. 129–146). New York, NY: Gilford.
Washington, J., & Wall, V. A. (2006). African American gay men: Another challenge for the academy. In M. J. Cuyjet (Ed.), African American men in college (pp. 174–188). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Whaley, A. L. (2001). Cultural mistrust: An important psychological construct for diagnosis and treatment of African Americans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 32, 555–562. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.32.6.555.
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination & racial disparities in health, evidence & needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 20–47.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goode-Cross, D.T., Speight, S.L. (2014). But Some of the Therapists Are Black. In: Miville, M., Ferguson, A. (eds) Handbook of Race-Ethnicity and Gender in Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8860-6_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8860-6_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8859-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8860-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)