Skip to main content

But Some of the Therapists Are Black

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Race-Ethnicity and Gender in Psychology

Abstract

The interplay of societal structures, interpersonal interactions, personality, and temperament greatly affect the dynamics that occur between therapists and clients. Unfortunately, most of the literature assumes that therapists are members of the dominant culture; therefore, there is very little literature on therapists from marginalized groups (Kelly & Greene, 2010). However, to borrow from Robert Guthrie’s (Even the rate was White: an historical view of psychology. Harper & Row, New York, 1976) classic title, “Even the rat was White,” not all of the therapists are White. In order to explore how therapists and clients from racially ethnically diverse backgrounds may experience same-race relationship dynamics, this chapter will address itself to the systemic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal factors that contribute to and influence therapists, clients, and the therapy process within these unique relationships. As a means of providing sufficient depth and coverage of these highly complex issues, we have elected to focus on factors relevant to African-American therapists and clients in particular, and, we briefly address the relevance of these issues to members of other racial–ethnic groups in our concluding remarks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ablack, J. (2000). Body psychotherapy, trauma, and the Black woman client. International Journal of Psychotherapy, 5, 145–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. (2001). AAMFT code of ethics. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA code of ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2010). 2010 Amendments to the 2002 ‘Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct’. American Psychologist, 65, 493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black student college graduation rates inch higher but a large racial gap persists. (2007). Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, D. R., Thompson, C. E., & Grant, S. K. (1993). A three-dimensional model for counseling racial/ethnic minorities. The Counseling Psychologist, 21, 257–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayonrinde, O. (1999). Black, White or shades of grey: The challenges of ethnic and cultural difference (or similarity) in the therapeutic process. International Review of Psychiatry, 11, 191–196. doi:10.1080/09540269974375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, F. M., & Bell, C. C. (1999). Issues in the psychiatric treatment of African Americans. Psychiatric Services, 50, 362–368.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, J. A. (1989). The role of Black psychologists in Black liberation. Journal of Black Psychology, 16, 67–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell-Tolliver, L., Burgess, R., & Brock, L. J. (2009). African American therapists working with African American families: An exploration of the strengths perspective in treatment. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 35, 293–307. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00117.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brofenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Social Development, 9, 115–125. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805–881.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comas-Diaz, L. (2005). Becoming a multicultural psychotherapist: The confluence of culture, ethnicity, and gender. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 973–981. doi:10.1002/jclp.20170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comas-Diaz, L., & Jacobsen, F. M. (1991). Ethnocultural transference and countertranference in the therapeutic dyad. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 392–402. doi:10.1037/h0079267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Constantine, M. G. (2007). Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 1–16. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, M. (1995). Selfhood and solidarity. Constellations, 1, 337–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • DuBois, W. E. B. (1903). The souls of Black folk. Chicago, IL: McClurg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, S. A., & King, T. C. (1997). There but for the grace of God: Two Black women therapists explore privilege. Women and Therapy, 20, 5–14. doi:10.1300/J015v20n01_02.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelso, C. J., Kelly, F. A., Fuertes, J. N., Marmarosh, C., Homes, S. E., Costa, C., et al. (2005). Measuring the real relationship in psychotherapy: Initial validation of the therapist form. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 640–649. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goode-Cross, D. T. (2011a). Same difference: Black therapists’ experience of same-race dyads in therapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42, 368–374. doi:10.1037/a002552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goode-Cross, D. T. (2011b). “Those who learn must teach”: Black therapists’ experiences supervising Black therapist trainees. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 5, 73–80. doi:10.1037/a0023187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goode-Cross, D. T. (2012). Black therapists’ experience of same-race dyads in therapy and supervision. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, R. V. (1976). Even the rate was White: An historical view of psychology. New York, NY: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, P. J., & Sears, D. O. (2008). Symbolic and modern racism. In J. H. Moore (Ed.), Encyclopedia of race and racism. Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, A. R., & Machung, A. (2003). The second shift. New York, NY: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, K. F. C. (2011). Private bodies/public texts: Race, gender, and a cultural bioethics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, M., Lambert, E. G., & Baker, D. N. (2009). The attitudes of Black and White college students toward gays and lesbians. Journal of Black Studies, 39, 589–613. doi:10.1177/0021934707299638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. M. (1979). Conceptual and strategic issues in the relationship of Black psychology to American social science. In A. W. Boykin, A. J. Franklin, & J. F. Yates (Eds.), Research directions for psych psychologists (pp. 390–432). New York: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. (2010). Labor of love, labor of sorrow: Black women, work, and the family from slavery to the present. New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, S., & Boyd-Franklin, N. (2005). African American women in client, therapist, and supervisory relationships: The parallel processes of race, culture, and family. In M. Rastogi & E. Wieling (Eds.), Voices of color: First-person accounts of ethnic minority therapists (pp. 67–90). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996). African American acculturation: Deconstructing race and reviving culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maki, M. T. (1999). The effects on client identification when clinician and client share a common ethnic minority background. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 7, 57–72. doi:10.1300/J285v07n01_04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W. (2007). Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 201–225. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miville, M. L., & Ferguson, A. D. (2014). Intersections of race-ethnicity and gender on identity development and social roles. In M. L. Miville, & A. D. Ferguson (Eds.), Handbook of race-ethnicity and gender in psychology. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, L. J., Young, A., Obasi, E., & Speight, S. L. (2003). Recommendations for the treatment of African descent populations. In Psychological treatment of ethnic minority populations. Washington, DC: Association of Black Psychologists.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Association of Social Workers. (2000). NASW code of ethics. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parham, T. A., & Parham, W. D. (2002). Understanding African American mental health. In T. A. Parham (Ed.), Counseling persons of African descent (pp. 25–37). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, C. M. (1974). Psychiatric problems of the black minority. In S. Arieti (Ed.), American handbook of psychiatry (pp. 512–523). New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D. E. (2004). The social and moral cost of mass incarceration in African American communities. Stanford Law Review, 56, 1271–1305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders Thompson, V. L., Bazile, A., & Akbar, M. (2004). African Americans’ perceptions of psychotherapy and psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 19–26. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shelby, T. (2005). We who are dark: The philosophical foundations of Black solidarity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. M. (1973). Black psychologist as a change agent in the Black community. Journal of Black Studies, 4(1), 41–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speight, S. L. (2007). Internalized racism: One more piece of the puzzle. Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 126–134. doi:10.1177/0011000006295119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speight, S. L. (2012). An exploration of boundaries and solidarity in counseling relationships. Counseling Psychologist, 40, 133–157. doi:10.1177/0011000011399783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A., & Sillen, S. (1972). Racism and psychiatry. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Townes, D. L., Chavez-Korell, S., & Cunningham, N. J. (2009). Reexamining the relationships between racial identity, cultural mistrust, help-seeking attitudes, and preference for a Black counselor. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 330–336. doi:10.1037/a0015449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2011). Current populations survey, annual social and economic supplement 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Utsey, S. O., Chae, M. H., Brown, C. F., & Kelley, D. (2002). Effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race-related stress, and quality of life. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 366–377. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.8.4.367.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Utsey, S. O., Ponterotto, J. G., Reynolds, A. L., & Cancelli, A. A. (2000). Racial discrimination, coping, life satisfaction, and self esteem among African Americans. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 72–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, M., & Miller, J. B. (2004). Racial images and relational possibilities. In J. V. Jordan, M. Walker, & L. M. Hartling (Eds.), The complexity of connection (pp. 129–146). New York, NY: Gilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington, J., & Wall, V. A. (2006). African American gay men: Another challenge for the academy. In M. J. Cuyjet (Ed.), African American men in college (pp. 174–188). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whaley, A. L. (2001). Cultural mistrust: An important psychological construct for diagnosis and treatment of African Americans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 32, 555–562. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.32.6.555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination & racial disparities in health, evidence & needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 20–47.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David T. Goode-Cross .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goode-Cross, D.T., Speight, S.L. (2014). But Some of the Therapists Are Black. In: Miville, M., Ferguson, A. (eds) Handbook of Race-Ethnicity and Gender in Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8860-6_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics