Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diversity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Transition to Parenthood

  • 1361 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, we evaluate the diversity that exists in family support received during the transition to parenthood and in the experiences of new mothers and fathers. Although the majority of the literature on the transition to parenthood has focused on White middle-class couples we identify differences in the experiences of diverse populations. Although historically the literature on minority populations has had a problem-focused perspective, this viewpoint is changing. With the addition of literature on more diverse family populations we hope a greater understanding of how the transition to parenthood affects all families will develop.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Amato, P. A., & Gilbreth, J. G. (1999). Nonresident fathers and children’s well-being: Media analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 15–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amato, P. R., & Sobolewski, J. M. (2004). The effects of divorce on fathers and children: Nonresidential fathers and stepfathers. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (4th ed., pp. 341–367). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. (1990). Streetwise: Race, class, and change in an urban community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ataca, B., & Sunar, D. (1999). Continuity and change in Turkish urban family life. Psychology and Developing Societies, 11(1), 77–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baetens, P., & Brewaeys, A. (2001). Lesbian couples requesting donor insemination: and update of the knowledge with regards to lesbian mother families. Human Reproduction Update, 7, 512–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, J., Hewitt, B., & Haynes, M. (2008). Life course transitions and housework: Marriage, parenthood, and time on housework. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(2), 259–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J., Lang, M., & Huston, T. L. (1986). Sex-typing and division of labor as determinants of marital change across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 517–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, K., Rubio, R. J., Green, R., & Padrón, E. (2010). Gay men who become fathers via surrogacy: The transition to parenthood. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6, 111–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigner, J. J. (1999). Raising our sons: Gay men as fathers. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 10, 61–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bigner, J. J., & Jacobsen, R. B. (1989). Parenting behaviors of homosexual and heterosexual fathers. In F. W. Bozett (Ed.), Homosexuality and the family (pp. 173–186). New York: Harrington Park.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigner, J. J., & Jacobsen, R. B. (1992). Adult responses to child behavior and attitudes toward fathering: Gay and nongay fathers. Journal of Homosexuality, 23, 99–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billingsley, A. (1992). Climbing Jacob’s ladder: The enduring legacy of African American families. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackshaw, T. (2009). Fathers and childbirth. In C. Square (Ed.), The social context of birth (pp. 215–235). United Kingdom: Radcliffe Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blood, R., & Wolfe, D. (1960). Husbands and wives: The dynamics of married living. Glencoe: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boles, A. J., & Curtis-Boles, H. (1986). Black couples and the transition to parenthood. The American Journal of Social Psychiatry, 6(1), 27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bost, K. K., Cox, M. J., Burchinal, M. R., & Payne, C. (2002). Structural and supportive changes in couples’ family and friendship networks across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the family, 64, 517–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, P. J., & Forman, T. A. (1997). Instrumental and expressive family roles among African American fathers. In R. J. Taylor & J. S. Jackson (Eds.), Family Life in Black America (pp. 216–247). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldera, Y. M., Fitzpartick, J., & Wampler, K. S. (2002). Coparenting in intake Mexican American families: Mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions. In J. F. Contreras, K. A. Kerns, & A. M. Neal-Barnett (Eds.), Latino children and families in the United State: Current research and future directions (pp. 107–112). Westport: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Gordon, R. A., Coley, R. L., Wakschlag, L. S., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1999). Young African American multigenerational families in poverty: the contexts exchanges, and processes of their lives. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Coping with divorce, single parenting, and remarriage: A risk and resiliency perspective (pp. 165–192). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Jayakody, R. (1994). Fictive kinship relations in black extended families. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 25, 297–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coles, R. L. (2003). Black single custodial fathers: Factors influencing the decision to parent. Families in Society, 84, 247–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coley, R. L. (2001). Invisible men: Emerging research on low-income, unmarried, and minority fathers. American Psychologist, 56, 743–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coley, R. L., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (1999). Stability and change in paternal involvement among urban African American fathers. Journal of Family Psychology, 13, 416–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coley, R. L., & Hernandez, D. C. (2006). Predictors of paternal involvement for residential and nonresident low-income fathers. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1041–1056.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coltrane, S. (2000). Research on household labor: Modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 1208–1233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Condon, J. T., Boyce, P., & Corkindale, C. J. (2004). The first-time fathers study: a prospective study of the mental health and wellbeing of men during the transition to parenthood. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 56–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. L., & Jones, R. M. (2002). Congruency of identity style in married couples. Journal of Family Issues, 23(8), 912–926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooksey, E. C., & Craig, P. H. (1998). Parenting from a distance: The effects of paternal characteristics on contact between nonresidential fathers and their children. Demography, 35, 187–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, C. P., & Cowan, P. A. (2000). When partners become parents: The big life change for couples. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, M., Owen, M. T., Lewis, J. M., & Henderson, V. K. (1989). Marriage, adult adjustment, and early parenting. Child Development, 60, 1015–1024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crinic, K., Greenberg, M., Ragozin, A., Robinson, N., & Bashman, R. (1983). Effects of stress and social support on mothers and premature and full-term infants. Child Development, 54, 209–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danziger, S. K., & Wertz, D. C. (1989). Sociological and social psychological aspects of reproduction. In K. McKinney & S. Sprecher (Eds.), Human sexuality: The societal and interpersonal context (pp. 265–285). Westport: Ablex Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deave, T., & Johnson, D. (2008). The transition to parenthood: What does it mean for fathers? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 63, 626–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., & Smith, J. C. (2012). Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2011. Current Population Reports (Series P-60, No. 243). Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf.

  • Doherty, W. J., Kouneski, E. F., & Erickson, M. F. (1996). Responsible fathering: An overview and conceptual framework. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved October 8, 2012, from http://fatherhood.hhs.gov/concept.htm.

  • Duvall, E. (1954). In-laws: Pro and con. New York: Associated Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrensaft, D. (1987). Parenting together: Men and women sharing the care of their children. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edin, K. (2000). What do low-income single mothers say about marriage? Social Problems, 47, 112–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, M. E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: A framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(3), 173–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R., Masalha, S., & Nadam, R. (2001). Cultural perspective on work and family: Dual-earner Israeli-Jewish and Arab families at the transition to parenthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), 492–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, L.R. (1981). Transitions in mothers in mother-daughter relationship. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 613–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Florsheim, P., Sumida, E., McCann, C., Winstanley, M., Fukui, R., Seefeldt, T., & Moore, D. (2003). The transition to parenthood among young African American and Latino couples: Relational predictors of risk for parental dysfunction. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(1), 65–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuwa, M. (2004). Macro-level gender inequality and the division of household labor in 22 countries. American Sociological Review, 69, 751–767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garfield, C. F., & Chung, P. J. (2006). A qualitative study of early differences in fathers’ expectations of their child care responsibilities. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 6(4), 215–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartrell, N., Banks, A., Hamilton, J., Reed, N., Bishop, H., & Rodas, C. (1999). The National Lesbian Family Study: 2. Interviews with mothers of toddlers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 362–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartrell, N., Banks, A., Reed, N., Hamilton, J., Rodas, C., & Deck, A. (2000). The National Lesbian Family Study: 3. Interviews with mothers of five-year-olds. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 542–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartrell, N., Hamilton, J., Banks, A., Mosbacher, D., Reed, N., Sparks, C. H., et al. (1996). The National Lesbian Family Study: 1. Interviews with prospective mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 272–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gee, C. B., McNerney, C. M., Relter, M. J., & Leaman, S. C. (2007). Adolescent and young adult mothers’ relationship quality during the transition to parenthood: Associations with father involvement in fragile families. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 213–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjerdingen, D. K., & Center, B. A. (2004). First-time parents’ postpartum changes in employment, childcare, and housework responsibilities. Social Science Research, 34, 103–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gjerdingen, D. K., & Chaloner, K. (1994). Mothers’ experience with household roles and social support during the first postpartum year. Women and Health, 21(4), 57–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, A. E. (2006). The transition to parenthood from lesbian couples. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 2, 13–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, A. E., & Perry-Jenkins, M. (2004). Division of labor and working-class women’s well-being across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 225–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, L., Diener, M., & Mangelsdorf, S. (1996). Maternal characteristics and social support across the transition to motherhood: Associations with maternal behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 60–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hackel, L. S., & Ruble, D. N. (1992). Changes in the marital relationship after the first baby is born: Predicting the impact of expectancy disconfirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 944–957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton B. E., Martin J. A., & Ventura S. J. (2012). Births: Preliminary data for 2011. National Vital Statistics Reports, 61(5). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_05.pdf.

  • Haxton, C. L., & Harknett, K. (2009). Racial and gender differences in kin support: A mixed-methods study of African American and Hispanic couples. Journal of Family Issues, 30(8), 1019–1040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. B., Billingsley, A., Ingram, E., Malson, M. R., Rubin, R. H., Stack, C. B., Stewart, J. B., & Teele, J. E. (1989). Research of African-American families: A holistic perspective. Boston: University of Massachusetts, William Manroe Trotter Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. B. (2003). The strengths of Black families (2nd ed.). New York: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, J., Marcus, M., & Campbell, S. B. (1984). Postpartum depression: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 498–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, J. A., & Damato, E. G. (1999). Mothers’ perceptions of postpartum stress and satisfaction. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 28, 595–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, Z., Field, T., Pickens, J., Malphurs, J., & Del Valle, C. (1997). Fathers’ caregiving in low-income African American and Hispanic-American families. Early Development and Parenting, 6, 73–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayakody, R., Chatters, L. M., & Taylor, R. J. (1993). Family support to single and married African American Mothers: The provision of financial, emotional and child care assistance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 261–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E. S., & Doolittle, F. (1998). Low-income parents and the Parents’ Fair Share Program: an early qualitative look at improving the ability and desire of low-income noncustodial parents to pay child support. In I. Garfinkel, S. S. McLanahan, D. R. Meyer, & J. A. Seltzer (Eds.), Fathers under fire: The revolution in child support enforcement (pp. 253–301). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, P. L. (1995). The mother’s role in promoting fathering behavior. In J. L. Shapiro, M. J. Diamond, & M. Greenberg (Eds.), Becoming a father: Contemporary, social, developmental, and clinical perspectives (pp. 61–71). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalmuss, D., Davidson, A., & Cuchman, L. (1992). Parenting expectations, experiences, and adjustment to parenthood: A test of the violated expectations framework. Journal of Marriage and family, 54, 516–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz-Wise, S. L., Priess, H. A., & Hyde, J. S. (2010). Gender role attitudes and behavior across the transition to parenthood. Developmental Psychology, 46, 18–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kluwer, E. S., Heesink, J. A. M. & Van de Vliert, E. (2002), The division of labor across the transition to parenthood: A justice perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 930–943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoester, C., & Eggebeen, D. J. (2006). The effects of the transition to parenthood and subsequent children on children on men’s well-being and social participation. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 1532–1560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koniak-Griffin, D., Lominska, S., & Brecht, M. L. (1993). Social support during adolescence pregnancy: A comparison of three ethnic groups. Journal of Adolescence, 16, 43–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lavee, Y., & Katz, R. (2002). Division of labor, perceived fairness, and marital quality: The effect of gender ideology. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 27–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerman, R. I. (1993). A national profile of young unwed fathers. In R. I. Lerman & T. J. Ooms (Eds.), Young unwed fathers: Changing roles and emerging policies (pp. 27–51). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, M. J., Weber, R. A., & Clark, M. C. (1986). Social network relationships as sources of maternal support and well being. Developmental Psychology, 22, 310–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, J. N., & McAdoo, J. L. (2007). The roles of African American fathers in the socialization of their children. In H. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (4th ed.) (219–237). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L. (2006a). Postnatal adjustment of Chinese parents: A two-wave panel study in Taiwan. International Journal of Psychology, 41(5), 371–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L. (2006b). The transition to parenthood: Stress, resources, and gender differences in a Chinese society. Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 471–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAdoo, H. (1997). Black families (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallon, G. P. (2004). Gay men choosing parenthood. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Sutton, P. D., Ventura, S. J., Menacker, F., & Kirmeyer, S., et al. (2009). Births: Final Data for 2006. National Vital Statistic Report, 57(7). Retrieved August 12, 2012 from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_07.pdf.

  • Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Ventura, S. J., Osterman, M. J. K., Kirmeyer, S., & Mathews, T. J., et al. (2011). Births: Final Data for 2009. National Vital Statistic Report, 60(1). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60_01.pdf.

  • Martinez, G. Daniels, K., & Chandra, A. (2012). Fertility of men and women aged 15–44 years in the United States: National survey of family growth, 2006–2010. National Health Statistics Reports, 51. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr051.pdf.

  • McCannell, K. (1987). Social networks and the transition to motherhood. In R. Milardo (Ed.), Families and social networks. Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLoyd, V. C., Cauce, A. M., Takeuchi, D., & Wilson, L. (2000). Marital processes and parental socialization in families of color: A decade review of research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 1070–1093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller-Cribbs, J. E., & Farber, N. B. (2008). Kin networks and poverty among African Americans: Past and present. Social Work, 53, 43–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murry, V. M., Bynum, M. S., Brody, G. H., Willert, A., & Stephens, D. (2001). African American single mothers and children in context: A review of studies on risk and resilience. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, 133–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nazarinia, R. R., Schumm, W. R., & White, J. M. (2007, November). The transition to parenthood and the effect of mothers’ unfulfilled expectations. Paper session presented at the National Council on Family Relations, Pittsburgh, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazarinia Roy, R. R., Mitchell, Y., Das, A., & Ramage, J. (2013, January). “Yes this is my child!” The Lived Experiences of New Mothers in Bi-racial/ethnic Relationships. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K. M. (2006). Time of one’s own: Employment, leisure, and delayed transition motherhood in Japan. Journal of Family Issues, 27(12), 1668–1700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norbeck, J. S., & Anderson, N. J. (1989). Psychosocial predictors of pregnancy outcomes in low-income Black, Hispanic, and White women. Nursing Research, 38(4), 204–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oswald, R. F. (2002). Resilience within family networks of lesbians and gay men: Intentionality and redefinition. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 374–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, K. M., & Coltrane, S. (2009). Divisions of Labor in Mexican Origin and Anglo Families: Structure and Culture. Sex Roles, 60, 482–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, K., & Burton, L. (2007). Mothering through recruitment: Kinscription of nonresidential fathers and father figures in low-income families. Family Relations, 56, 24–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruble, D. N., Fleming, A. S., Hackel, L. S., & Stangor, C. (1988). Changes in the marital relationship during the transition to first time motherhood: Effects of violated expectations concerning division of household labor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 78–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagrestano, L. M., Feldman, P., Killingsworth-Rini, C., Woo, G., & Dunkel-Schetter, C. (1999). Ethnicity and social support during pregnancy. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 869–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, L., & Thomson, E. (1997). Becoming mothers and fathers: Parenthood, gender, and the division of labor. Gender & Society, 11, 747–772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, J. A. (1991). Relationships between fathers and children who live apart: The father’s role after separation. Journal of Marriage and the family, 53, 79–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schacher, S. J., Auerbach, C. F., & Silverstein, L. B. (2005). Gay fathers expanding the possibilities for us all. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 1, 31–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, M. S., Cowan, C. P., & Cowan, P. A. (2006). Promoting healthy beginnings: A randomized controlled trial of a preventive Intervention to preserve marital quality during the transition to parenthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 20–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, R. W. (1992). Parental role strains, salience of parental identity and gender differences in psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 25–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. D. (1999). Disneyland dads, Disneyland moms?: How nonresidential parents spend time with absent children. Journal of Family Issues, 20(4), 539–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. L. (1993). Young fathers and parenting in two inner-city neighborhoods. In R. I. Lerman & T.J. Ooms (Eds.), Young unwed fathers: Changing roles and emerging policies (pp. 53–73). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sussman, M. (1959). The isolated nuclear family: Fact or fiction? Social Problems, 6, 333–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Kahana-Kalman, R. (2009). Mothers’ views at the transition to a new baby: Variations across ethnic groups. Parenting: Science and Practice, 9, 36–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorp, S. R., Krause, E. D., Cukrowicz, K. C., & Lynch, T. R. (2004). Postpartum partner support, demand-withdraw communication, and maternal stress. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 362–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley, B., & Parke, R. D. (1984). Grandparents as support and socialization agents. In M. Lewis (Ed.), Beyond the dyad (pp. 161–194). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Toth, J. F., & Xu, X. (1999). Ethnic and cultural diversity in fathers’ involvement: A racial/ethnic comparison of African American, Hispanic, and White fathers. Youth and Society, 31, 76–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau (2012). Most Children Younger Than Age 1 are Minorities, Census Bureau Reports. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb12-90.html.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840-0501, USA

    Roudi Nazarinia Roy

  2. School of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University, 317 Justin Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA

    Walter R. Schumm & Sonya L. Britt

Authors
  1. Roudi Nazarinia Roy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Walter R. Schumm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sonya L. Britt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roudi Nazarinia Roy .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nazarinia Roy, R., Schumm, W.R., Britt, S.L. (2014). Diversity. In: Transition to Parenthood. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7768-6_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation