Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physical Exercise and the Human Stress Response

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response

  • 100k Accesses

Abstract

It has been suggested (Chavat, Dell, & Folkow, 1964; Kraus & Rabb, 1961; Nesse, Bhatnagar, & Young, 2007) that the “wisdom of the body” dictates that the human stress response should lead to physical exertion or exercise. Indeed, physical exercise appears to be the most effective way of ventilating, or expressing, the stress response in a health-promoting manner, once it has been engendered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American College of Sports Medicine. (2010). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balog, L. F. (1978). The effects of exercise on muscle tension and subsequent muscle relaxation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A. K., Mandal, A., Chanda, D., & Chakraborti, S. (2003). Oxidant, antioxidant and physical exercise. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 253(1–2), 307–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, H. (1975). The relaxation response. New York, NY: Morrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, M., Hill, K. D., Ball, M., Hetherington, S., & Williams, A. D. (2011). The long-term benefits of a multi-component exercise intervention to balance and mobility in healthy older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 52(2), 211–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, S. N., Kampert, J. B., Kohl, H. W., Barlow, C. E., Macera, C. A., Paffenberger, R. S., & Gibbons, L. W. (1996). Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(3), 205–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Doraiswamy, M., Watkins, L., Hoffman, B. M., Barbour, K. A., Herman, S., Craighead, W. E., Brosse, A. L., Waugh, R., Hinderliter, A., & Sherwood, A. (2007). Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 587–596.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal, J. A., & Ong, L. (2009). A commentary on “Exercise and Depression” (Mead et al., 2008): And the verdict is…. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 2(2), 97–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal, J. A., Sherwood, A., Babyak, M. A., Watkins, L. L., Waugh, R., Georgiades, A.& Hinderliter, A. (2005). Effects of exercise and stress management training on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with ischemic heart disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(13), 1626–1634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouchard, C., Blair, S. N., Church, T. S., Earnest, C. P., Hagbert, J. M., Häkkinen, K., Rankinen, T. (2012). Adverse metabolic response to regular exercise: Is it a rare or common occurrence? PLoS One, 7(5), e37887.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boule, N. G., Kenny, G. P., Haddad, E., Wells, G. A., & Sigal, R. J. (2003). Meta-analysis of the effect of structured exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 46, 1071–1081.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broman-Fulks, J. J., & Storey, K. M. (2008). Evaluation of a brief aerobic exercise intervention for high anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety Stress Coping, 21(2), 117–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckworth, J., & Dishman, R. K. (2007). Exercise adherence. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 509–536). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W. B. (1914). The emergency function of the adrenal medulla in pain and in the major emotions. American Journal of Physiology, 33, 356–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W. B. (1929). Bodily changes in pain, fear, hunger, and rage. New York, NY: Appleton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castaneda, F., Layne, J. E., & Castaneda, C. (2006). Skeletal muscle sodium glucose co-transporters in older adults with type 2 diabetes undergoing resistance training. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(3), 84–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castell, B. D., Kazantzis, K., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise for chronic fatigue syndrome: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18(4), 311–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavat, J., Dell, P., & Folkow, B. (1964). Mental factors and cardiovascular disorders. Cardiologia, 44, 124–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, S. R., Kanaley, J. A., Carhart, R., Jr., Frechette, V., Tobin, M. M., Bennett, N., Fernhall, B. (2008). Cardiac autonomic function and baroreflex changes following 4 weeks of resistance versus aerobic training in individuals with pre-hypertension. Acta Physiologica, 195(3), 339–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, K. H. (1977). The aerobics way: New data on the world’s most popular exercise program. New York, NY: M. Evans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courneya, K. S., Segal, R. J., Mackey, J. R., Gelmon, K., Reid, R. D., Friedenreich, C. M., & Kenzie, D. C. (2007). Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25(28), 4396–4404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R. H. (2002). Sport psychology: Concepts and applications. St. Louis, MO: McGraw-Hill Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craft, L. L., & Perna, F. M. (2004). The benefits of exercise of the clinically depressed. The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 6(3), 104–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Jong, Z., Munneke, M., Lems, W. F., Zwinderman, A. H., Kroon, H. M., Pauwels, K. J., Hazes, J. M. W. (2004). Slowing of bone loss in pateitns with rheumatoid arthirisi by long-term high-intensity exercise. Results of a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 50(4), 1066–1076.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Jong, Z., Munneke, M., Zwinderman, A. H., Kroon, H. M., Jansen, A., Ronday, K. H., Hazes, J. M. (2003). Is a long-term high-intensity exercise program effective and safe in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 48, 2415–2424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Peuter, S., de Jong, J., Crombez, G., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2009). The nature and treatment of pain-related fear in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 23(1), 85–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, H. (1966). Physiology of exercise. Dubuque, IA: Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, H. (1968). Immediate and long-term effects of exercise upon resting muscle action potential level. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 8, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, H. (1981). Tranquilizer effect of exercise. America’s Journal of Physical Medicine, 60, 57–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiLorenzo, T. M., Bargman, E. P., Stucky-Ropp, R., Brassington, G. S., Frensch, P. A., & LaFontaine, T. (1999). Long-term effects of aerobic exercise on psychological outcomes. Preventive Medicine, 28, 75–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimsdale, J. E., & Moss, J. (1980). Plasma catecholamines in stress and exercise. Journal of the American Medical Association, 243, 340–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinas, P. C., Koutedakis, Y., & Flouris, A. D. (2011). Effects of exercise and physical activity on depression. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 180, 319–325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishman, R. K., & O’Commor, J. P. (2009). Lessons in exercise neurobiology: The case of endorphins. Mental Health Physical Activity, 2(1), 4–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncker, D. J., & Bache, R. J. (2008). Regulation of coronary blood flow during exercise. Physiological Reviews, 88(3), 1009–1086.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekeland, E., Heian, F., & Hagen, K. B. (2005). Can exercise improve self esteem in children and young people? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, 792–798.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fibiger, W., & Singer, G. (1984). Physiological changes during physical and psychological stress. Australian Journal of Psychology, 36, 317–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FitzGerald, S. J., Barlow, C. E., Kampert, J. B., Morrow, J. R., Jackson, A. W., & Blair, S. N. (2004). Muscular fitness and all-cause mortality: Prospective observations. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 1, 7–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fixx, J. F. (1977). The complete book of running. New York, NY: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, G. F., Balady, G., Blair, S. N., Blumenthal, J., Caspersen, C., & Chaitman, B., Pollock, M. L. (1996). Statement on exercise: Benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans: A statement for health professionals by the committee on exercise and cardiac rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation, 94, 857–862.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foss, M. L., & Keteyian, S. J. (1998). Fox’s physiological basis for exercise and sport (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fradkin, A. J., Gabbe, B. J., & Cameron, P. A. (2006). Does warming up prevent injury in sport?:The evidence from randomised controlled trials? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9(3), 214–220.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gale, C. R., Martyn, C. N., Cooper, C., & Sayer, A. A. (2007). Grip strength, body composition, and mortality. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36(1), 228–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganong, W. F. (2005). Review of medical physiology (22nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschernes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I.-M., & Swain, D. P. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(7), 1334–1359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gellhorn, E. (1958a). The physiological basis of neuromuscular relaxation. Archives of Internal Medicine, 102, 392–399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gellhorn, E. (1964a). Motion and emotion. Psychological Review, 71, 457–472.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gellhorn, E. (1967). Principles of autonomic-somatic integrations. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, A., Womack, R., & Safranek, S. (2010). Does exercise alleviate symptoms of depression? The Journal of Family Practice, 59(9), 530–531.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greco, T. P., Conti-Kelly, A. M., Anthony, J. R., Greco, T., Jr., Doyle, R., & Boisen, M., Lopez, L. R., (2010). Oxidized-LDL/β2-Glycoprotein I complexes are ssociated with disease severity and increased risk for adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 133, 737–743.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, H. (1986). Fit for America: Health, fitness, sport, and American society. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. S., Dintiman, G. B., & Myers-Oakes, B. (1998). Physical fitness and wellness (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haskell, W. L. (1995). Physical activity in the prevention and management of coronary heart disease. Physical Activity and Fitness Research Digest, 2, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haskell, W. L., Lee, I.-M, Pate, R. P., Powell, K. E., Blair, S. N., Franklin, B. A., & Bauman, A. (2007). Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendations for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116, 1081–1093.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, S., Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M., Khatri, P., Craighead, W. E., Krishnan, K. R. & Doraiswamy, P. M. (2002). Exercise therapy for depression in middle-aged and older adults: Predictors of early dropout and treatment failure. Health Psychology, 21, 553–563.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoch, F., Werle, E., & Weicker, H. (1988). Sympathoadrenergic regulation in elite fencers in training and competition. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 9, 141–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, B. M., Babyak, M. A., Craighead, W. E., Sherwood, A., Doraiswamy, P. M., Coons, M. J., & Blumenthal, J. A. (2010). Exercise and pharmacotherapy in patients with major depression: One-year follow-up of the SMILE study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 127–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, R. A., Freedman, D. M., Park, Y., Hollenbeck, A., Schatzkin, A., & Letizman, M. F. (2008). Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the risk of colon and rectal cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Cancer Causes & Control, 19(9), 939–953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, E. (1978). You must relax. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahnke, R., Larkey, L., Rogers, C., Etnier, J., & Lin, F. (2010). A comprehensive review of health benefits of qigong and tai chi. American Journal of Health Promotion, 52(2), 211–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janer, G., & Kogevinas, M. (2008). Promoting physical activity and a healthy diet among working women. In A. Linos & K. Wilhem (Eds.), Promoting health for working women (pp. 319–332). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Knols, R., Aaronson, N. K., Uebelhart, D., Fransen, J., & Aufdemkampe. (2005). Physical exercise in cancer patients during and after medical treatment: A systematic review of randomized and controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(6), 3830–3842

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodama, S., Tanaka, S., Saito, K., Shu, M., Sone, Y., Onitake, F., Sone, H. (2007). Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(10), 999–1008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohrt, W. M., Bloomfield, S. A., Little, K. D., Nelson, M. E., & Uingling, V. R. (2004). American College of Sports Medicine. Position Stand: Physical activity and bone health. Medical Science and Sports Exercise, 36(11), 1985–1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krantz, D. S., Quigley, J. F., & O’Callahan, M. (2001). Mental stress as a trigger of acute cardiac events: The role of laboratory studies. Italian Heart Journal: Official Journal of the Italian Federation of Cardiology, 2(12), 895–899.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, H., & Raab, W. (1961). Hypokinetic disease. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laaksonen, M., Talala, K., Martelin, T., Rahkonen, O., Roos, E., Helakorpi, S., … Prättälä, R. (2008). Health behaviors as explanations for educational level differences in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: A follow-up of 60,000 men and women over 23 years. The European Joural of Public Health, 18(1), 38–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Laugero, K. D., Smilowitz, J. T., German, J. B., Jarcho, M. R., Mendoza, S. P., & Bales, K. L. (2011). Plasma omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and monounsaturated fatty acids are altered by chronic social stress and predict endocrine responses to acute stress in titi monkeys. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acides, 84, 71–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legrand, F., & Heuze, J. P. (2007). Antidepressant effects associated with different exercise conditions in participants with depression: A pilot study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29, 348–364.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Devault, C. N., & Van Oteghen, S. (2007). Effects of extended tai chi intervention on balance and selected motor functions of the elderly. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 35(3), 383–391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovallo, W. R. (2005). Stress & health: Biological and psychological interactions (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, U. (2005). Stress hormones in health and illness: The roles of work and gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 1017–1021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mastorakos, G., Pavlatou, M., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., & Chrousos, G. P. (2005). Exercise and the stress system. Hormones, 4(2), 73–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo Clinic Staff. (n.d.). Aerobic exercise: How to warm up and cool down. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/exercise/SM00067. Retreived June 8, 2011

  • McCabe, P., & Schneiderman, N. (1984). Psychophysiologic reactions to stress. In N. Schneiderman & J. Tapp (Eds.), Behavioral medicine (pp. 3–32). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuigan, F. J., & Lehrer, P. M. (2007). Progressive relaxation: Origins, principles, and clinical applications. In P. M. Lehrer, R. L. Woolfolk, & W. E. Sime (Eds.), Principles and practices of stress management (3rd ed., pp. 57–87). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. E., Morley, W., Campbell, P., Greig, C. A., McMurdo, M., & Lawlor, D. A. (2009). Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 3. Art. No.:CD004366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. K., & Allen, T. E. (1995). Fitness: A lifetime commitment (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokdad, A. H., Marks, J. S., Stroup, D. F., & Gerberding, J. L. (2004). Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 1238–1245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mokdad, A. H., Marks, J. S., Stroup, D. F., & Gerberding, J. L. (2005). Correction: Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(3), 293–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mutrie, N., Campbell, A. M., Whyte, F., McConnachie, A., Emslie, C., Lee, L., … Ritchie, D. (2007). Benefits of supervised programme for women being treated for early stage breast cancer: Pragmatic randomized controlled trial. BMJ, 334, 517

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics. (2011). Health, United States, 2011: With special feature on socioeconomic and health. Hyattsville, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesse, R. M., Bhatnager, S., & Young E. A. (2007). Evolutionary origins and functions of the stress response. Encyclopedia of Stress (2 nd ed.), 1, 965–970

    Google Scholar 

  • Olgac, U., Knight, K., Poulikakos, D., Saur, S. C., Alkadhi, H., Desbiolles, L. M., Cattin, P. C., & Kurtcuoglu, V. (2011). Computed high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein correlate with plaque locations in human coronary arteries. Journal of Biomechanics, 44(13), 2466–2471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pate, R. R., Pratt, M., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L., Macera, C. A., Bouchard, C., Buchner, D., Ettinger, W., Heath, G. W., King, A. C., Kriska, A., Leon, A. S., Marcus, B. H., Morris, J., Paffenbarger, R. S., Partrick, K., Pollock, M. L., Rippe, J. M., Sallis, J., & Wilmore, J. H. (1995). Physical activity and public health: A recommendation from the centers for disease control and prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 402–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penninx, B. W., Rejeski, W. J., Pandya, J., Miller, M. E., Di Bari, M., Appelgate, W. B., & Pahor, M. (2002). Exercise and depressive symptoms: A comparison of aerobic and resistance exercise effects on emotional and physical function in older persons with high and low depressive symptomatology. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57B(2), P124–P132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puetz, T. W. (2006). Physical activity and feelings of energy and fatigue: Epidemiological evidence. Sports Medicince, 36(9), 767–780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rejeski, W. J., & Thompson, A. (1993). Historical and conceptual roots of exercise psychology. In P. Seraganian (Ed.), Exercise psychology: The influence of physical exercise on psychological processes (pp. 3–35). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribisl, P. (1984). Developing an exercise prescription for health. In N. Miller, J. D. Matarazzo, S. W. Weiss, A. J. Herd, & S. M. Weiss (Eds.), Behavioral health (pp. 448–466). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roux, L., Pratt, M., Tnegs, T. O., Yore, M. M., Yanagawa, T. L., Van Den Bos, J., … Buchner, D. M. (2008). Cost effectiveness of community-based physical activity interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(6), 578–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A. (1974). A history of sports medicine. In A. Ryan & F. Allman (Eds.), Sports medicine (pp. 1–3). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2011). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreurs, K. M. G., Veehof, M. M., Passade, L., & Vollenbroek-Hutten, M. M. R. (2011). Behavior Research and Therapy, 49(12), 908–913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuch, F. B., Vasconcelos-Moreno, M. P., & Fleck, M. P. (2011). The impact of exercise on quality of life within exercise and depression trials: A systematic review. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 4(2), 43–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seraganian, P. (1993). Exercise psychology: The influence of physical exercise on psychological processes. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahidi, M., Mojtahed, A., Modabbernia, A., Motjahed, M., Shafiabady, A., Delavar, A., & Honari, H. (2011). Laughter Yoga versus group exercise program in elderly depressed women: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26, 322–327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharkey, B. J. (1990). Physiology of fitness (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigal, R. J., Kenny, G. P., Boulé, N. G., Wells, G. A., Prud’homme, D., Fortier, M., … Jaffey, J. (2007). Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(6), 357–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Sillanpää, E., Laaksonen, D. E., Häkkinen, A., Karavirta, L., Jensen, B., Kraemer, W. J., … Häkkinen, K. (2009). Body composition, fitness, and metabolic health during strength and endurance training and their combination in middle-aged and older women. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(2), 285–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Sime, W. (1984). Psychological benefits of exercise training in the healthy individual. In J. Matarazzo, S. Weiss, J. Heid, N. Miller, & S. Weiss (Eds.), Behavioral health (pp. 488–508). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. B., & Levisohn, S. R. (1987). The athlete within: A personal guide to total fitness. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. C. (2002). Stress management: A comprehensive handbook of techniques and strategies. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smits, J. A., Berry, A. C., Rosenfield, D., Powers, M. B., Behar, E., & Ott, M. W. (2008). Reducing anxiety sensitivity with exercise. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 689–699.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smits, J. A., Tart, C. D., Rosenfield, D., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011). The interplay between physical activity and anxiety sensitivity in fearful responding to carbon dioxide challenge. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73(6), 498–503.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suominen, H. (2006). Muscle training for bone strength. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 18(2), 85–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Topend Sports Network. (2012): http://www.topendsports.com/fitness/heartrate-range.htm

  • Trivedi, M. H., Greer, T. L., Church, T. S., Carmody, T. J., Grannemann, B. D., Galper, D. I., … Blair, S. N. (2011). Exercise as an augmentation treatment for nonremitted major depression disorder: A randomized, parallel dose comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(5), 677–684

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuson, K. M., & Sinyor, D. (1993). On the affective benefits of acute exercise: Taking stock after twenty years of research. In P. Seraganian (Ed.), Exercise psychology: The influence of physical exercise on psychological processes (pp. 80–121). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenti, M., Porzio, G., Ailli, F., Verna, L., Cannita, K., Manno, R., … Ficorella, C. (2008). Physical exercise and quality of life in breast cancer survivors. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(1), 24–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Domelen, D. R., Koster, A., Caserotti, P., Brychta, R. J., Chen, K. Y., McClain, J. J., & Harris, T. B. (2011). Employment and physical activity in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(2), 136–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Vuori, I. (2010). Physical activity and cardiovascular disease prevention in Europe: An update. Kinesiology, 42(1), 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warburton, D. E. R., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(6), 801–809.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weller, D., & Everly, G. S., Jr. (1985). Occupational health through physical fitness programming. In G. S. Everly & R. Feldman (Eds.), Occupational health promotion (pp. 127–146). New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weyerer, S., & Kupfer, B. (1994). Physical exercise and psychological health. Sports Medicine, 17, 108–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilmore, J. H., Costill, D. L., & Kenney, W. L. (2008). Physiology of sport and exercise (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Genenva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Physical inactivity: A global public health problem. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/index.html

  • Yohannes, A. M., & Caton, S. (2010). Management of depression in older people with osteoarthritis: A systematic review. Aging & Mental Health, 14(6), 637–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yonezawa, R., Masuda, T., Matsunaga, A., Takahashi, Y., Saitoh, M., Ishii, A., … Izumi, T. (2009). Effects of phase II cardiac rehabilitation on job stress and health-related quality of life after return to work in middle-aged patients with acute myocardial infarction. International Heart Journal, 50, 279–290.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Severna Park, MD, USA

    George S. Everly Jr.

  2. Loyola University Mayland, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Jeffrey M. Lating

Authors
  1. George S. Everly Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jeffrey M. Lating
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Everly, G.S., Lating, J.M. (2013). Physical Exercise and the Human Stress Response. In: A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5538-7_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation