Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Burnout and Active Coping with Emotional Resilience

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Burnout for Experts

Abstract

Burnout is not an automatic process that is dependent only on occupational stressors, but the result of the interaction between the person and the occupational context. Burnout is an emotional consequence of coping with the stressors. For this purpose, a model of emotional personality variables was established that constitutes the model of emotional resilience (MER): hardiness, optimism, and emotional competence. People with these characteristics of resistance do not avoid situations or just passively bear negative events; they are capable of making decisions for their own benefit and for that of the organization, as well as pointing out unfair situations or situations that generate distress.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aldwin, C. M. (2000). Stress, coping and development: An integrative perspective. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldwin, C. M. (2007). Stress, coping and development: An integrative approach. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. (1997). A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 417–436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2010). Where to go from here? Integration and future research on work engagement. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 181–196). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1999). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), The self in social psychology. Key readings in social psychology (pp. 285–298). Philadelphia: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentive perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Alquist, J. L. (2009). Is there a downside to good self-control? Self and Identity, 8(2 & 3), 115–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, C. A., Wiebe, D. J., Butter, J., Bloor, L., et al. (2008). Collaborative coping and daily mood in couples dealing with prostate cancer. Psychology and Aging, 23, 505–516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Billing, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1981). The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 130–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, A., Grap, M., Younger, J., & Thornby, D. (1991). Personality hardiness, ways of coping, social support and burnout in critical care nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 850–857.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caprara, G. V., & Cervone, D. (2000). Personality: Determinants, dynamics, and potentials. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cardador, M. T., & Rupp, D. E. (2010). Organizational culture, multiple needs and the meaningfulness of work. In N. M. Ashkanasy, C. P. M. Wilderom, & M. F. Peterson (Eds.), The handbook of organizational culture and climate (pp. 158–180). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S. (1979). A cybernetic model of self-attention processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 373(8), 1251–1281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2008). Perspectives on personality (6th ed.). Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2009). Self-regulation and control in personality functioning. In P. Corr & G. Matthews (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of personality (pp. 427–440). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherniss, C. (1980). Staff burnout: Job stress in the human services. Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherniss, C. (1993). The role of professional self-efficacy in the etiology and amelioration of burnout. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 135–149). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P. J., & O’Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational stress. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P.T., Somerfield, M.R. & Mc Cvae, R.R. (1996) Personality and coping: A rewnceptualization In M. Zeidner & V.M. Endler (eds) Harld look of Coping: Theory, Research, Applications New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 44–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, A. L., & Livingstone, H. A. (2001). Chronic and acute stressors among military personnel: Do coping styles buffer their negative impact on health? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 348–360.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, J. H., Michielsen, J., & Van Heck, G. L. (2003). Assessment of fatigue among working people: A comparison of six questionnaires. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, 10–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewe, P. J. (2008). Positive coping strategies at work. In A. Kinder, R. Hughes, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Employee well-being support: A workplace resource (pp. 91–98). Chichester: Wiley and Sons.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dewe, P. J., O’Driscoll, M. P., & Cooper, C. L. (2011). Coping with work stress: A review and a critique. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enzman, D. (2005). Burnout and emotions: An underresearched issue in search of a theory. In A. Stamatios, G. Antoniou, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Research companion to organizational health psychology (pp. 495–502). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eschleman, K. J., Bowling, N. A., & Alarcon, G. M. (2010). A meta-analytic examination of ­hardiness. International Journal of Stress Management, 17(4), 277–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, B. A. (1991). Crisis in education: Stress and burnout in the American teacher. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finan, P. H., Zautra, A. J., & Wershba, R. (2011). The dynamics of emotion in adaptation to stress. In R. J. Contrada & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science (pp. 209–220). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. New York: Crown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313–332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Cohn, M. A. (2008). Positive emotions. In M. Lewis, J. Haviland, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberger, H. J., & Richelson, G. (1980). Burnout: The high cost of high achievement. Garden City: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fridja, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrosa, E., Moreno-JimĂ©nez, B., Liang, Y., & González, J. L. (2008). The relationship between sociodemographic variables, job stressors, burnout and hardy personality in nurses: An exploratory study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 418–427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrosa, E., Rainho, C., Moreno-JimĂ©nez, B., & Monteiro, M. (2010). The relationship between job stressors, hardy personality, coping resources and burnout in a sample of nurses: A correlational study at two time points. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(2), 205–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrosa, E., Moreno-JimĂ©nez, B., RodrĂ­guez-Muñoz, A., & RodrĂ­guez-Carvajal, R. (2011). Role stress and personal resources in nursing: A cross-sectional study on burnout and engagement. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48(4), 479–489.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gollwitzer, P. M., Parks-Stamm, E. J., & Oettingen, G. (2009). Living on the edge: Shifting between nonconscious and conscious goal pursuit. In E. Morsella, J. A. Bargh, & P. M. Gollwitzer (Eds.), Oxford handbook of human action (pp. 603–624). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenglass, E. R. (2002). Proactive coping and quality of life management. In E. Frydenberg (Ed.), Beyond coping: Meeting goals, visions and challenges (pp. 37–62). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, M. A., & Clarke, S. (2011). Stress and well being at work. In Sh Zedeck (Ed.), APA Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 359–398). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heron, J. (1990). As cited in Emotional competence in professional communication. Commentary with Phil Barker. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 6, 153–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1998) Stress, Culture and Community: The Psyclology and philosophy of stress. New York: Plenum

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E., & Freedy, J. (1993). Conservation of resources: A general stress theory applied to burnout. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 115–129). London: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, Y., & Schneider, I. E. (2003). Leisure, stress and coping: An evolving area of inquiry. Leisure Sciences, 25, 107–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, K. L., Thordarson, D. S., Stein, M. B., Cohan, S. L., & Taylor, S. (2007). Coping styles and personality: A biometric analysis. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 20, 17–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelner, S. P., Rivers, C. A., & O’Connell, K. H. (1996). Managerial style as a behavioral predictor of organizational climate. Boston: McBer & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobasa, S. C. (1982). Commitment and coping in stress resistance among lawyers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 707–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladstätter, F., Garrosa, E., Badea, C., & Moreno-JimĂ©nez, B. (2010). Application of artificial neural networks to a study of nursing burnout. Ergonomics, 53(9), 1085–1096.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Theory based stress measurement. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Psychological stress in the workplace. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. London: Free Association Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Cohen-Charash, Y. (2001). Discrete emotions in organizational life. In R. I. Payne & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Emotions and work: Theory, research and applications for management. Chichester: Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 123–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leiter, M. P. (1991). Coping patterns as predictors of burnout: The function of control and escapist coping patterns. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 123–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Lepine, M. A. (2006). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor and hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressor and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 764–775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, J. B., & Van Velsor, E. (1996). A look at derailment today: North America and Europe. Greensboro: Center for Creative Leadership.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. (2000). Self conscious emotions embarrassment, pride, shame and guilt. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 623–636). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthans, K. W., Lebsack, S. A., & Lebsack, R. R. (2004). Positivity in the workplace: The impact of nurses’ optimism on their rated performance. Midwest Academy of Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddi, S. R. (1999). The personality construct of hardiness, I: Effect on experiencing, coping, and strain. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 83–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddi, S. R. (2002). The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice. Consulting Psychology Journal, 54, 173–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). The cultural construction of self and emotion. Implications for social behaviour. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 89–130). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C. (1976). The burned-out. Human Behavior, 5, 16–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981a). Maslach burnout inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981b). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2005). A mediational model of job burnout. In A. Stamatios, G. Antoniou, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Research companion to organizational health psychology (pp. 544–564). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory. Test manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. C. (1999). Identifying competencies with behavioral-event interviews. Psychological Science, 9(5), 331–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude amoral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249–266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno-JimĂ©nez, B. (2007). PsicologĂ­a de la personalidad. Procesos. Madrid: Thompson Paraninfo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno-JimĂ©nez, B., Sanz Vergel, A. I., RodrĂ­guez-Muñoz, A., & Geurts, S. (2009). Propiedades psicomĂ©tricas de la versiĂłn española del Cuestionario de InteracciĂłn Trabajo-Familia (SWING). Psicothema, 21(2), 331–337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Driscoll, M. P., Brough, P., & Kalliath, T. J. (2009). Stress and coping. In S. Cartwright & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of organizational well-being (pp. 236–266). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 1, 115–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality, 64, 71–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peeters, M. A. G., & Rutte, C. G. (2005). Time management behaviour as a moderator for the job demand–control interaction. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 64–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pines, A. M. (1993). Burnout: An existential perspective. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 33–51). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pines, A. M. (2009). Coping with burnout: A theoretical perspective and a measure. In A. S. G. Antoniou, C. L. Cooper, G. P. Chrousos, C. D. Spielberger, & M. W. Eysenck (Eds.), Handbook of managerial behavior and occupational health (pp. 252–263). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, H. N., Wrosch, C., Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2006). Self-regulation processes and health: The importance of optimism and goal adjustment. Journal of Personality, 74, 1721–1747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riolli, L., & Savicki, V. (2003). Information system organizational resilience. Omega: International Journal of Management Science, 31, 227–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, M. M. (1997). Hardiness, stress, temperament, coping and burnout in health professionals. American Journal of Health Behavior, 21, 163–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarni, C. (1999). The development of emotional competence. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarni, C. (2000). Emotional competence. A developmental perspective. In R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence. Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace (pp. 68–91). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Enzman, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice. A critical analysis. London: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55, 169–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, I. E., & Wilhem, S. A. (2007). An alternative conceptualization for constraint and accommodation. Leisure Sciences, 29, 391–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer, R. (2001). Stress, resources and proactive coping. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 400–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, S. F., Urizar, G., & Evans, G. D. (2000). Applying a stress-coping model of burnout and depression in extension agents. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 56–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segerstrom, S. C. (2007). Optimism and resources: Effects on each other and on health over 10 years. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 772–786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1998). Positive social science. APA monitor, 29(4), 2, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 216–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2011). The role of appraisal and emotion in coping and adaptation. In R. J. Contrada & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science (pp. 195–208). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R. (2001). Coping with stress: Effective people and processes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundstrom, E., DeMeuse, K., & Futrell, D. (1990). Work teams: Applications and effectiveness. American Psychologist, 45, 120–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villa-George, F. I., Moreno-JimĂ©nez, B., RodrĂ­guez-Muñoz, A., & Villalpando Uribe, J. (2011). Factorial validity of the Job Expectations Questionnaire in a sample of Mexican workers. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 1010–1017.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Autonoma University Madrid, C/Ivan Pavlov 6, 28 049, Madrid, Spain

    Eva Garrosa

  2. Health and Biological Psychology Department, Autonoma University Madrid, C/Ivan Pavlov 6, 28 049, Madrid, Spain

    Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez

Authors
  1. Eva Garrosa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eva Garrosa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Peter-Merian-Str. 58, Basel, 4002, Switzerland

    Sabine Bährer-Kohler

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Garrosa, E., Moreno-Jiménez, B. (2013). Burnout and Active Coping with Emotional Resilience. In: Bährer-Kohler, S. (eds) Burnout for Experts. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4391-9_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation