Abstract
This chapter first discusses the prevalence of alcohol use and the patterns of alcohol use in different countries worldwide. Criteria for alcohol use disorders (AUDs; alcohol abuse and dependence) are described. The acute and chronic effects of alcohol on the human peripheral and central nervous system are outlined. Unintentional and intentional injuries due to alcohol use are a considerable part of the disease burden of alcohol use, and comprise traffic accidents, alcohol poisoning, cancer, and liver disorders. Chronic heavy alcohol use is associated with negative health effects such as gastrointestinal abnormalities, and with structural and functional brain abnormalities. These negative health effects are higher when heavier alcohol use is present. Negative effects on cognitive functions have been reported for heavy alcohol use, but results are less evident for moderate alcohol use. The potential beneficial effects of light alcohol use (mostly defined as a maximum of 7 drinks per week, spread evenly) are suggested to have some health benefits. Risk factors associated with AUDs are discussed at the genetic, psychological, and environmental level. Effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for AUDs are outlined.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Unger RW. Beer in the middle ages and the renaissance. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2007.
Patrick CH. Alcohol, culture, and society. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 1952. Reprint edition by AMS Press, New York, 1970 edn.
Abel EL. The gin epidemic: much ado about what? Alcohol Alcohol. 2001;36(5):401–5.
Grant BF, Moore TC, Shepard J, Kaplan K. Source and accuracy statement: Wave 1 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2003.
World Health Organisation. Country Reports. 2004. http://www.eurocare org/resources/country_profiles. Accessed 7 Nov 2008.
Greenfield TK. Ways of measuring drinking patterns and thedifference they make: experience with graduated frequencies. J Subst Abuse. 2000;12:33–49.
World Health Organisation. Global status report on alcohol 2004. Geneva: World Health Organisation Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse; 2004.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994.
Sher KJ, Gotham HJ. Pathological alcohol involvement: a developmental disorder of young adulthood. Dev Psychopathol. 1999;11:933–56.
Grant BF, Harford TC, Muthen BO, Yi HY, Hasin DS, Stinson FS. DSM-IV alcohol dependence and abuse: further evidence of validity in the general population. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;86(2–3):154–66.
Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Ruan WJ, Pickering RP. Co-occurrence of 12-month alcohol and drug use disorders and personality disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(4):361–8.
Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, Chou SP, Dufour MC, Pickering RP. The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;74(3):223–34.
Alonso J, Lepine JP. Overview of key data from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD). J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68 Suppl 2:3–9.
Cnossen S. Alcohol taxation and regulation in the European Union. The Netherlands, The Hague: CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis; 2006. Report No.: 76.
Kim JH, Lee S, Chow J, Lau J, Tsang A, Choi J, et al. Prevalence and the factors associated with binge drinking, alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence: a population-based study of Chinese adults in Hong Kong. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008;43(3):360–70.
Neumark YD, Lopez-Quintero C, Grinshpoon A, Levinson D. Alcohol drinking patterns and prevalence of alcohol-abuse and dependence in the Israel National Health Survey. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2007;44(2):126–35.
Tjepkema M. Alcohol and illicit drug dependence. Health Rep. 2004;15(Suppl):9–19.
Nestler EJ. Molecular neurobiology of addiction. Am J Addict. 2001;10(3):201–17.
Nestler EJ. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2(2):119–28.
Koob GF, Le Moal M. Alcohol. In: Koob GF, Le Moal M, editors. Neurobiology of addiction. San Diego: Elsevier Academic; 2006. p. 173–241.
Vengeliene V, Bilbao A, Molander A, Spanagel R. Neuropharmacology of alcohol addiction. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154(2):299–315.
Kranzler HR, Anton RF. Implications of recent neuropsychopharmacologic research for understanding the etiology and development of alcoholism. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994;62(6):1116–26.
Jia F, Pignataro L, Harrison NL. GABAA receptors in the thalamus: alpha4 subunit expression and alcohol sensitivity. Alcohol. 2007;41(3):177–85.
Korpi ER. Role of GABAA receptors in the actions of alcohol and in alcoholism: recent advances. Alcohol Alcohol. 1994;29(2):115–29.
Lovinger DM, White G, Weight FF. Ethanol inhibition of neuronal glutamate receptor function. Ann Med. 1990;22(4):247–52.
Weight FF. Cellular and molecular physiology of alcohol actions in the nervous system. Int Rev Neurobiol. 1992;33:289–348.
Nagy J. Alcohol related changes in regulation of NMDA receptor functions. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2008;6(1):39–54.
Fromme K, D’Amico EJ. Neurobiological bases of alcohol’s psychological effects. In: Leonard KE, Blane HT, editors. Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism.New York: Guilford Press; 1999. p. 422–55.
Tsai G, Gastfriend DR, Coyle JT. The glutamatergic basis of human alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(3):332–40.
Roehrs T, Beare D, Zorick F, Roth T. Sleepiness and ethanol effects on simulated driving. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994;18(1):154–8.
Zador PL, Krawchuk SA, Voas RB. Alcohol-related relative risk of driver fatalities and driver involvement in fatal crashes in relation to driver age and gender: an update using 1996 data. J Stud Alcohol. 2000;61(3):387–95.
Zador PL. Alcohol-related relative risk of fatal driver injuries in relation to driver age and sex. J Stud Alcohol. 1991;52(4):302–10.
Rehm J, Monteiro M. Alcohol consumption and burden of disease in the Americas: implications for alcohol policy. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2005;18(4–5):241–8.
Rehm J, Taylor B, Patra J. Volume of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking and burden of disease in the European region 2002. Addiction. 2006;101(8):1086–95.
Rehm J, Giesbrecht N, Patra J, Roerecke M. Estimating chronic disease deaths and hospitalizations due to alcohol use in Canada in 2002: implications for policy and prevention strategies. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006;3(4):A121.
Rehm J, Taylor B, Room R. Global burden of disease from alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2006;25(6):503–13.
Gmel G, Rehm J. Harmful alcohol use. Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27(1):52–62.
Bye EK. Alcohol and violence: use of possible confounders in a time-series analysis. Addiction. 2007;102(3):369–76.
Caetano R, McGrath C, Ramisetty-Mikler S, Field CA. Drinking, alcohol problems and the five-year recurrence and incidence of male to female and female to male partner violence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29(1):98–106.
Bushman BJ, Cooper HM. Effects of alcohol on human aggression: an integrative research review. Psychol Bull. 1990;107(3):341–54.
Kotwica M, Czerczak S. Acute poisonings registered since 1970: trends and characteristics. Analysis of the files collected in the National Poison Information Centre, Lodz, Poland. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2007;20(1):38–43.
Stickley A, Leinsalu M, Andreev E, Razvodovsky Y, Vagero D, McKee M. Alcohol poisoning in Russia and the countries in the European part of the former Soviet Union, 1970–2002. Eur J Public Health. 2007;17(5):444–9.
Anderson P, Baumberg B. Alcohol in Europe: a public health perspective: a report for the European Commission. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies; 2006.
Room R, Babor T, Rehm J. Alcohol and public health. Lancet. 2005;365(9458):519–30.
Norstrom T, Ramstedt M. Mortality and population drinking: a review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2005;24(6):537–47.
Koppes LL, Twisk JW, Van MW, Snel J, Kemper HC. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between alcohol consumption and lipids, blood pressure and body weight indices. J Stud Alcohol. 2005;66(6):713–21.
Koppes LL, Dekker JM, Hendriks HF, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(3):719–25.
Sierksma A, Van der Gaag MS, van TA, James RW, Hendriks HF. Kinetics of HDL cholesterol and paraoxonase activity in moderate alcohol consumers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(9):1430–5.
Elkind MS, Sciacca R, Boden-Albala B, Rundek T, Paik MC, Sacco RL. Moderate alcohol consumption reduces risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study. Stroke. 2006;37(1):13–9.
Pfefferbaum A, Rosenbloom M, Deshmukh A, Sullivan E. Sex differences in the effects of alcohol on brain structure. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(2):188–97.
Chanraud S, Martelli C, Delain F, Kostogianni N, Douaud G, Aubin HJ, et al. Brain morphometry and cognitive performance in detoxified alcohol-dependents with preserved psychosocial functioning. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32(2):429–38.
Fein G, Di S, Cardenas VA, Goldmann H, Tolou-Shams M, Meyerhoff DJ. Cortical gray matter loss in treatment-naive alcohol dependent individuals. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(4):558–64.
Durazzo TC, Cardenas VA, Studholme C, Weiner MW, Meyerhoff DJ. Non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers: effects of chronic cigarette smoking on brain structure. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;87(1):76–82.
Cardenas VA, Studholme C, Meyerhoff DJ, Song E, Weiner MW. Chronic active heavy drinking and family history of problem drinking modulate regional brain tissue volumes. Psychiatry Res. 2005;138(2):115–30.
Jang DP, Namkoong K, Kim JJ, Park S, Kim IY, Kim SI, et al. The relationship between brain morphometry and neuropsychological performance in alcohol dependence. Neurosci Lett. 2007;428(1):21–6.
Mechtcheriakov S, Brenneis C, Egger K, Koppelstaetter F, Schocke M, Marksteiner J. A widespread distinct pattern of cerebral atrophy in patients with alcohol addiction revealed by voxel-based morphometry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(6):610–4.
Taki Y, Kinomura S, Sato K, Goto R, Inoue K, Okada K, et al. Both global gray matter volume and regional gray matter volume negatively correlate with lifetime alcohol intake in non-alcohol-dependent Japanese men: a volumetric analysis and a voxel-based morphometry. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(6):1045–50.
Gazdzinski S, Durazzo TC, Weiner MW, Meyerhoff DJ. Are treated alcoholics representative of the entire population with alcohol use disorders? A magnetic resonance study of brain injury. Alcohol. 2008;42(2):67–76.
Gazdzinski S, Durazzo TC, Studholme C, Song E, Banys P, Meyerhoff DJ. Quantitative brain MRI in alcohol dependence: preliminary evidence for effects of concurrent chronic cigarette smoking on regional brain volumes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29(8):1484–95.
Gazdzinski S, Durazzo T, Jahng GH, Ezekiel F, Banys P, Meyerhoff D. Effects of chronic alcohol dependence and chronic cigarette smoking on cerebral perfusion: a preliminary magnetic resonance study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(6):947–58.
Sachdev PS, Chen X, Wen W, Anstry KJ. Light to moderate alcohol use is associated with increased cortical gray matter in middle-aged men: a voxel-based morphometric study. Psychiatry Res. 2008;163(1):61–9.
Blizard DA, Vandenbergh DJ, Jefferson AL, Chatlos CD, Vogler GP, McClearn GE. Effects of periadolescent ethanol exposure on alcohol preference in two BALB substrains. Alcohol. 2004;34(2–3):177–85.
Schulteis G, Archer C, Tapert SF, Frank LR. Intermittent binge alcohol exposure during the periadolescent period induces spatial working memory deficits in young adult rats. Alcohol. 2008;42(6):459–67.
Crews FT, Mdzinarishvili A, Kim D, He J, Nixon K. Neurogenesis in adolescent brain is potently inhibited by ethanol. Neuroscience. 2006;137(2):437–45.
Crews FT, Nixon K. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration in alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009;44(2):115–27.
Crews F, He J, Hodge C. Adolescent cortical development: a critical period of vulnerability for addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2007;86(2):189–99.
Monti PM, Miranda Jr R, Nixon K, Sher KJ, Swartzwelder HS, Tapert SF, et al. Adolescence: booze, brains, and behavior. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29(2):207–20.
De B, Narasimhan A, Thatcher DL, Keshavan MS, Soloff P, Clark DB. Prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and cerebellar volumes in adolescents and young adults with adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders and comorbid mental disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29(9):1590–600.
De B, Van VE, Hooper SR, Gibler N, Nelson L, Hege SG, et al. Diffusion tensor measures of the corpus callosum in adolescents with adolescent onset alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(3):395–404.
De Bellis MD, Clark DB, Beers SR, Soloff PH, Boring AM, Hall J, et al. Hippocampal volume in adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(5):737–44.
Benegal V, Antony G, Venkatasubramanian G, Jayakumar PN. Gray matter volume abnormalities and externalizing symptoms in subjects at high risk for alcohol dependence. Addict Biol. 2007;12(1):122–32.
Hill SY, De B, Keshavan MS, Lowers L, Shen S, Hall J, et al. Right amygdala volume in adolescent and young adult offspring from families at high risk for developing alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(11):894–905.
McGuire LC, Ajani UA, Ford ES. Cognitive functioning in late life: the impact of moderate alcohol consumption. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(2):93–9.
Stampfer MJ, Kang JH, Chen J, Cherry R, Grodstein F. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(3):245–53.
Reid MC, Van Ness PH, Hawkins KA, Towle V, Concato J, Guo Z. Light to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with better cognitive function among older male veterans receiving primary care. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2006;19(2):98–105.
Ngandu T, Helkala EL, Soininen H, Winblad B, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A, et al. Alcohol drinking and cognitive functions: findings from the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;23(3):140–9.
Parsons OA, Nixon SJ. Cognitive functioning in sober social drinkers: a review of the research since 1986. J Stud Alcohol. 1998;59(2):180–90.
Friend KB, Malloy PF, Sindelar HA. The effects of chronic nicotine and alcohol use on neurocognitive function. Addict Behav. 2005;30(1):193–202.
Durazzo TC, Rothlind JC, Gazdzinski S, Banys P, Meyerhoff DJ. A comparison of neurocognitive function in nonsmoking and chronically smoking short-term abstinent alcoholics. Alcohol. 2006;39(1):1–11.
Goudriaan AE, Oosterlaan J, de BE, Van den BW. Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling: a comparison with alcohol dependence, Tourette syndrome and normal controls. Addiction. 2006;101(4):534–47.
Liappas I, Theotoka I, Kapaki E, Ilias I, Paraskevas GP, Soldatos CR. Neuropsychological assessment of cognitive function in chronic alcohol-dependent patients and patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In Vivo. 2007;21(6):1115–8.
Giancola PR, Moss HB. Executive cognitive functioning in alcohol use disorders. Recent Dev Alcohol. 1998;14:227–51.
Victor M, Adams RD, Collins GH. The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. A clinical and pathological study of 245 patients, 82 with post-mortem examinations. Contemp Neurol Ser. 1971;7:1–206.
Victor M. Persistent altered mentation due to ethanol. Neurol Clin. 1993;11(3):639–61.
Victor M. Alcoholic dementia. Can J Neurol Sci. 1994;21(2):88–99.
Hesselbrock VM, Hesselbrock MN. Are there empirically supported and clinically useful subtypes of alcohol dependence? Addiction. 2006;101 Suppl 1:97–103.
Gratzer D, Levitan RD, Sheldon T, Toneatto T, Rector NA, Goering P. Lifetime rates of alcoholism in adults with anxiety, depression, or co-morbid depression/anxiety: a community survey of Ontario. J Affect Disord. 2004;79(1–3):209–15.
Weitzman ER. Poor mental health, depression, and associations with alcohol consumption, harm, and abuse in a national sample of young adults in college. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(4):269–77.
Jackson KM, Sher KJ. Alcohol use disorders and psychological distress: a prospective state-trait analysis. J Abnorm Psychol. 2003;112(4):599–613.
Elkins IJ, King SM, McGue M, Iacono WG. Personality traits and the development of nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drug disorders: prospective links from adolescence to young adulthood. J Abnorm Psychol. 2006;115(1):26–39.
James LM, Taylor J. Impulsivity and negative emotionality associated with substance use problems and Cluster B personality in college students. Addict Behav. 2007;32(4):714–27.
Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Rooke SE, Schutte NS. Alcohol involvement and the Five-Factor model of personality: a meta-analysis. J Drug Educ. 2007;37(3):277–94.
Mortensen EL, Jensen HH, Sanders SA, Reinisch JM. Associations between volume of alcohol consumption and social status, intelligence, and personality in a sample of young adult Danes. Scand J Psychol. 2006;47(5):387–98.
Bjork JM, Hommer DW, Grant SJ, Danube C. Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: relation to control subjects and type 1-/type 2-like traits. Alcohol. 2004;34(2–3):133–50.
Chen AC, Porjesz B, Rangaswamy M, Kamarajan C, Tang Y, Jones KA, et al. Reduced frontal lobe activity in subjects with high impulsivity and alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31(1):156–65.
Dom G, Hulstijn W, Sabbe B. Differences in impulsivity and sensation seeking between early- and late-onset alcoholics. Addict Behav. 2006;31(2):298–308.
MacKillop J, Mattson RE, Anderson Mackillop EJ, Castelda BA, Donovick PJ. Multidimensional assessment of impulsivity in undergraduate hazardous drinkers and controls. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007;68(6):785–8.
Magid V, Maclean MG, Colder CR. Differentiating between sensation seeking and impulsivity through their mediated relations with alcohol use and problems. Addict Behav. 2007;32(10):2046–61.
Bottlender M, Preuss UW, Soyka M. Association of personality disorders with Type A and Type B alcoholics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;256(1):55–61.
Compton WM, Conway KP, Stinson FS, Colliver JD, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM-IV antisocial personality syndromes and alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(6):677–85.
Thatcher DL, Cornelius JR, Clark DB. Adolescent alcohol use disorders predict adult borderline personality. Addict Behav. 2005;30(9):1709–24.
Stepp SD, Trull TJ, Sher KJ. Borderline personality features predict alcohol use problems. J Personal Disord. 2005;19(6):711–22.
Tragesser SL, Sher KJ, Trull TJ, Park A. Personality disorder symptoms, drinking motives, and alcohol use and consequences: cross-sectional and prospective mediation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;15(3):282–92.
Slutske WS, Heath AC, Madden PA, Bucholz KK, Statham DJ, Martin NG. Personality and the genetic risk for alcohol dependence. J Abnorm Psychol. 2002;111(1):124–33.
Loukas A, Krull JL, Chassin L, Carle AC. The relation of personality to alcohol abuse/dependence in a high-risk sample. J Personal. 2000;68(6):1153–75.
Puttler LI, Zucker RA, Fitzgerald HE, Bingham CR. Behavioral outcomes among children of alcoholics during the early and middle childhood years: familial subtype variations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(9):1962–72.
Sher KJ, Bartholow BD, Wood MD. Personality and substance use disorders: a prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(5):818–29.
Schuckit MA. Biological, psychological and environmental predictors of the alcoholism risk: a longitudinal study. J Stud Alcohol. 1998;59(5):485–94.
Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Newman DL, Silva PA. Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disorders. Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(11):1033–9.
Hill SY, Shen S, Lowers L, Locke J. Factors predicting the onset of adolescent drinking in families at high risk for developing alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48(4):265–75.
Hussong AM. Social influences in motivated drinking among college students. Psychol Addict Behav. 2003;17(2):142–50.
Jackson CP, Matthews G. The prediction of habitual alcohol use from alcohol related expectancies and personality. Alcohol Alcohol. 1988;23(4):305–14.
Edward AM, Schork MA, Harburg E, Moll PP, Burns TL, Ozgoren F. Sources of variability in quantitative levels of alcohol use in a total community: sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates. Int J Epidemiol. 1986;15(1):82–90.
Dawson DA, Grant BF, Stinson FS, Chou PS. Maturing out of alcohol dependence: the impact of transitional life events. J Stud Alcohol. 2006;67(2):195–203.
Dawson DA, Grant BF, Stinson FS, Chou PS. Psychopathology associated with drinking and alcohol use disorders in the college and general adult populations. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;77(2):139–50.
Dawson DA, Grant BF, Stinson FS, Chou PS, Huang B, Ruan WJ. Recovery from DSM-IV alcohol dependence: United States, 2001-2002. Addiction. 2005;100(3):281–92.
Bierut LJ, Schuckit MA, Hesselbrock V, Reich T. Co-occurring risk factors for alcohol dependence and habitual smoking. Alcohol Res Health. 2000;24(4):233–41.
Kendler KS, Schmitt E, Aggen SH, Prescott CA. Genetic and environmental influences on alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, and nicotine use from early adolescence to middle adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(6):674–82.
Agrawal A, Hinrichs AL, Dunn G, Bertelsen S, Dick DM, Saccone SF, et al. Linkage scan for quantitative traits identifies new regions of interest for substance dependence in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;93(1–2):12–20.
Black DW, Monahan PO, Temkit M, Shaw M. A family study of pathological gambling. Psychiatry Res. 2006;141(3):295–303.
McGue M. A behavioral-genetic perspective on children of alcoholics. Alcohol Health Res World. 1997;21(3):210–7.
Bierut LJ, Saccone NL, Rice JP, Goate A, Foroud T, Edenberg H, et al. Defining alcohol-related phenotypes in humans. The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Alcohol Res Health. 2002;26(3):208–13.
Reich T, Edenberg HJ, Goate A, Williams JT, Rice JP, Van EP, et al. Genome-wide search for genes affecting the risk for alcohol dependence. Am J Med Genet. 1998;81(3):207–15.
Peng GS, Chen YC, Tsao TP, Wang MF, Yin SJ. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic basis for partial protection against alcoholism in Asians, heterozygous for the variant ALDH2*2 gene allele. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007;17(10):845–55.
Scott DM, Taylor RE. Health-related effects of genetic variations of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in African Americans. Alcohol Res Health. 2007;30(1):18–21.
Kramer JR, Chan G, Dick DM, Kuperman S, Bucholz KK, Edenberg HJ, et al. Multiple-domain predictors of problematic alcohol use in young adulthood. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2008;69(5):649–59.
Bauer LO, Covault J, Harel O, Das S, Gelernter J, Anton R, et al. Variation in GABRA2 predicts drinking behavior in project MATCH subjects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31(11):1780–7.
Lind PA, MacGregor S, Agrawal A, Montgomery GW, Heath AC, Martin NG, et al. The role of GABRA2 in alcohol dependence, smoking, and illicit drug use in an Australian population sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(10):1721–31.
Lind PA, MacGregor S, Montgomery GW, Heath AC, Martin NG, Whitfield JB. Effects of GABRA2 variation on physiological, psychomotor and subjective responses in the alcohol challenge twin study. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2008;11(2):174–82.
Haughey HM, Ray LA, Finan P, Villanueva R, Niculescu M, Hutchison KE. Human gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor alpha2 gene moderates the acute effects of alcohol and brain mRNA expression. Genes Brain Behav. 2008;7(4):447–54.
Covault J, Gelernter J, Jensen K, Anton R, Kranzler HR. Markers in the 5′-region of GABRG1 associate to alcohol dependence and are in linkage disequilibrium with markers in the adjacent GABRA2 gene. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(4):837–48.
Enoch MA, Hodgkinson CA, Yuan Q, Albaugh B, Virkkunen M, Goldman D. GABRG1 and GABRA2 as independent predictors for alcoholism in two populations. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34(5):1245–54.
Bowirrat A, Oscar-Berman M. Relationship between dopaminergic neurotransmission, alcoholism, and Reward Deficiency syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005;132B(1):29–37.
Edenberg HJ, Foroud T. The genetics of alcoholism: identifying specific genes through family studies. Addict Biol. 2006;11(3–4):386–96.
Kohnke MD. Approach to the genetics of alcoholism: a review based on pathophysiology. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008;75(1):160–77.
Soyka M, Preuss UW, Hesselbrock V, Zill P, Koller G, Bondy B. GABA-A2 receptor subunit gene (GABRA2) polymorphisms and risk for alcohol dependence. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42(3):184–91.
Enoch MA, Schuckit MA, Johnson BA, Goldman D. Genetics of alcoholism using intermediate phenotypes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003;27(2):169–76.
Hutchison KE, McGeary J, Smolen A, Bryan A, Swift RM. The DRD4 VNTR polymorphism moderates craving after alcohol consumption. Health Psychol. 2002;21(2):139–46.
Filbey FM, Ray L, Smolen A, Claus ED, Audette A, Hutchison KE. Differential neural response to alcohol priming and alcohol taste cues is associated with DRD4 VNTR and OPRM1 genotypes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(7):1113–23.
Paulus MP, Tapert SF, Schuckit MA. Neural activation patterns of methamphetamine-dependent subjects during decision making predict relapse. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(7):761–8.
Kosten TR, Scanley BE, Tucker KA, Oliveto A, Prince C, Sinha R, et al. Cue-induced brain activity changes and relapse in cocaine-dependent patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(3):644–50.
Wrase J, Makris N, Braus DF, Mann K, Smolka MN, Kennedy DN, et al. Amygdala volume associated with alcohol abuse relapse and craving. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(9):1179–84.
Jacob T, Waterman B, Heath A, True W, Bucholz KK, Haber R, et al. Genetic and environmental effects on offspring alcoholism: new insights using an offspring-of-twins design. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(12):1265–72.
Chassin L, Rogosch F, Barrera M. Substance use and symptomatology among adolescent children of alcoholics. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(4):449–63.
Chassin L, Pitts SC, DeLucia C, Todd M. A longitudinal study of children of alcoholics: predicting young adult substance use disorders, anxiety, and depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 1999;108(1):106–19.
Ellis DA, Zucker RA, Fitzgerald HE. The role of family influences in development and risk. Alcohol Health Res World. 1997;21:218–26.
Spijkerman R, van den Eijnden RJ, Huiberts A. Socioeconomic differences in alcohol-specific parenting practices and adolescents’ drinking patterns. Eur Addict Res. 2008;14(1):26–37.
Zundert V, Van d V, Vermulst AA, Engels RC. Pathways to alcohol use among Dutch students in regular education and education for adolescents with behavioral problems: the role of parental alcohol use, general parenting practices, and alcohol-specific parenting practices. J Fam Psychol. 2006;20(3):456–67.
Patock-Peckham JA, Cheong J, Balhorn ME, Nagoshi CT. A social learning perspective: a model of parenting styles, self-regulation, perceived drinking control, and alcohol use and problems. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25:1284–92.
Adalbjarnardottir S, Hafsteinsson LG. Adolescents’ perceived parenting styles and their substance use: concurrent and longitudinal analyses. J Res Adolesc. 2001;11:401–23.
Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Miller JY. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):64–105.
Bahr SJ, Hoffmann JP, Yang X. Parental and peer influences on the risk of adolescent drug use. J Prim Prev. 2005;26(6):529–51.
Borsari B, Carey KB. How the quality of peer relationships influences college alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2006;25(4):361–70.
Dick DM, Pagan JL, Viken R, Purcell S, Kaprio J, Pulkkinen L, et al. Changing environmental influences on substance use across development. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2007;10(2):315–26.
Read JP, Wood MD, Capone C. A prospective investigation of relations between social influences and alcohol involvement during the transition into college. J Stud Alcohol. 2005;66(1):23–34.
Westling E, Andrews JA, Hampson SE, Peterson M. Pubertal timing and substance use: the effects of gender, parental monitoring and deviant peers. J Adolesc Health. 2008;42(6):555–63.
Ellickson SL, Tucker JS, Klein DJ, McGuigan KA. Prospective risk factors for alcohol misuse in late adolescence. J Stud Alcohol. 2001;62(6):773–82.
Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ, Horwood L. Childhood peer relationship problems and young people’s involvement with deviant peers in adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1999;27:357–69.
Li F, Duncan TE, Hops H. Examining developmental trajectories in adolescent alcohol use using piecewise growth mixture modeling analysis. J Stud Alcohol. 2001;62(2):199–210.
Miller NS, Gold MS. Management of withdrawal syndromes and relapse prevention in drug and alcohol dependence. Am Fam Physician. 1998;58(1):139–46.
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). A Guide to Substance Abuse Services for Primary Care Clinicians. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 1997. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 24.) Appendix A—Pharmacotherapy.
Daeppen JB, Gache P, Landry U, Sekera E, Schweizer V, Gloor S, Yersin B. Symptom-triggered vs fixed-schedule doses of benzodiazepine for alcohol withdrawal: a randomized treatment trial. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(10):1117–21.
Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, Cheng C, King D. Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. CMAJ. 1999b;160(5):649–55.
Mayo-Smith MF. Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. A meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal. JAMA. 1997;278(2):144–51.
Saitz R, Friedman LS, Mayo-Smith MF. Alcohol withdrawal: a nationwide survey of inpatient treatment practices. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10(9):479–87.
Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, Cheng C, King D. Diagnosis and management of acute alcohol withdrawal. CMAJ. 1999a;160(5):675–80.
Mayo-Smith MF. Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. A meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal. JAMA. 1997;278(2):144–51.
Mundt MP. Analyzing the costs and benefits of brief intervention. Alcohol Res Health. 2006;29(1):34–6.
Fleming MF, Mundt MP, French MT, Manwell LB, Stauffacher EA, Barry KL. Brief physician advice for problem drinkers: long-term efficacy and benefit-cost analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(1):36–43.
Grossberg PM, Brown DD, Fleming MF. Brief physician advice for high-risk drinking among young adults. Ann Fam Med. 2004;2(5):474–80.
Prendergast M, Podus D, Finney J, Greenwell L, Roll J. Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2006;101(11):1546–60.
Miller WR, Wilbourne PL, Hettema JE. What works? A summary of treatment outcome research. Handbook of alcoholism treatment approaches: effective alternatives. 3rd ed. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 2003. p. 13–63.
McCrady BS. Alcohol use disorders and the Division 12 Task Force of the American Psychological Association. Psychol Addict Behav. 2000;14(3):267–76.
Bennett GA, Withers J, Thomas PW, Higgins DS, Bailey J, Parry L, et al. A randomised trial of early warning signs relapse prevention training in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Addict Behav. 2005;30(6):1111–24.
Walsh DC, Hingson RW, Merrigan DM, Levenson SM, Cupples LA, Heeren T, et al. A randomized trial of treatment options for alcohol-abusing workers. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(11):775–82.
Ouimette PC, Finney JW, Moos RH. Twelve-step and cognitive–behavioral treatment for substance abuse: a comparison of treatment effectiveness. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65(2):230–40.
Wu J, Witkiewitz K. Network support for drinking: an application of multiple groups growth mixture modeling to examine client-treatment matching. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2008;69(1):21–9.
Kaskutas LA. Alcoholics anonymous effectiveness: faith meets science. J Addict Dis. 2009;28(2):145–57.
Powers MB, Vedel E, Emmelkamp PM. Behavioral couples therapy (BCT) for alcohol and drug use disorders: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(6):952–62.
Garbutt JC. The state of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcohol dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2009;36(1):S15–23.
Mason BJ. Acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005;6(12):2103–15.
Mason BJ, Crean R. Acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: clinical and economic considerations. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007;7(11):1465–77.
Anton RF, O’Malley SS, Ciraulo DA, Cisler RA, Couper D, Donovan DM, et al. Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295(17):2003–17.
Anton RF. Pharmacologic approaches to the management of alcoholism. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 20:11–7.
Roozen HG, de WR, van der Windt DA, van den BW, de Jong CA, Kerkhof AJ. A systematic review of the effectiveness of naltrexone in the maintenance treatment of opioid and alcohol dependence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;16(5):311–23.
Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, Wiegand F, Mao L, Beyers K, et al. Topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298(14):1641–51.
Johnson BA. Recent advances in the development of treatments for alcohol and cocaine dependence: focus on topiramate and other modulators of GABA or glutamate function. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(10):873–96.
Ma JZ, It-Daoud N, Johnson BA. Topiramate reduces the harm of excessive drinking: implications for public health and primary care. Addiction. 2006;101(11):1561–8.
Addolorato G, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Cardone S, Vonghia L, Mirijello A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet. 2007;370(9603):1915–22.
Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, Domenicali M, Bernardi M, Janiri L, et al. Baclofen efficacy in reducing alcohol craving and intake: a preliminary double-blind randomized controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002;37(5):504–8.
Garbutt JC, Kampov-Polevoy AB, Gallop R, Kalka-Juhl L, Flannery BA. Efficacy and safety of baclofen for alcohol dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34(11):1849–57.
Leggio L, Garbutt JC, Addolorato G. Effectiveness and safety of baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependent patients. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2010;9(1):33–44.
Brewer C. Controlled trials of Antabuse in alcoholism: the importance of supervision and adequate dosage. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1992;369:51–8.
Chick J. Safety issues concerning the use of disulfiram in treating alcohol dependence. Drug Saf. 1999;20(5):427–35.
Fuller RK, Gordis E. Does disulfiram have a role in alcoholism treatment today? Addiction. 2004;99(1):21–4.
Ehrenreich H, Krampe H. Does disulfiram have a role in alcoholism treatment today? Not to forget about disulfiram’s psychological effects. Addiction. 2004;99(1):26–7.
Poikolainen K. The disulfiram-ethanol reaction (DER) experience. Addiction. 2004;99(1):26–8.
Chick J. Disulfiram: cautions on liver function; how to supervise. Addiction. 2004;99(1):25–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goudriaan, A.E., Sher, K.J. (2012). Alcohol. In: Verster, J., Brady, K., Galanter, M., Conrod, P. (eds) Drug Abuse and Addiction in Medical Illness. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3375-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3375-0_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3374-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3375-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)