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The “Why(s)” of Criminal Behavior in Juveniles: The Long and the Short of It

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Handbook of Juvenile Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry

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Abstract

The USA and the Russian Federation have been competing with each other for what appears to be a rather dubious leadership in having the highest number of prisoners per 100,000 people (Walmsley 2008), with the USA being a clear first (756 in 2008), and Russia—the leader of a cluster (629 in 2008) formed primarily by developing nations (e.g., Rwanda—604, St. Kitts and Nevis—588, Cuba—531, U.S. Virgin Islands—512, with the rest of the countries falling below and far below 500; 59% of the countries had less than 150 prisoners per 100,000 people). This trend is replicated in the juvenile justice systems as well, with USA and Russia detaining and/or incarcerating the largest number of juveniles per capita in the world.

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Notes

  1. 1.

     To carry out such searches, typically, the genome is ­covered with a large set of highly polymorphic, multi-allelic (so-called short tandem repeat polymorphisms, or STRPs) or di-allelic (so-called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs) genetic markers.

  2. 2.

     To acknowledge specifics of chromosomal architecture, a special nomenclature was introduced. In this nomenclature, the first number indicates the number of a particular chromosome (e.g., 1), the letter signifies a particular chromosomal arm (p for short, and q for long arms; e.g., 1q points to the long arm of chromosome 1), and subsequent numbers designate a specific cytological band in which a marker or a signal of interest resides (e.g., 1q32.1, where 32.1 is a specific cytological location on the long arm of chromosome 1).

  3. 3.

     There is a consistent nomenclature for genes coding for proteins functioning as neurotransmitters. All such genes have the SLC6 (solute carrier family 6) abbreviation in them and then a letter indicating type and number of the associated protein (e.g., A3).

  4. 4.

     These proteins are functional in the regulation of neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerves and from adrenergic neurons in the central nervous system.

  5. 5.

     A regulatory region of DNA generally located upstream of a gene (i.e., outside of the gene, prior to its first coding unit); this region generally promotes transcription of the gene.

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Grigorenko, E.L. (2012). The “Why(s)” of Criminal Behavior in Juveniles: The Long and the Short of It. In: Grigorenko, E. (eds) Handbook of Juvenile Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0905-2_3

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