Skip to main content

The Neurobiology of Developmental Disorders

  • Chapter
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology

Part of the book series: Advances in Clinical Child Psychology ((ACCP,volume 13))

  • 87 Accesses

Abstract

Developmental disorders affecting intelligence and behavior are among the most mystifying diseases of humankind. This is because they are primarily caused by abnormalities in the development of the most complex human organ, the brain. Perhaps the reason so little is understood about mental retardation, autism, childhood schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, specific learning disorders, and Tourette disorder is that very little is still understood about how a normal brain develops. The premise of this chapter is that the key to understand these illnesses is an understanding of the processes involved in neurodevelopment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Altman, J., & Bayer, S. A. (1985). Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum: 3. Regional differences in the time of origin, migration, and settling of purkinje cells. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 231, 42–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong-James, M., & Fox, K. (1988). The physiology of developing cortical neurons. In A. Peters & E. Jones (Eds.), Cerebral cortex (pp. 237–272). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • August, G. J., Steware, M. A., & Tsai, L. (1981). The incidence of cognitive disabilities in the siblings of autistic children.British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 416–422.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barde, Y. A. (1989). Trophic factors and neuronal survival.Neuron, 2, 1525–1534.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, P. G. (1987). Disorders of neuronal migration. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 14, 1–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, M., & Kemper, T. L. (1985). Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism. Neurology, 35, 866–874.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayer, S. A., & Altman, J. (1987). Directions in neurogenetic gradients and patterns of anatomical connections in the telencephalon. Progress in Neurobiology, 29, 57–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bemtson, G., & Torello, M. W. (1982). The paleocerebellum and the integration of behavioral function. Phys. Psych., 10, 2–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blomquist, H. K., Gustavson, G. H., Nordendon, I., & Palsson-Strae, U. (1983). Fragile X syndrome in mildly mentally retarded children in a northern Swedish county: A prevalence study. Clinical Genetics, 24, 393–399.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blomquist, H., Bohman, M., Edvinsson, S. O., Gillberg, C., Gustavson, H. K., Holmgren, G., & Wahlstrom, J. (1985). Frequency of the fragile X syndrome in infantile autism: A multicenter study. Clinical Genetics, 27, 113–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bregman, B. S., Kunkel-Bagden, E., McAtee, M., & O’Neill, A. (1989). Extension of the critical period for developmental plasticity of the corticospinal pathway. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 282, 355–370.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brummendorf, T, Wolff, J. M., Frank, R., & Rathjen, F. G. (1989). Neural recognition molecule Fll: Homology with fibronectin Type III and immunoglobulin Type C domains. Neuron, 2, 1351–1361.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buck, C. A., & Horwitz, A. F. (1987). Integrin, a transmembrane glycoprotein complex mediating cell-substratum adhesion. Journal of Cell Science (Suppl.), 8, 231–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., Rosenbloom, S., Perry, R., George, A. E., Kricheff, I. I., Anderson, L., Small, A. M., & Jennings, S. J. (1982). Computerized axial tomography in young autistic children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139(4), 510–512.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, M. B. (1978). Core text of neuroanatomy (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caviness, V. S. J., & Rakic, P. (1978). Mechanisms of cortical development: A view from mutations in mice. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 1, 49–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caviness, V. S. J., Crandall, J. E., & Edwards, M. A. (1988). The reeler malformation: Implications for neocortical histogenesis. In A. Peters, & E. G. Jones (Eds.), Cerebral cortex (pp. 59–90). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chess, S. (1977). Report on autism in congenital rubella. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 7, 68–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow, C. W., Halliday, J. L., Anderson, R. M., Danks, D. M., & Fortune, D. W. (1985). Congenital absence of pyramids and its significance in genetic diseases. Acta Neuropathologica, 65, 313–317.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciaranello, R. D., VandenBerg, S. R., & Anders, T. F. (1982). Intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of neuronal development: Relations to infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12 (2), 115–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Code, R. A., & Winer, J. A. (1986). Columnar organization and reciprocity of commissural connections in cat primary auditory cortex (Al). Hearing Research, 23, 205–222.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. J., Caparulo, B. K., Shaywitz, B. J., & Bowers, M. B. (1977). Dopamine and serotonin metabolism in neuropsychiatrically disturbed children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 545–550.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M., Campbell, R., & Yaghmai, F. (1989). Neuropathological abnormalities in developmental dysphasia. Annals of Neurology, 25, 567–570.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, P. D., Romano, J., Laphan, L., & Simon, W. (1985). Cell counts in cerebral cortex of an autistic patient. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 245–255.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comings, D. E. (1986). The genetics of Rett syndrome: The consequences of a disorder where every case is a new mutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 24, 383–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courchesne, E. (1987). A neurophysiological view of autism. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mexibov (Eds.), Neurobiological issues in autism (pp.285–324). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courchesne, E. Kilman, B. A., Galambos, R., & Lincoln, A. J. (1984). Autism: Processing of novel auditory information assessed by event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 59, 238–248.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Courchesne, D., Lincoln, A. J., Kilman, B. A., & Galambos, R. (1985). Event-related brain potential correlates of the processing of novel visual and auditory information in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 55–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Courchesne, E., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Press, R. A., Hesselink, J. R., & Jernigan, T. L. (1988). Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism. New England Journal of Medicine, 318, 1349–1353.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creasey, H., Rumsey, J. M., Schwartz, M., Dura, R., Rapport, J. L., & Rapport, S. I. (1986). Brain morphometry in autistic men as measurd by volumetric computed tomography. Archives of Neurology, 43, 669–672.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, J., Maurer, R. F., Damasio, A. R., & Chui, H. C. (1980). Computerized tomographic scan findings in patients with autistic behavior. Archives of Neurology, 37, 504–510.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., Warrenburg, S., & Fuller, P. (1982). Cerebral lateralization in individuals diagnosed as autistic in early childhood. Brain and Language, 15, 353–368.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., Warrenburg, S., & Fuller, P. (1983). Hemisphere functioning and motor imitation in autistic persons. Brain and Cognition, 2, 346–354.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., Finley, C., Phillips, S., & Galpert, L. (1986). Hemispheric specialization and the language abilities of autistic children.Child Development, 57, 1440–1453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desmond, M. M., Wüson, G. S., Melnick, J. L., Singer, D. B., Zion, T. E., Rudolph, A. J., Pineda, R. F., Ziai, M., & Blattner, R. J. (1967). Congenital rubella encephalitis: Course and early sequelae. Journal of Pediatrics, 71(3), 311–331.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodd, J., & Jessell, T. M. (1988). Axon guidance and the patterning of neuronal projections in vertebrates. Science, 242, 692–699.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doe, C. Q., & Scott, M. P. (1988). Segmentation and homeotic gene function in the developing nervous system of Drosophila. Trends in Neuroscience, 11, 101–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doe, C. Q., Kuwada, J. Y., & Goodman, C. S. (1985). From epithelium to neuroblasts: The role of cell interactions and cell lineage during insect neurogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 312, 67–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doe, C. Q., Hiromi, Y., Gehring, W. J., & Goodman, C. S. (1988). Expression and function of the gene fushi tarazu during Drosophila neurogenesis. Science, 239, 170–175.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duane, D. D. (1989). Neurobiologie correlates of learning disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 314–318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, G. M. (1988). Morphoregulatory molecules. Biochemistry, 27, 3533–3543.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberger, C. J., Hanaway, J., & Netsky, M. G. (1969). Embryogenesis of the inferior olivary nucleus in the rat: A radiographic study and re-evaluation of the rhombic lip. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 137, 71–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, G. R., & Ciaranello, R. D. (1987). Neurochemical hypotheses of childhood psychoses. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), Neurobiological issues in autism (pp. 245–261). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folstein, S. E., & Rutter, M. L. (1988). Autism: familial aggregation and genetic implications. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18(1), 3–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, B. J., Ritvo, E., Mason-Brothers, A., Pingree, C., Yokata, A., Jenson, W. R., McMahon, W. M., Petersen, P. B., Mo, A., & Schroth, P. (1989). Psychometric assessment of first-degree relatives of 62 autistic probands in Utah. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(3), 361–364.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, E. (1969). The “autistic syndrome” and phenylketonuria.Schizophrenia, 1, 249–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, D. O., & Metin, C. (1985). Induction of functional retinal projections to the somatosensory system. American Journal of Diseases in Children, 141, 1330–1332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaffney, G. R., Tsai, L. Y, Kuperman, S., & Minchin, S. (1987). Cerebellar structure in autism. American Journal of Diseases in Children, 141, 1330–1332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaffney, G. R., Kuperman, S., Tsai, L. Y, & Minchin, S. (1989). Forebrain structure in infantile autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 534–537.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galaburda, A. M., & Kemper, T. L. (1979). Cytoarchitectonic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia: A case report. Annals of Neurology, 6, 94–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geschwind, N., & Galaburda, A. M. (1985). Cerebral lateralization: Biological mechanism, associations and pathology. A hypothesis and a program for research. Archives of Neurology, 42, 428–459.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C., & Wahlstrom, J. (1985). Chromosome abnormalities in infantile autism and other childhood psychoses: A population study of 66 cases. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 27, 293–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C., Persson, E., & Wahlstrom, J. (1986). The autism-fragüe X syndrome (AFRAX): A population-based study of ten boys. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 30, 27–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C., Ohlson, V., Wahlstrom, J., Steffenburg, S., & Blix, K. (1988). Monozygotic female twins with autism and the fragile-X syndrome (AFRAX). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29(4), 447–451.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goffinet, A. M. (1983). The embryonic development of the cerebellum in normal and reeler mutant mice. Anatomical Embryology, 168, 73–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfine, P. E., McPherson, P. J., Heath, G. A., Hardesty, V. A., Beauregard, L. J., & Gordon, B. (1985). Association of fragile X syndrome with autism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(1), 108–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, P. S., & Nauta, W. J. H. (1977). Columnar distribution of cortico-cortical fibers in the fronal association, limbic, and motor cortex of the developing rhesus monkey. Brain Research, 122, 369–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillery, R. (1974). Visual pathways in albinos. Scientific American, 230 (5), 44–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guillery, R., Ombrellaro, M., & LaMantia, A. (1985). The organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus and of the geniculocortical pathway that develops without retinal af-ferents. Developmental Brain Research, 20, 221–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagberg, G., Aicardi, J., Dias, K., & Ramos, O. (1983). A progressive syndrome of autism, dementia, ataxia, and loss of purposeful hand use in girls: Rett’s syndrome: Report of 35 cases. Annals of Neurology, 14, 471–470.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, W. E., Chaudari, N., Sikela, J., & Owens, G. (1986). Messenger RNA and the brain. In A. Guiditta, B. B. Kaplan, & C. Zomzely-Neurath (Eds.), Role of RNA and DNA in brain function (pp. 10–22). Boston: Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F., & Harlow, M. K. (1973). Social deprivation in monkeys. In Readings from Scientific American (pp. 108–116). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrelson, A. L., & Goodman, C. S. (1988). Growth cone guidance in insects: Fasciclin II is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Science, 242, 700–708.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, W. A. (1989). Local positional cues in the neuroepithelium guide retinal axons in embryonic Xenopus brain. Nature, 339, 218–221.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He, X., Treacy, M. N., Simmons, D. M., Ingraham, H. A., Swanson, L. W., & Rosenfeld, M. G. (1989). Expression of a large family of POU-domain regulatory genes in mammalian brain development. Nature, 340, 35–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, R., Franklin, D., & Shraberg, D. (1979). Gross pathology of the cerebellum in patients diagnosed and treated as functional psychiatric disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 167, 585–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heh, C. W., Smith, R., Wu, J., Hazlett, E., Russel, A., Asamow, R., Tanguay, P., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (1989). Positron emission tomography of the cerebellum in autism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(2), 242–245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, E. W., & Sidman, R. L. (1988). Long lives for homozygous trembler mutant mice despite virtual absence of peripheral nerve myelin. Science, 241, 344–346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herbst, D. S., & Miller, J. J. (1980). Nonspecific X-linked mental retardation: 2. The frequency in British Columbia.American Journal of Medical Genetics, 7, 461–469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, W. L., & Prior, M. R. (1982). Neuropsychological dimensions of autism in children: A test of the hemispheric dysfunction hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 27–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori, A. (1988). Abnormal course of spinal posterior roots and tracts associated with brain malformations. Acta Neuropathologica, 75, 637–639.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubel, D. H. (1988). Eye, brain and vision. New York: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huether, G., Neuhoff, V., & Kaus, R. (1983). Brain development in experimental hyperphenylalaninaemia: Disturbed proliferation and reduced cell numbers in the cerebellum. Neuropediatrics, 14, 12–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hütt, C., Forrest, S. J., & Richer, J. (1975). Cardiac arrythmia and behavior in autistic children. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 51, 361–372.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Issac, M., & Best, P. (1987). Two cases of agenesis of the vermis of the cerebellum, with fusion of the dentate nuclei and cerebellar hemispheres. Acta Neuropathologica, 74, 278–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, A. L., & Barry, R. J. (1980). Respiratory and vascular responses to simple visual stimuli in autistics, retardates and normals. Psychophysiology, 17, 541–547.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James, A. L., & Barry, R. J. (1983). Developmental effects in the cerebral lateralization of autistic, retarded and normal children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 43–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jellinger, K., Armstrong, D., Zoghbi, H. Y., & Percy, A. K. (1988). Neuropathology of Rett syndrome. Acta Neuropathologica, 76, 142–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, K. F., & Killackey, H. P. (1984). Subcortical projections from ectopic neocortical neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 81, 964–968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeret, J. S., Serur, M. S., Wisniewski, K. E., & Lubin, R. A. (1987). Clinicopathological findings associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum.Brain and Development, 9, 255–261.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiminez, F. (1988). Genetic control of neuronal differentiation in insects. Trends in Neurological Sciences, 11, 378–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. G. (1988). Influence of ethanol on neuronal and synaptic maturation in the central nervous system: Morphological investigations. Progress in Neurobiology, 31, 171–197.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. G., Burton, H., & Porter, R. (1975). Commissural and corticocortical columns in the somatic sensory cortex of primates. Science, 190, 572–574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joubert, M., Eisenring, J. J., Robb, J. P., & Andermann, F. (1969). Familial agenesis of the cerebellar vermis: A syndrome of episodic hyperpnea, abnormal eye movements, ataxia and mental retardation. Neurology, 19, 813–825.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nerv. Child, 2, 217–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinney, H. C., Brody, B. A., Kloman, A. S., & Güles, F. H. (1988). Sequence of central nervous system myelination in human infancy: 2. Patterns of myelination in autopsied infants. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 47, 217–234.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuffler, S. W., Nicholls, J. G., & Martin, A. R. (1984). From neuron to brain. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lake, C. R., Ziegler, M. G., & Murphy, D. L. (1977). Increased norepinephrine levels and decreased dopamine ß-hydroxylase activity in primary autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 553–566.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamouroux, A., Vigny, A., Faucon-Biquet, N., Darmon, M. C., Franck, R., Henry, J. P., & Mallet, J. (1988). The primary structure of human dopamine ß-hydroxylase: Insights into the relationship between the soluble and the membrane-bound forms of the enzyme. European Molecular Biology Journal, 6, 3921–3937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemire, R. K., Loeser, J. D., Leech, R. W., & Alvord, E. C. (1975). Normal and abnormal development of the human nervous system. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, M., & Hubel, D. (1988). Segregation of form, color, movement and depth: Anatomy, physiology and perception. Science, 240, 740–749.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, T. L., Tanaka, K., Seashore, M. R., Young, J. G., & Cohen, D. J. (1980). Detection of phenylketonuria in autistic and psychotic children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 243(2), 126–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubs, H. A. (1968). A marker X chromosome. American Journal of Human Genetics, 21, 231–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden, A., & Keynes, R. (1989). Segmental patterns of neuronal development in the chick hindbrain. Nature, 337, 424–428.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luskin, M. B., Pearlman, A. L., & Sanes, J. R. (1988). Cell lineage in the cerebral cortex of the mouse studied in vivo and in vitro with a recombinant retrovirus. Neuron, 1, 635–647.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mabry, C. C., Denniston, J. C., Nelson, T. L., & Son, C. D. (1963). Maternal phenylketonuria. The New England Journal of Medicine, 269, 1404–1408.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacCulloch, M. J., & Williams, C. (1971). On the nature of infantile autism. Acta Psychi-atrica Scandinavica, 47, 295–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Machado-Salas, J. P. (1984). Abnormal dendritic patterns and aberrant spine development in Boumeville’s disease: A Golgi study. Clinical Neuropathology, 3, 52–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda, N., Niiobe, M., Inoue, Y., & Mikoshiba, K. (1989). Developmental expression and intracellular localization of P400 protein characteristic of Purkinje cells in the mouse cerebellum. Developmental Biology, 133, 67–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marin-Padilla, M. (1988). Early ontogenesis of the human cerebral cortex. In A. Peters & E. G. Jones (Eds.), Cerebral cortex (pp. 1–34). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. P., & Bell, J. A. (1943). A pedigree of mental defect showing sex-linkage. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 6, 154–157.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell, S. K. (1988). Development and decision-making in the mammalian cerebral cortex. Brain Research Reviews, 13, 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGillvray, B. C., Herbst, D. S., Dill, F. J., Sandercock, H. J., & Tischler, B. (1986). Infantile autism: An occasional manifestation of fragile X mental retardation. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 23, 353–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesulam, M. M. (1986). Patterns in behavioral neuroanatomy: Association areas, the limbic system, and hemispheric specialization. In M. M. Mesulam (Ed.), Principles of behavioral neurology. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel, A. E., & Carey, L. J. (1984). The development of dendritic spines in the human visual cortex. Human Neurobiology, 3, 223–227.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minton, J., Campbell, M., Creen, W. H., Jennings, S., & Samit, C. (1982). Cognitive assessment of siblings of autistic children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21(3), 256–261.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K. L. (1977). The developing human (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morriss-Kay, G., & Tuckett, F. (1987). Fluidity of the neural epithelium during forebrain formation in rat embryos.Journal of Cell Science (Suppl), 8, 433–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mountcastie, V. B. (1957). Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat’s somatic sensory cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 20, 408–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, J. W., Courchesne, E., Press, G. A., Yeung-Courchesne, R., & Hesselink, R. (1989). Reduced cerebellar hemisphere size and its relationship to vermal hypolasia in autism.Archives of Neurology, 46, 689–694.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naidu, S., Kitt, C. A., Wong, D. F., Price, D. L., Troncoso, J. C., & Moser, H. W. (1988). Research on Rett syndrome: Strategy and preliminary results. Journal of Child Neurology, 3(Suppl.), S78-S86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nikolic, I., & Kostovis, K. (1986). Development of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus in the human fetus: Transient presence of discrete cytoarchitectonic units. Anatomical Embryology, 174, 355–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, T. (1988). Brain development in dwarf mice. Progress in Neurobiology, 31, 149–170.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novick, B., Kurtsberg, D., & Vaughan, H. G. (1979). An electrophysiologic indication of defective information storage in childhood autism. Psychiatry Research, 1, 101–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novick, B., Vaughan, H. G., Kurtsberg, D., & Simon, R. (1980). An electrophysiologic indication of auditory processing defects in autism.Psychiatry Research, 3, 107–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, T, Baba, C., Nadashita, Y, & Hiramatsu, K. (1979). The ontogeny of functional asymmetry of EEC in preterm infants (in Japanese).No To Shindwi, 31, 1105–1110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E. M. (1985). Neurophysiology of infantile autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(3), 251–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E. M. (1989). Autism: At the interface between sensory and information processing. In G. Dawson (Ed.), Autism: Nature, diagnosis and treatment (pp. 174–207). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papadimitriou, J. M., Hockey, A., Tan, N., & Masters, C. L. (1988). Abnormal membranebound lamellated inclusions in neurons and Oligodendroglia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 29, 365–368.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parnavelas, J. G., Papadopoulos, G. C., & Cavanagh, M. E. (1988). Changes in neurotransmitters during development. In A. Peters & E. G. Jones (Eds.), Cerebral cortex. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popko, B., Puckett, C., Lai, E., Shine, H. D., Readhead, C., Takahashi, N., Hunt, S. W III., Sidman, R. L., & Hood, L. (1987). Myelin deficient mice: Expression of myelin basic protein and generation of mice with varying levels of myelin. Cell, 48, 713–721.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prior, M. R., Tress, B., Hoffman, W. L., & Boldt, D. (1984). Computed tomographic study of children with classic autism. Archives of Neurology, 41, 482–484.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purpura, D. P. (1975). Dendritic differentiation in human cerebral cortex: Normal and aberrant developmental patterns. In G. W. Kretuzberg (Ed.), Physiology and pathology of dendrites (pp. 91–116). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purves, D., & Lichtman, J. W. (1985). Principles of neural development. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakic, P. (1972). Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 145, 61–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rakic, P. (1977). Prenatal development of the visual system of the rhesus monkey. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 278, 245–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakic, P. (1988). Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science, 241, 170–176.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, A. L., Patel, S., Kumar, A. J., & Freund, L. (1988). Preliminary communication: Neuroanatomical variations of the posterior fossa in men with frame X (Martin-Bell) syndrome.American Journal of Medical Genetics, 31, 407–414.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rimland, B. (1964). Infantile autism. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E. R., Freeman, B. J., Mason-Brothers, A., Mo, A., & Ritvo, A. M. (1985). Concordance for the syndrome of autism in 46 pairs of afflicted twins. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 74–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E. R., Freeman, B. J., Schiebel, A. B., Duong, T., Robinson, H., Guthrie, D., & Ritvo, A. (1986). Lower Purkinje cell counts in the cerebellum of four autistic subjects: Initial findings of the UCLA-NSAC autopsy research report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(7), 862–866.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roessmann, U., & Hori, A. (1985). Agyria (lissencephaly) with anomalous pyramidal crossing. Journal of Neurological Science, 69, 357–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudelli, R. D., Brown, W. T., Wisniewski, K., Jenkins, E. C., Laure-Kamionowska, M., Connell, R., & Wisniewski, H. M. (1985). Adult fragile X syndrome: Clinico-neuropathologic findings. Acta Neuropathologica, 67, 289–295.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rumsey, J. M., Duara, R., Grady, C., Rapoport, J. L., Margolin, R. A., Rapoport, S. I., & Cutler, N. R. (1985). Brain metabolism in autism: Resting cerebral glucose utilization rates as measured with positron emission tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 448–455.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samat, H. B., & Alcala, H. (1980). Human cerebellar hypoplasia: A syndrome of diverse causes. Archives of Neurology, 37, 300–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schain, R. J., & Freedman, D. X. (1961). Studies on 5-hydroxyindole metabolism in autistic and other mentally retarded children. Journal of Pediatrics, 58, 315–329.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, M. L., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1986). Some callosal neurons of the fetal monkey frontal cortex have axons in the contralateral hemisphere prior to the completion of migration. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 12, 1211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M. P., & Caroll, S. B. (1987). The segmentation and homeotic gene network in early Dropsophila development. Cell, 51, 689–698.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shackelford, G. M., & Varmus, H. E. (1987). Expression of the proto-oncogene int-1 is restricted to postmeiotic male germ cells and the neural tube of mid-gestational embryos. Cell, 50, 89–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shatz, C. J. (1983). Prenatal development of the cat’s retinogeniculate pathway. Journal of Neuroscience, 3, 482–499.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shatz, C. J., Chun, J. J. M., & Luskin, M. B. (1988). The role of the subplate in the development of the mammalian telencephalon. In A. Peters & E. G. Jones (Eds.), Cerebral cortex (pp. 35–58). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smalley, S. L., Asarnow, R. R, & Spence, M. A. (1988). Autism and genetics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 953–961.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smeyne, R. J., & Goldowitz, D. (1989). Development and death of external granular layer cells in the Weaver mouse cerebellum: A quantitative study. Journal of Neuroscience, 9(5), 1608–1620.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snider, S. R. (1982). Cerebellar pathology in schizophrenia: Cause or consequence? Neuroscience and Biobehavior Review, 6, 47–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, M. A., Ritvo, E. R., Marazita, M. L., Funderburk, S. L., Sparkes, R. S., & Freeman, B. J. (1985). Gene mapping studies with the syndrome of autism. Behavior Genetics, 15, 1–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sretevan, D. W., Shatz, C. J., & Stryker, M. P. (1988). Modification of retinal ganglion cell axon morphology by prenatal infusion of tetrodotoxin. Nature, 336, 468–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanfield, B. B., & O’ Leary, D. D. M. (1985). Fetal occipital cortical neurons transplanted to the rostral cortex can extend and maintain a pyramidal tract axon. Nature, 313, 135–137.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stryker, M. P., & Harris, W. A. (1986). Binocular impulse blockade prevents the formation of ocular dominance columns in the cat visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 2117–2133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Supple, W. F., Leaton, R. N., & Fanselow, M. S. (1987). Effects of cerebellar vermal lesions on species-specific fear responses, neophobia, and taste-aversion learning in rats. Physiology & Behavior, 39, 579–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sur, M., Garraghty, P. E., & Roe, A. W. (1988). Experimentally induced visual projections into auditory thalamus and cortex.Science, 242, 1437–1441.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, G. R. (1977). Fragile sites on human chromosomes: Demonstration of their dependence on the type of tissue culture medium. Science, 197, 265–266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takashima, S., Leshima, A., Nakamura, H., & Becker, L. E. (1989). Dendrites, dementia and the Down syndrome. Brain and Development, 11, 131–133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeichi, M. (1988). The Cadherins: Cell-cell adhesion molecules controlling animal morphogenesis. Development, 102, 639–655.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G., & Jacobs, P. (1983). Marker (X)-linked mental retardation. Advances in Human Genetics, 13, 83–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G., Brookwell, R., Daniel, A., Selikowitz, M., & Zilibowitz, M. (1980). Heterozygous expression of X-linked mental retardation and X-chromosome marker fra(X)(q27). The New England Journal of Medicine, 303, 662–664.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Kooy, D., & Fishell, G. (1987). Neuronal birthdate underlies the development of striatal compartments. Brain Research, 401, 155–161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veenema, H., Geraedts, J. P. M., Beverstock, G. C., & Pearson, P. L. (1987). The fragüe X syndrome in a large family: 1. Cytogenetic and clinical investigations. Journal of Medical Genetics, 24, 23–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vielmetter, J., & Stuermer, C. A. O. (1989). Goldfish retinal axons respond to position-specific properties of tectal cell membranes in vitro. Neuron, 2, 1331–1339.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, J., Henke-Fahle, S., & Bonhoeffer, F. (1987). Avoidance of posterial tectal membranes by temporal retinal axons. Development, 101, 909–913.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, M. S., Leckman, J. F., Annex, B., Breg, W. R., Boles, D., Volkmar, F. R., & Cohen, D. J. (1984). Fragile X in a survey of 75 autistic males. The New England Journal of Medicine, 310, 1462.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger, D., Kleinman, J., Luchins, D., Bigelow, L., & Wyatt, R. J. (1980). Cerebellar pathology in schizophrenia: A controlled portmortum study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 359–361.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherby, A. M., Koegel, R. L., & Mendel, M. (1981). Central auditory nervous system dysfunction in echolalic autistic individuals.Journal of Speech and Hearing, 24, 420–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins, R. C. (1986). A critical state in development. Neurotoxicology, 7, 103–120.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D. G., Bailes, J. A., & McMahon, A. P. (1987). Expression of the proto-on-cogene int-1 is restricted to specific neural cells in the developing mouse embryo. Cell, 50, 79–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. S., Hauser, S. L., Purpura, D. P., DeLong, F. R., & Swisher, C. N. (1980). Autism and mental retardation: Neuropathologic studies performed in four retarded persons with autistic behavior. Archives of Neurology, 37, 749–753.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. B., & Wyatt, D. P. (1986). Pathogenesis of neural dysraphism in the mouse mutant vacuolated lens (vl). Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 45, 43–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zametkin, A. J., & Rapoport, J. L. (1987). Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: Where have we come in 50 years? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 676–686.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rubenstein, J.L.R., Lotspeich, L., Ciaranello, R.D. (1990). The Neurobiology of Developmental Disorders. In: Lahey, B.B., Kazdin, A.E. (eds) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, vol 13. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9835-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9835-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9837-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9835-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics