Abstract
The general topic of motor systems and their control can be considered at three hierarchical levels: i) mechanical components and their properties; ii) control algorithms and their implementation in neural circuits; iii) general control strategies and emergent behavior of systems. Most of the preceding chapters are concerned with the first level; most of the subsequent chapters deal with the third level. This chapter considers the intermediate level, which to date has been largely the province of neurophysiologists.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Athans, M. and Falb, P.L. (1969) Optimal Control. NY: McGraw Hill.
Bak, M.J. and Loeb, G.E. (1979) A pulsed integrator for EMG analysis. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 47: 738: 741.
Bernstein, N.A. ( 1935, 1940) Translation (1967), reprinted in Human Motor Actions: Bernstein Reassessed (Edited by Whiting, H.T.A.) pp. 77–120 and 171–222, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Bryson, A.E. and Ho, Y. (1975) Applied Optimal Control Waltham, MA: Blaisdell Publishing Company.
Chanaud, C.M., Pratt, C.A. and Loeb, G.E. (1990) Functionally complex muscles of the cat hindlimb. V. The roles of histochemical fiber-type regionalization and mechanical hetero-geneity in differential muscle activation. Exp. Brain Res. (in press)
Crago, P.E., Houk, J.C. and Rymer, W.Z. (1982) Sampling of total muscle force by tendon organs. J. Neurophysiol. 47 (6): 1069–1083.
Ferrell, W.R., Gandevia, S.C. and McQoskey, D.I. (1987) The role of joint receptors in human kinesthesia when intramuscular receptors cannot contribute. J. Physiol. (London) 386: 63–71.
Forssberg, H. (1979) Stumbling corrective reaction: A phase-dependent compensatory reaction during locomotion. J. Neurophysiol. 42: 936–953.
Forssberg, H. and Svartengren, G. (1983) Hardwired locomotor network in cat revealed by a retained motor pattern to grastrocnemius after muscle transpositioa Neurosci. Lett. 41: 283–288.
Gans, C. (1982) Fiber architecture and muscle function. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 11: 160–207.
He, Jiping, Levine, W.S. and Loeb, G.E. (1989) Feedback gains for correcting small perturbations to standing posture. Proc. 28th IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control, pp. 518–526.
Heckman, C.J., Weytjens, J.L.F. and Loeb, G.E. (1988) The force-velocity and force-length behavior of single motor units of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the cat. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 14: 998.
Hildebrand, M. (1985) Walking and running. In: Functional Vertebrate Morphology. (Edited by Hildebrand, M., Bramble, D.M., Liem, K.F. and Wake, D.B. ) pp. 38–57, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Hoffer, J.A., Sugano, N., Loeb, G.E., Marks, W.B., O’Donovan, M.J. and Pratt, C.A. (1987a) Cat hindlimb motoneurons during locomotion: II. Normal activity patterns. J. Neurophysiol. 57: 530–553.
Hoffer, J.A., Loeb, G.E., Sunano, N., Marks, W.B., O’Donovan, M.J. and Pratt, C.A. (1987b) Cat hindlimb motoneurons during locomotion: III. Functional segregation in sartorius. J. Neurophysiol. 57: 554–562.
Hoy, M.G. and Zernicke, R.F. (1985) Modulation of limb dynamics in the swing phase of locomotion. J. Biomech. 18: 49–60.
Hubbard, R.P. and Chun, K.J. (1988) Mechanical responses of tendons to repeated extension and wait periods. J. Biomech. Eng. 110: 11–19.
Hultborn, H., Lipski, J., Mackel, R. and Wigstrom, H. (1988) Distribution of recurrent inhibition within a motor nucleus. I. Contribution from slow and fast motor units to the excitation of Renshaw cells. Acta Physiol Scand. 134: 347–361.
Joyce, G.C., Rack, P.M.H. and Westbury, D.R. (1969) Mechanical properties of cat soleus muscle during controlled lengthening and shortening movements. J. Physiol (London) 204: 461–474.
Letbetter, W.D. and English, A.W. (1981) The relationship between peripheral intramuscular “compartments” and spatial arrangement of bicepts femoris and semi-tendinosus motor nuclei in the cat lumbar spinal cord. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 7: 567.
Loeb, G.E. (1987) Hard lessons in motor control from the mammalian spinal cord. Trends in Neurosciences 10: 108–113.
Loeb, G.E. (1989) The functional organization of muscles, motor units, and tasks. In: The Segmental Motor System (Eds. M.D. Binder and L.M. Mendell) Oxford Univ. Press, New York, pp. 23–35.
Loeb, G.E. and Duysens, J. (1979) Activity patterns in individual hindlimb primary and secondary muscle spindle afferents during normal movements in un-restrained cats. J. Neurophysiol 42: 420–440.
Loeb, G.E. and Hoffer, J.A. (1985) The activity of spindle afferents from cat anterior thigh muscles. II. Effects of fusimotor blockade. J. Neurophysiol 54: 565–577.
Loeb, G.E., Hoffer, J.A. and Pratt, C.A. (1985) The activity of spindle afferents from cat anterior thigh muscles. I. Identification and patterns during normal locomotion. J. Neurophysiol 54: 549–564.
Loeb, G.E. and Marks, W.B. (1985) Optimal control principles for sensory trans-ducers. In: Proc. Internat. Sympos.: The Muscle Spindle. (Edited by Boyd, I.A. and Gladden, M.H. ) pp. 409–415, Macmillan Ltd., London.
Loeb, G.E. and Gans, C. (1986) Electromyography for Experimentalists. 373 pp., 140 figs., Univ. Chicago Press.
Loeb, G.E., Pratt, C.A., Chanaud, C.M. and Richmond, F.J.R. (1987) Distribution and innervation of short, interdigitated muscle fibers in parallel-fibered muscles of the cat hindlimb. J. Morph. 191: 1–15.
Loeb, G.E., He, J., Levine, W.S. (1989) Spinal cord circuits: Are they mirrors of musculoskeletal mechanics? J. Motor Behavior. 21: 473–491.
Macpherson, J. (1988a) Strategies that simplify the control of quadrupedal stance. I. Forces at the ground. J. Neurophysiol 60: 204–217.
Macpherson, J. (1988b) Strategies that simplify the control of quadrupedal stance. II. Electromyographicactivity J.Neurophysiol 60: 218–231.
McMahon, S.B. and Wall. P.D. (1989) Changes in spinal cord reflexes after cross-anastomesis of cutaneous and muscle nerves in the adult rat. Nature 342: 272–274.
Otten, E. (1988) Concerts and models of functional architecture in skeletal muscle. Exercise amp; Sport Sciences Reviews 16: 89–138.
Philippson, M. (1905) L’autonomic et la centralisation dans le systeme nerveux des animaux. Trav. Lab. Physiol Inst. Solvay (Bruxelles) 7: 1–208.
Pierrynowski, M.R. and Morrison, J.B. (1985) Estimating the muscle forces generated in the human lower extremity when walking: A physiological solution. Mathematics amp; Bioscience 75: 43–68.
Pratt, C.A., Chanaud, C.M. and Loeb, G.E. (in press) Functionally complex muscles of the cat hindlimb. I. Patterns of activation across sartorius. Experimental Brain Research.
Pratt, C.A. and Jordon, L.M. (1987) la inhibitory inter- neurons and Renshaw cells as contributors to the spinal mechanisms of Active locomotion. J. Neurophysiol. 57: 56–71.
Prochazka, A., Trend, P., Hulliger, M. and Vincent, S. (in press) Ensemble proprioceptive activity in the cat step cycle: Towards a representative look-up chart Prog. Brain Res.
Rack, P.M.H. and Westbury, D.R. (1984) Elastic properties of the cat soleus tendon and their functional importance. J. Physiol. (London), 347: 479–495.
Richmond, F.J.R., MacGillis, D.R.R. and Scott, D.A. (1985) Muscle-fiber compartmentalization in cat splenius muscles. J. Neurophysiol. 53: 868–885.
Rossignol, S., Lund, J.P. and Drew, T. (1988) The role of sensory inputs in regulating patterns of rhythmical movements in higher vertebrates. Neural Control of rhythmic movements in vertebrates. (Edited by Cohen, A., Rossignol, S. and Grillner, S.) John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Sperry, R.W. (1945) The problem of central nervous reorganization after nerve regeneration and muscle transposition. Quart. Rev. Biol. 20: 311–369.
Stein, G. and Athans, M. (1987) The LQG/LTR procedure for multivariable feed- back control design. IEEE Trans, on Automatic Control, AC-32: 105–114.
Thomson, D.B., Scott, S.H., Richmond, F.J.R. and Loeb, G.E. (1990) Complex motor unit architecture of anterior sartorius muscle in the cat. Abstract to First World Congress of Biomechanics, San Diego, California.
Trotter, J.A. (in press) Interfiber tension transmission in series-fibered muscles of the cat hindlimb. J. Morph. (in press).
Weytjens, J.L.F. and Loeb, G.E. (1987) An electromyogram-to-force processor and its testing in cat hindlimb muscles. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 13: 1178.
Windhorst, U. and Koehler, W. (1983) Dynamic behavior of alpha motoneurone sub- pools subjected to inhomogeneous Renshaw cell inhibition. Biol. Cybern. 46: 217–228.
Windhorst, U., Rissing, R., Meyer-Lohmann, J., Laouris, Y. and Kuipers, U. (1988) Facilitation and depression in the responses of spinal Renshaw cells to random stimulation of motor axons. J. Neurophysiol. 60: 1638–1652.
Woo, S. L-Y. (1982) Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments. I. Quasi-static and nonlinear vis- coelastic properties. Biorheology 19: 385–396.
Yumiya, H., Larsen, K.D. and Asanuma, H. (1979) Motor readjustment and input- output relationship of motor cortex following cross-connection of forearm muscles in cats. Brain Res. 177: 566–570.
Zajac, F.E. (1989) Muscle and tendon: Properties, models scaling and application to biomechanics and motor control. CRC Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 17: 359–411.
Zajac, F.E., Zomlefer, M.R. and Levine, W.S. (1981) Hindlimb muscular activity, kinetics and kinematics of cats jumping to their maximum achievable heights. J. Exp. Biol. 91: 73–86.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Loeb, G.E., Levine, W.S. (1990). Linking Musculoskeletal Mechanics to Sensorimotor Neurophysiology. In: Winters, J.M., Woo, S.LY. (eds) Multiple Muscle Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9030-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9030-5_10
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9032-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9030-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive