Abstract
In a book focusing mostly on emotion-related problems and psychological disorders, a chapter on humor seems a singularly happy choice, but humor, like most emotion-related behaviors, is a complex affair. While the emotion of joy may be the fundamental emotion expressed by laughter, the emotions of anger, contempt, and fear may also be couched in laughter. Levine shows how humor and laughter can both cure and kill. He demonstrates that humor and psychopathology are generally antipodal and that psychiatric patients typically perform poorly on tests of humor appreciation. He shows how people’s failure to appreciate a joke or a cartoon can furnish leads as to the nature of their problems, whether they be minor or pathological. He presents evidence for a relationship between certain types of response to humor and specific psychological disorders. He also shows how people can use humor and laughter for amusement or aggression.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andersen, C. Crise de rire spasmodique avant décès: Hémorragie thalamique double. Journal Beige Neurologic Psychiatrica, 1936, 36, 223–227.
Bean, W. B. Rare diseases and lesions; Their contributions to clinical medicine. Springfield, 111.: Charles C Thomas, 1967.
Beck, A. Depression. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Bergson, H. Laughter: An essay on the meaning of the comic. New York: MacMillan, 1911.
Bleuler, E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press, 1950.
Bowlby, J. Grief and mourning in infancy and early childhood. In G. E. Daniels (Ed.), New perspectives in psychoanalysis. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1965.
Brenman, M. On teasing and being teased. Psychoanalytic Quarterly of the Child, 1952, 7, 264–285.
Brody, E., & Redlich, F. C. The response to humor as an indication of ego function in schizophrenic patients before and after lobotomy. Bulletin of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1952, 8, 229–238.
Brown, T. G. Note on the physiology of the basal ganglia and mid-brain of the anthropoid ape, especially in reference to the act of laughter. Journal of Physiology, 1915, 49, 195–202.
Canter, R. C. Importance of pathological laughing and/or crying as a sign of occurrence or recurrence of a tumor lying beneath the brainstem. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1966, 143, 508–512.
Cattell, R. B., & Luborsky, L. B. Personality factors in response to humor. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 1947, 42, 402–421.
Cohn, R. Forced laughing and crying. Archives of Neurological Psychiatry, 1951, 66, 738–743.
Cousins, N. Anatomy of an illness (as perceived by the patient). New England Journal of Medicine, 1976, 295, 1459–1463.
Cupćhik, G., & Leventhal, H. Consistency between expressive behavior and the evaluation of humorous stimuli: The role of sex and self-observation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1974, 30, 429–442.
Daly, D. D., & Mulder, D. W. Gestatic epilepsy. Neurology, Minneapolis, 1957, 7, 189–192.
Davison, C., & Kelman, H. Laughing and crying. Archives of Neurological Psychiatry, 1939, 42, 595–643.
DeVore, I. (Ed.). Primate behavior. Toronto: Holt, 1965.
Dollard, J. The dozens: Dialectic of insult. American Imago, 1939, 1, 3–25.
Druckman, R., & Chao, D. Laughter in epilepsy. Neurology, Minneapolis, 1957, 7, 26–36.
Eastman, M. Enjoyment of laughter. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1936.
Eysenck, H. J. The appreciation of humour: An experimental and theoretical study. British Journal of Psychology, 1942, 32, 295–309.
Ferguson, S., Schwartz, M., & Rayport, M. Perception of humor in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: a cartoon test as an indicator of neuropsychological deficit. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1969, 21, 363–367.
Flugel, J. C. Humor and laughter. In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology, Vol. 2. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1954, pp. 709–734.
Freud, S. Humour. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1928, 9, 1–6.
Freud, S. Jokes and their relation to the unconscious, standard edition, Vol. 8. London: Hogarth Press, 1960.
Gainotti, G. Emotional behavior and hemisphere side of lesion. Cortex, 1973, 8, 41–55.
Gardner, H., Ling, P., Flamm, L., & Silverman, J. Comprehension and appreciation of humorous material following brain damage. Brain, 1975, 98, 399–412.
Geschwind, N., & Levitsky, W. Human brain left-right asymmetries in the temporal speech region. Science, 1968, 161, 186–187.
Gollob, H., & Levine, J. Distraction as a factor in the enjoyment of aggressive humor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1967, 5, 368–372.
Harrow, M., Grinber, R., Holzman, P., & Kayton, L. Anhedonia and schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1977, 134, 794–797.
Herschkowitz, A. Naturalistic observations on chronically hospitalized patients: I. The effects of “strangers.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1962, 135, 249–264.
Heston, L. The genetics of schizophrenia and schizoid disease. Science, 1970, 167, 149–256.
Janus, S . Comics, brilliant but sad. The Boston Globe, Aug. 6, 1974.
Kepecs, J., Robin, M., & Munro, P. Tickle. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1961, 5, 237–245.
Koestler, A. The act of creation. New York: MacMillan 1964.
Kris, E. Psychoanalytic explorations in art. New York: International Universities Press, 1952.
Lehtinan, L., & Kivalo, A. Laughter epilepsy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 1965, 41, 255–261.
Leubar, C. Tickling and laughter. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1941, 58, 201–209.
Levine, J., & Abelson, R. Humor as a disturbing stimulus. Journal of General Psychology, 1959, 60, 191–200.
Levine, J., & Redlich, F. Failure to understand humor. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1955, 24, 560–572.
Mahler, M. S. On sadness and grief in infancy and childhood: Loss and restoration of the love object. In Psychoanalytic Quarterly of the Child, 16, New York: International Universities Press, 1961.
Meehl, P. Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 1962, 17, 827.
Mettler, F. Culture and the structural evolution of the nervous system. In C. Landis (Ed.), Varieties of psychopathological experience. New York: Holt, 1964.
O’Connell, W. An item analysis of the wit and humor appreciation test. Journal of Social Psychology, 1962, 56, 271–276.
Provence, S., & Ritvo, S. Effects of deprivation on institutionalized infants: disturbances in development of relationship to inanimate objects. In Psychoanalytic Quarterly of the Child, 16, New York: International Universities Press, 1961.
Redlich, F., Levine, J., & Sohler, T. A mirth response test: Preliminary report on a psychodiagnostic technique utilizing dynamics of humor. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1951, 21, 717–731,
Reich, A. The structure of the grotesque-comic sublimation. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 1949, 13, 152–159.
Rosenthal, D. A program of research on heredity in schizophrenia. Behavioral Science, 1971, 16, 191–201.
Searles, H. Integration and differentiation in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1959, 129, 542–550.
Searles, H. Collected papers on schizophrenia and related subjects. New York: International Universities Press, 1965.
Senf, R., Huston, P., & Cohen, B. The use of comic cartoons for the study of social comprehen¬sion in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1956, 113, 45–51.
Smith, A. Powers of mind. New York: Random House, 1975.
Sperling, S. On the psychodynamics of teasing. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1953, 1, 458–483.
Sperry, R. Brain bisection and consciousness. In J. Eccles (Ed.), Brain and conscious experience, New York: Springer Verlag, 1966.
Spitz, R. Anxiety in infancy. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1950, 31, 138–143.
Spitz, R. Ontogenesis: The proloptic function of emotion. In P. H. Knapp (Ed.), The expression of emotions. New York: International University Press, 1963.
Sroufe, L., & Wunsch, J. The development of laughter in the first year of life. Child Development, 1912, 43, 1326–1344.
St. John, R. Smiling in schizophrenia. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1968, 37, 103–113.
Story, I. Caricature and impersonating the other: Observations from the psychotherapy of anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry, 1976, 39, 176–188.
Tatlow, W. Laughter in organic cerebral disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1954, 70, 156–158.
Trouseau, A. Clinique Medicate de l’Hôtel—Dieu de Paris, 4th ed. Paris, 1973.
White, E. B. Some remarks on humor in the second tree from the corner. New York: Harper & Row, 1935.
Wilson, S. Some problems in neurology: II. Pathological laughing and crying. Journal of Neurological Psychopathology, 1923, 4, 299–333.
Wise, C., & Stern, D. Dopamine B hydroxylase deficits in the brains of schizophrenic patients. Science, 1973, 181, 344–347.
Wolfenstein, M. Mad laughter in a six-year-old boy. Psychoanalytic Quarterly of the Child, 1955, 10, 385–394.
Wolff, P. The natural history of crying and other vocalizations in early infancy. In B. M. Foss (Eds.), Determinants of infant behavior, Vol. 4. London: Methuen, 1969.
Zigler, E., Levine, J., & Gould, L. Cognitive processes in the development of children’s appreciation of humor. Child Development, 1966, 37, 508–517.
Zolotow, N. Broadway’s saddest clown. Saturday Evening Post, 1952, 224, 34–35.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1979 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Levine, J. (1979). Humor and Psychopathology. In: Izard, C.E. (eds) Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology. Emotions, Personality, and Psychotherapy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2892-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2892-6_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-2894-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2892-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive