Skip to main content

Environment, Behavior, and Design Research on Urban Forests

  • Chapter
Advance in Environment, Behavior, and Design

Part of the book series: Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design ((AEBD,volume 2))

Abstract

To many people the term urban forest seems incongruous and contradictory. But a look around any major city quickly reveals that trees and other vegetation are an important feature in many urban settings. For example, an aerial photo survey of Dayton, Ohio, showed that 22% of the city’s land area is covered with trees, and that 35% is covered with other kinds of vegetation (Sanders & Stevens, 1984). According to one overall estimate, 30% of the average city in the United States is covered with trees, a proportion larger than the average tree cover for countryside (Dwyer, Deneke, Grey, & Moeller, 1983).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, P. G., Stevens, T. H., & More, T. A. (1985). Measuring the economic value of urban parks: A caution. Leisure Sciences, 7(4), 467–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allton, D. J., & Lieber, S. R. (1983). Attributes of Chicago trail areas. Leisure Sciences, 5(3), 197–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ames, R. G. (1980). Urban tree planting programs: A sociological perspective. HortScience, 25(2), 135–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L. M., & Cordell, H. K. (1985). Residential property values improved by landscaping with trees. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 9(3), 162–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L. M., & Eaton, T. A. (1986). Liability for damage caused by hazardous trees. Journal of Arboriculture, 12(8), 189–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L. M., & Schroeder, H. W. (1983). Application of wildland scenic assessment methods to the urban landscape. Landscape Planning, 10, 219–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L. M., Mulligan, B. E., Goodman, L. S., & Regen, H. Z. (1983). Effects of sounds on preferences for outdoor settings. Environment and Behavior, 15(5), 539–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buhyoff, G. J., Gauthier, L. J., & Wellman, J. D. (1984). Predicting scenic quality for urban forests using vegetation measurements. ForestScience, 30(1), 71–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, H. H., & Clark, R. N. (1983). Increasing public involvement to reduce de-preciative behavior in recreation settings. Leisure Sciences, 5(4), 359–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chubb, M., & Westover, T. N. (1980). Antisocial behavior: Typology, messages, and implications for recreation resource managers. In Proceedings of Land-Use Allocation: Processes, People, Politics, Professionals. Spokane, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. N., & Stankey, G. H. (1979). The recreation opportunity spectrum: A framework for planning, management, and research (USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-98). Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coughlin, R. E., & Strong, A. L. (1983). Forests, fields, and urban development: Planning as though vegetation really mattered (Research Report Series no. 2). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of City and Regional Planning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coughlin, R. E., Mendes, D. C., & Strong, A. L. (1984). Private trees and public interest: Programs for protecting and planting trees in metropolitan areas (Research Report Series no. 10). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of City and Regional Planning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darragh, A. J., Peterson, G. L., & Dwyer, J. F. (1983). Travel cost models at the urban scale. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(2), 89–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, J. F. (1980). Managing urban forests for recreation. Trends, 17(4) 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, J. F., & Schroeder, H. W. (1982). Urban river recreation: New challenges and opportunities. Naturalist, 33(Summer), 6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, J. F., & Strong, A. L. (1986). Urban-rural forestry in the Netherlands. Journal of Forestry, 84(2), 57–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, J. F., Deneke, F. J., Grey, G. W., & Moeller, G. H. (1983). Urban forests: Where trees and people go together. In 1983 USDA yearbook of agriculture. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, J. F., Schroeder, H. W., & Buck, R. L. (1985). Patterns of use in an urban forestrecreation area. In Proceedings of the 1985 National Outdoor Recreation Trends Symposium, Vol. 2. Myrtle Beach, SC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritschen, J. M., & Stynes, D. J. (1980). Interpretation for urban audiences. In Proceedings of the Association of Interpretative Naturalists Workshop. Cape Cod, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Getz, D. A., Karow, A., & Kielbaso, J. J. (1982). Inner city preferences for trees and urban forestry programs. Journal of Arboriculture, 8(10), 258–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godbey, G., & Blazey, M. (1983). Old people in urban parks: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3), 229–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, S. M. (1983a). A human service approach to recreation planning. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 1(1), 27–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, S. M. (1983b). Risk management in public playgrounds. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 1(3), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grey, G. W., & Deneke, F. J. (1986). Urban forestry (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagerty, J. K., Stevens, T. H., Allen, P. G., & More, T. (1982). Benefits from urban open space and recreational parks: A case study. Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council, 11(1), 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, D. G., & Weitzer, W. H. (1983). Understanding urban park users: A key to effective planning and management. Parks and Recreation Resources, 2(2), 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, D. G., & Weitzer, W. H. (1984). The public’s image of urban parks: Past amenity, present ambivalence, uncertain future. Urban Ecology, 8, 243–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herzog, T. R., Kaplan, S., & Kaplan, R. (1982). The prediction of preference for unfamiliar urban places. Population and Environment, 5(1), 43–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison, R., & Fidel, K. (1984). Mexican-American recreation activities: A reply to McMillen. Journal of Leisure Research, 16(4), 344–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (1980). Citizen participation in the design and evaluation of a park. Environment and Behavior, 12(4), 494–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (1981). Evaluation of an urban vest-pocket park (USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-195). St. Paul: North Central Forest Experiment Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (1982). Managing greenspace in multiple-family neighborhoods. In Proceedings of the 1982 Convention of the Society of American Foresters. Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (1983). The role of nature in the urban context. In I. Altman & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Behavior and the natural environment. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (1984a). Dominant and variant values in environmental preference. In A. S. Devlin & S. L. Taylor (Eds.), Environmental preference and landscape preference. New London: Connecticut College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (1984b). Human needs for renewable resources and supportive environments. In G. A. Bradley (Ed.) Land use and forest resources in a changing environment: The urban/forest interface. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (1984c). Impact of urban nature: A theoretical analysis. Urban Ecology, 8, 189–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (1985). Nature at the doorstep: Residential satisfaction and the nearby environment. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 2, 115–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellert, S. R. (1984). Urban American perceptions of animals and the natural environment. Urban Ecology, 8, 209–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieber, S. R., & Allton, D. J. (1983). Modeling trail area evaluations in metropolitan Chicago. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3), 184–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieber, S. R., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1985). Physical and social conditions affecting recreation site preferences. Environment and Planning A, 17, 1613–1625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lien, J. N., & Buhyoff, G. J. (1986). Extension of visual quality models for urban forests. Journal of Environmental Management, 22(3), 245–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marans, R. W., & Fly, J. M. (1981). Recreation and the quality of urban life (Research Report Series). Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metro, L. J., Dwyer, J. F., & Dreschler, E. S. (1981). Forest experiences of fifth-grade Chicago public school students (USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-216). St. Paul: North Central Forest Experiment Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales, D. J., Micha, F. R., & Weber, R. L. (1983). Two methods of evaluating trees on residential sites. Journal of Arboriculture, 9(1), 21–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • More, T. A. (1980). Trail deterioration as an indicator of trail use in an urban forest recreation area (USDA Forest Service Research Note NE-292). Broomall, PA: Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • More, T. A. (1983). The nonusers of an urban forest interpretive center. Journal of Interpretation, 8(1), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • More, T. A. (1984). A practical guide to the use of observation in the study of urban parks. In J. D. Peine (Ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on unobtrusive techniques to study social behavior in parks. Atlanta: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • More, T. A. (1985a). Central city parks: A behavioral perspective. Burlington: University of Vermont, School of Natural Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • More, T. A. (1985b). Evaluating and interpreting use data in urban park settings. In Proceedings of the 1985 National Outdoor Recreation Trends Symposium Vol. 2. Myrtle Beach, SC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasar, J. L. (1981). Visual preferences of elderly public housing residents: Residential street scenes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1, 303–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, J. T. (1982). Managing urban river corridors: Implications for urban forestry. In Proceedings of the 1982 Convention of the Society of American Foresters. Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, J. T., & Benjamin, P. J. (1982). Ethnic variation in leisure behavior: The Indiana case (Station Bulletin no. 349). West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural resources, Agricultural Experiment Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. F. (1984). Neighborhoods as stands in the urban forest. Urban Ecology, 8, 229–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, G. L., Dwyer, J. F., & Darragh, A. J. (1983). A behavioral urban recreation site choice model. Leisure Sciences, 6(1), 61–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, G. L., Stynes, D. J., Rosenthal, D. H., & Dwyer, J. F. (1985). Substitution in recreation choice behavior. In Proceedings of symposium on recreation choice behavior (USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-184, pp. 19–30). Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samdahl, D. M., & Christensen, H. H. (1985). Environmental cues and vandalism: An exploratory study of picnic table carving. Environment and Behavior, 17(4), 445–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, R. A. (1981). Diversity in the street trees of Syracuse, New York. Urban Ecology, 5, 33–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, R. A. (1984). Estimating satisfaction levels for a city’s vegetation. Urban Ecology, 8, 269–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, R. A., & Rowntree, R. A. (1984). Environmental management through urban forestry on the hillsides of Cincinnati, Ohio. Journal of Environmental Management, 19, 161–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, R. A., & Stevens, J. C. (1984). Urban forest of Dayton, Ohio: A preliminary assessment. Urban Ecology, 8, 91–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schabel, H. G., & Dwyer, J. F. (1985). Institutional aspects of forest recreation resource management in West Germany. Landscape Journal, 4(1), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H. W. (1982). Preferred features of urban parks and forests. Journal of Arboriculture, 8(12), 317–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H. W. (1983). Variations in the perception of urban forest recreation sites. Leisure Sciences, 5(3), 221–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H. W., & Anderson, L. M. (1984). Perception of personal safety in urban recreation sites. Journal of Leisure Research, 16(2), 178–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H. W., & Appelt, P. (1985). Public attitudes toward a municipal forestry program. Journal of Arboriculture, 11(1), 18–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H. W., & Cannon, W. N. Jr. (1983). The esthetic contribution of trees to residential streets in Ohio towns. Journal of Arboriculture, 9(9), 237–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H. W., & Green, T. L. (1985). Public preference for tree density in municipal parks. Journal of Arboriculture, 11(9) 272–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H. W., & Louviere, J. J. (1986). A model for predicting distribution of recreational use over a system of parks. In Proceedings of the Forestry Microcomputer Software Symposium. Morgantown: West Virginia University, Division of Forestry

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, G. S., & Anderson, L. M. (1985). Perceptions of the security and attractiveness of urban parking lots. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 5, 311–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, W. W., Mangun, W. R., & Lyons, J. R. (1985). Residential enjoyment of wildlife resources by Americans. Leisure Sciences, 7(3), 361–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smardon, R. C. (1985). A visual approach to redesigning the commercial strip highway. Transportation Research Record No. 1016, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spotts, D. M., & Stynes, D. J. (1984). Public awareness and knowledge of urban parks: A case study. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 2(4), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spotts, D. M., & Stynes, D. J. (1985). Measuring the public’s familiarity with recreation areas. Journal of Leisure Research, 17(4), 253–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamps, S. M. Jr., & Stamps, M. B. (1985). Race, class, and leisure activities of urban residents. Journal of Leisure Research, 17(1), 40–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiegler, J. E. (1985). Public perception of the urban forest. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Minnesota, Graduate School, St. Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stynes, D. J., Spotts, D. M., & Strunk, J. R. (1985). Relaxing assumptions of perfect information in park visitation models. Professional Geographer, 37(1), 21–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talbot, J. F. (1982). Zoning reconsidered: The impacts of environmental aesthetics in urban neighborhoods. In P. Bart, A. Chen, & G. Francesato (Eds.), Proceedings of EDRA 13: Knowledge for Design. Washington, DC: Environmental Design and Research Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talbot, J. F., & Kaplan, R. (1984). Needs and fears: The response to trees and nature in the inner city. Journal of Arboriculture, 10(8), 222–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talbot, J. F., & Kaplan, R. (1986). Judging the sizes of urban open areas: Is bigger always better? Landscape Journal, 5(2), 83–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyznik, A. (1981). Trees as design elements in the landscape. Journal of Arboriculture, 7(2), 53–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R. S. (1981). Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects. Environment and Behavior, 13(5), 523–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224, 420–421.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R. S. (1986). Human responses to vegetation and landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 13, 29–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R. S., & Addoms, D. L. (1981). Psychological and recreational benefits of a residential park. Journal of Leisure Research, 13(1), 43–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R. S., & Simons, R. F. (1986). Recovery from stress during exposure to everyday outdoor environments. In Proceedings of EDRA 17. Washington, DC: Environmental Design and Research Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vining, J., Daniel, T. C, & Schroeder, H. W. (1984). Predicting scenic values in forested residential landscapes. Journal of Leisure Research, 16(2), 124–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendling, R. C. (1980). Black/white differences in outdoor recreation behavior: State-of-the-art and recommendations for management and research. In Proceedings of Social Research in National Parks and Wildland Areas. Gatlinburg, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendling, R. C., Gabriel, S., Dwyer, J. F., & Buck, R. L. (1981). Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Illinois. Journal of Forestry, 79(9), 602–605.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, P. C. (Ed.). (1981). Vestiges of a cage Vol. 1. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Natural Resource Sociology Research Lab.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, P. C. (1984). Social stigma and community recreation participation by the mentally and physically handicapped. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 18(1), 40–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westover, T. N. (1985a). Perceptions of crime and safety in three midwestern parks. Professional Geographer, 37(4), 410–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westover, T. N. (1985b). Perceptions of rule compliance and law enforcement in urban and suburban parks. Recreation Research Review, 12(2), 22–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westover, T. N. (1986). Park use and perception: Gender differences. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 4(2), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohlwill, J. F., & Harris, G. (1980). Response to congruity or contrast for man-made features in natural-recreation settings. Leisure Sciences, 3(4), 349–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, R. A., & Flowers, M. L. (1982). Users of an urban natural area: Their characteristics, use patterns, satisfactions, and recommendations (Forestry research report 82–4). Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois, Department of Forestry, Agricultural Experiment Station.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schroeder, H.W. (1989). Environment, Behavior, and Design Research on Urban Forests. In: Zube, E.H., Moore, G.T. (eds) Advance in Environment, Behavior, and Design. Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0717-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0717-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8047-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0717-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics