Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hassles, Health, and Happiness

  • Chapter
Individual Differences, Stress, and Health Psychology

Part of the book series: Contributions to Psychology and Medicine ((CONTRIBUTIONS))

Abstract

In this chapter Endler surveys the history of attitudes toward mental illness, particularly from the perspective of the effects of stress upon health. We are provided with an analysis of the varying concepts of stress itself, as well as a discussion of the relationships among stress, anxiety, vulnerability, and illness. These reviews give us a deft sequel to those presented in the previous chapter. The theme of differences in vulnerability of individuals to the effects of stress and anxiety complements Rosen-man’s preceding discussion of the multiplicity of factors involved in cardiovascular health and illness. Endler’s unique interactional approach to the study of anxiety, and indeed personality, is given full exposition here, with particular emphasis upon his most recent investigations. The research upon a myriad of variables, as they are related to stress and coping, is detailed here; in addition to stress, anxiety, and vulnerability, the relationship of these variables to such factors as biochemical changes, cognitive factors, hassles, illness, stressful life events, and the Type A behavior pattern are all reviewed. This is presented in the context of dynamic interactionism, with special emphases upon three approaches: the interaction model of personality, the multidimensional interaction model of anxiety, and the dynamic interaction stress model. Before concluding the chapter, Endler gives emphasis to the roles of optimism, self-efficacy, and perceived control in stressful situations in determining health and happiness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, P.R., & Adams, G.R. (1984). Mount Saint Helen’s ashfall: Evidence for a disaster stress reaction. American Psychologist, 39, 252–260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, F.G., & Selesnick, S.T. (1966). The History of Psychiatry. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonovsky, A. (1974). Conceptual and methodological problems in the study of resistance resources and stressful life events. In B.S. Dohrenwend & B.P. Dohrenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events: Their nature and effects (pp. 245–258). Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appley, M.H., & Trumbull, R. (1967). Psychological stress: Issues in research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartrop, R.W., Lazarus, L., Kiloh, L.G., & Penny, R., (1977). Depressed lymphocyte function after bereavement. Lancet, 1, No. 8016, 834–836.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, A., Fleming, R., & Singer, J.E. (1982). Stress at Three Mile Island: Applying psychological impact analysis. In L. Bickman (Ed.), Applied social psychology annual (Vol. 3, pp. 217–248). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonkalo, A. (1984). Transient and situational disorders. In N.S. Endler & J. McV. Hunt (Eds.), Personality and the behavioral disorders (Vol. 2, 2nd ed., pp. 897–913). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W.B. (1932). The wisdom of the body. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, R.B., & Scheier, I.H. (1961). The meaning and measurement of neuroticism and anxiety. New York: The Ronald Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Check, J.V.P., & Dyck, D.G. (1986). Hostile aggression and Type A behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 819–827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chesney, M.A., & Rosenman, R.H. (1983). Specificity in stress models: Examples drawn from Type A Behavior. In C.L. Cooper (Ed.), Stress research: Issues for the eighties (pp. 21–34). Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chess, S., Thomas, A., & Birch, H.G. (1976). Behavior problems revisited: Findings of an anterospective study. In N.S. Endler, L.R. Boulter, & H. Osser (Eds.), Contemporary issues in developmental psychology (2nd ed., pp. 562–568). Toronto: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H.M. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J.C., & Lazarus, R.S. (1980). Cognitive style, stress perception and coping. In I.L. Kutash & L.B. Schlesinger (Eds.), Handbook on stress and anxiety: Contemporary knowledge, theory and treatment (pp. 144–158). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, W.L., & Phares, E.J. (1967). Internal-external control as a determinant of information-seeking in a social influence situation. Journal of Personality, 35, 547–561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dembroski, T.M., MacDougall, J.M., & Shields, T.L. (1977). Physiological reactions to social challenge in persons evidencing Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Journal of Human Stress, 3, 2–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dohrenwend, B.S., & Dohrenwend, B.P. (1978). Some issues in research on stressful life events. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 166, 7–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dohrenwend, B.S., & Dohrenwend, B.P. (1981). Life stress and illness: Formulations of the issues. In B.S. Dohrenwend & B.P. Dohrenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events and their contexts (pp. 1–27). New York: Prodist.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohrenwend, B.P., & Shrout, P.E. (1985). “Hassles” in the conceptualization and measurement of life stress variables. American Psychologist 40, 780–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dollard, J., & Miller, N.E. (1950). Personality and psychotherapy: An analysis in terms of learning, thinking and culture. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J.M., & Endler N.S. (1983). Personality research. In M. Hersen, A.E. Kazdin, & A.S. Bellack (Eds.), The clinical psychology handbook (pp. 223–238). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J.M., Lay, C.H., Parker, S.D., & Endler, N.S. (1987). The relationship of procrastination and trait-anxiety to measures of emotion and coping during three stages of an examination period. Department of Psychology Reports, York University, Toronto, No. 163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S. (1975). A person-situation interaction model of anxiety. In C.D. Spielberger & LG. Sarason (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 1., pp. 145–164). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation (Wiley).

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S. (1978). The interaction model of anxiety: Some possible implications. In D.M. Landers & R.W. Christina (Eds.), Psychology of motor behavior and sport—1977 (pp. 332–351). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S. (1980). Person-situation interaction and anxiety. In I.L. Kutash & L.B. Schlesinger (Eds.), Handbook on stress and anxiety: Contemporary knowledge, theory and treatment (pp. 249–266). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S. (1982). Holiday of Darkness. New York: John Wiley & Sons (xv + 169 pp.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S. (1983). Interactionism: A personality model, but not yet a theory. In M.M. Page (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1982: Personality—Current theory and research (pp. 155–200). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S. (1985). The consistency of inconsistency. In E.E. Roskam (Ed.), Measurement and personality assessment (pp. 339–346). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North Holland).

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., & Edwards, J. (1978). Person by treatment interactions in personality research. In L.A. Pervin & M. Lewis (Eds.), Perspectives in interactional psychology (pp. 141–169). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., & Edwards, J.M. (in press). Stress and vulnerability related to anxiety disorders. In C.G. Last & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of anxiety disorders. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., Edwards, J.M, & Kowalchuk, B.P. (1983). The interaction model of anxiety assessed in a psychotherapy situation. The Southern Psychologist, l, 168–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., Edwards, J.M., & McGuire, A. (1979). The interaction model of anxiety: An empirical test in a theatrical performance situation. Unpublished manuscript, York University, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., Edwards, J.M., & Vitelli, R. (1985). Situation-Response General Trait Anxiety Inventory (S-R GTA) and Present Affect Reactions Questionnaire (PARQ): A manual for trait and state anxiety, Department of Psychology Reports, York University, Toronto, No. 152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., Edwards, J.M., & Vitelli, R. (in press). Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., Hunt, J.McV., & Rosenstein, A.J. (1962). An S-R Inventory of anxiousness. Psychological Monographs, 16 (17, Whole No. 536).

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., King, P.R., Edwards, J.M., Kuczynski, M., & Diveky, S. (1983). Generality of the interaction model of anxiety with respect to two social evaluation field studies. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 15, 60–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., King, P.R., & Herring, C. (1985). Interactional anxiety and karate competition. The Southern Psychologist, 2, 59–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., King, P.R., Kuczynski, M., & Edwards, J.M. (1980). Examination induced anxiety: An empirical test of the interaction model. Department of Psychology Reports, York University, Toronto, No. 97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., & Magnusson, D. (1976a). Multidimensional aspects of state and trait anxiety: A cross-cultural study of Canadian and Swedish college students. In C.D. Spielberger & R. Diaz-Guerrero (Eds.), Cross-cultural anxiety (pp. 143–172). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation (Wiley).

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., & Magnusson D. (1976b). Personality and person by situation interactions. In N.S. Endler & D. Magnusson (Eds.), Interactional psychology and personality (pp. 1–25). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation (Wiley).

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., & Magnusson D. (1976c). Toward an interactional psychology of personality, Psychological Bulletin, 83, 956–974.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., & Magnusson, D. (1977). The interaction model of anxiety: An empirical test in an examination situation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 9, 101–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N.S., & Okada, M. (1975). A multidimensional measure of trait anxiety: The S-R inventory of general trait anxiousness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 319–329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischman, J. (1987). Type A on trial. Psychology Today, 21, 42–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, M., & Endler, N.S. (1980). The interaction model of anxiety: An empirical test in an athletic competition situation. Journal of Research in Personality, 14, 329–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R.S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: A study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1920). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York: Boni & Liveright.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1933). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M., & Rosenman, R.H. (1974). Type A behavior and your heart. New York: Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N. (1981). Children under stress: Perspectives on antecedents and correlates of vulnerability and resistance to psychopathology. In A.I. Rabin, L. Aronoff, A.M. Barclay, & R.A. Zucker (Eds.), Further explorations in personality (pp. 196–269). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glass, D.C., Krakoff, L.R., Contrada, R., Hilton, W.F., Kehoe, K., Mannucci, E., Collins, C., Snow, B., & Eltina, E. (1980). Effect of harassment and competition upon cardiovascular and catecholaminic responses in Type A and Type B individuals. Psychophysiology, 17, 453–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, D.C., & Singer, J.E. (1972). Urban stress: Explorations on noise and social stressors. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodhart, D.E. (1985). Some psychological effects associated with positive and negative thinking about stressful event outcomes: Was Pollyanna right? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 216–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenglass, E.R. (1982). A world of difference: Gender roles in perspective. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenglass, E.R. (1985). An interactional perspective on job-related stress in managerial women. The Southern Psychologist, 2, 42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grinker, R.R., & Spiegel, J.P. (1945). Men under stress. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson, E.K. & Rahe, R.H. (Eds.). (1974). Life stress and illness. Springfield, IL: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, W.H., & Levey, J.S. (Eds.). (1975). The new Columbia encyclopedia (4th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinkle, L.E. (1962). Ecological observations of the relation of physical illness, mental illness and the social environment. Psychosomatic Medicine, 23, 289–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinkle, L.E., & Plummer, N. (1952). Life stress and industrial absenteeism: The concentration of illness and absenteeism in one segment of a working population. Industrial Medicine and Surgery, 21, 363–375.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinkle, L.E., & Wolff, H.G. (1957a). Health and social environment: Experimental investigations. In A. Leighton, J.A. Clausen, & R.N. Wilson (Eds.), Exploration in Social Psychiatry (pp. 105–135). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinkle, L.E., & Wolff, H.G. (1957b). The nature of man’s adaptation to his total environment and the relation of this to illness. Archives of Internal Medicine, 99, 442–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinkle, L.E., & Wolff, H.G. (1958). Ecological investigations of the relationship between illness, life experiences, and the social environment. Annals of Internal Medicine, 49, 1373–1388.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, T.H., & Rahe, R.H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, ll, 213–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horner, M.G. (1972). Toward an understanding of achievement-related conflicts in women. Journal of Social Issues, 28, 157–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.H., & Sarason, I.G. (1979). Moderator variables in life stress research. In I.G. Sarason & C.D. Spielberger (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 6, pp. 151–167). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation (Wiley).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E.E. (1986). Interpreting interpersonal behavior: The effects of expectancies. Science, 234, 41–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, A.D., Coyne, J.C., Schaefer, C., & Lazarus, R.S. (1981). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement. Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 4, 1–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P.C. (1978). Anxiety: States, trait-situations? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 280–287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobasa, S.C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobasa, S.C., Maddi, S.R., & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 168–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobasa, S.C., & Puccetti, M.C. (1983). Personality and social resources in stress resistance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 839–850.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R.S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R.S. (1976). Patterns of adjustment (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R.S. (1981). Little hassles can be hazardous to health. Psychology Today, 15, 58–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R.S. (1984). Puzzles in the study of daily hassles. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 7, 375–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R.S., De Longis, A., Folkman, S., & Gruen, R. (1985). Stress and adaptation outcomes. American Psychologist, 40, 770–779.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R.S., & Launier, R. (1978). Stress related transactions between person and environment. In L.A. Pervin & M. Lewis (Eds.), Perspectives in interactional psychology (pp. 287–327). New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefcourt, H.M. (1980). Locus of control and coping with life’s events. In E. Staub (Ed.), Personality: Basic aspects and current research (pp. 200–235). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefcourt, H.M., Martin, R.A., & Saleh, W.E. (1984). Locus of control and social support: Interactive moderators of stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 378–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, S.M. (1983). Host differences in neoplastic risk: Behavioral and social contributors to disease. Health Psychology, 2, 21–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, A. (1970). The ambiguous word “anxiety.” International Journal of Psychiatry, 9, 62–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lief, A. (Ed.). (1948). The commonsense psychiatry of Dr. Adolph Meyer. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lifton, R.L., & Olson, E.K. (1976). The human meaning of total disaster: The Buffalo Creek experience. Psychiatry, 39, 1–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Locke, S.E., Hurst, M.W., Heisel, S.J., Kraus, L., & Williams, M. (1979, March). The influence of stress and other psychosocial factors on human immunity. Paper presented at the American Psychosomatic Society Annual meetings, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahl, G.F. (1952). Relationship between acute and chronic fear and the gastric acidity and blood sugar levels in Macca mulatta monkeys. Psychosomatic Medicine, 14, 182–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maier, S.F., & Laudenslager, M. (1985). Stress and health: Exploring links. Psychology Today, 19, 44–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, M., & Holmes, T.H. (1967). Magnitude estimations of social readjustments. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, ll, 219–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May, R. (1950). The meaning of anxiety. New York: Ronald Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • May, R. (1969). Love and will. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum, D. (1983). Coping with stress. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millon, L. (1984). The DSM III: Some historical and substantive reflections. In N.S. Endler & J. McV. Hunt (Eds.), Personality and the behavioral disorders (Vol. 2, 2nd ed., pp. 675–710). Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minter, R.E., & Kimball, C.P. (1980). Life events, personality traits, and illness. In I.L. Kutash & L.B. Schlesinger (Eds.), Handbook on stress and anxiety (pp. 189– 206). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1977). A critical analysis of the “modern” interactionist position. In D. Magnusson & N.S. Endler (Eds.), Personality at the crossroads: Current issues in interaction psychology (pp. 221–233). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ornstein, R., & Sobel, D. (1987). The healing brain. Psychology Today, 21, 48–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overton, W.F., & Reese, H.W. (1973). Models of development: Methodological implications. In J.R. Nesselroade & H.W. Reese (Eds.). Life span developmental psychology: Methodological issues (pp. 65–86). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paykel, E.S. (1983). Methodological aspects of life events research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 27, 341–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pert, A. (1981). The body’s own tranquilizers. Psychology Today, 15, 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M.E.P. (1984). Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91, 347–374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phares, E.J. (1976). Locus of control in personality. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, J.B., & Endler, N.S. (1982). Academic examination and anxiety: The interaction model empirically tested. Journal of Research in Personality, 16, 303–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, J.G., & Struening E.L. (1976). Life events, stress and illness. Science, 194, 1013–1020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, (1, Whole No. 609).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotter, J.B. (1975). Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 56–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, I.G., Johnson, J.H., & Siegel, J.M. (1978). Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the Life Experience Survey. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 932–946.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, M.F., Weintraub, J.K., & Carver, C.S. (1986). Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1257–1264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seeman, M. (1963). Alienation and social learning in a reformatory. American Journal of Sociology, 69, 270–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seeman, M., & Evans, J.W. (1962). Alienation and learning in a hospital setting. American Sociological Review, 27, 772–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H. (1956). The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H. (1976). The stress of life (rev. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, J.L. (1984). The human personality. Toronto: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.E., Johnson, J.H., & Sarason, I.G. (1978). Life change, the sensation seeking motivation and psychological distress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 348–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C.D. (1972). Anxiety as an emotional state. In C.D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research (Vol. 1, pp. 24–49). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C.D. (1975). Anxiety: State-trait process. In C.D. Spielberger & LG. Sarason, (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 1, pp. 115–143). Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C.D. (1976). The nature and measurement of anxiety. In C.D. Spielberger & R. Diaz-Guerrero (Eds.), Cross cultural anxiety (pp. 3–12). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation (Wiley).

    Google Scholar 

  • Strelau, J. (1983). Temperament personality activity. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strelau, J., Farley, F.H., & Gale, A. (1985). The biological bases of personality and behavior: Theories, measurement techniques, and development. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturgis, E.L. (1984). Anxiety disorders. In N.S. Endler & J. McV. Hunt (Eds.), Personality and the behavioral disorders (Vol. 2, 2nd ed., pp. 747–770). Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S.G. (1986). Health psychology. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A., Chess, S., & Birch, H.G. (1970). The origin of personality. Scientific American, 223, 102–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S.C. (1981). Will it hurt less if I can control it? A complex answer to a simple question. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 89–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trotter, R.J. (1987). Stop blaming yourself. Psychology Today, 21, No. 2., 30–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R.B. (1984). An untrusting heart. The Sciences, 24, 31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, S., & Wolff, H.G (1947). Human gastric function: An experimental study of a man and his stomach. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M. (1974). The sensation seeking motive. In B. Mahel (Ed.), Progress in experimental personality research (Vol 7., pp. 80–148) New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Norman S. Endler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winninpeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada

    Michel Pierre Janisse Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Endler, N.S. (1988). Hassles, Health, and Happiness. In: Janisse, M.P. (eds) Individual Differences, Stress, and Health Psychology. Contributions to Psychology and Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3824-9_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3824-9_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8367-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3824-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation