Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system of presumed autoimmune etiology. A number of immune abnormalities have been described in the disease including loss of suppressor influences and activated T- and B-cells both in the central nervous system and the periphery (Hafler and Weiner 1989). The majority of immunotherapeutic approaches studied over the past 20 years have been designed to suppress the immune system in MS. This has included attempts at both antigen-specific and antigen non-specific suppression (Weiner and Hafler 1988).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aimard G, Girard PF, Raveau J et al. (1966) Sclerose et plaques et processus d’autoimmunisation. Traitement par les anti-mitotiques. Lyon Med 215: 345–352
Bahr U, Schulten HR, Hommes OR, Aerts F (1980) Determination of cyclophosphamide in urine, serum and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients by field desorption mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 103: 183–192
Balow JE, Austin HA, Tsokos GC, Antonovych TT, Steinberg AD, Klipper JH (1987) Lupus nephritis. Ann Int Med 106: 79–94
Brinkman CJJ, Nillesen WM, Hommes OR (1983) T-cell subpopulations blood and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients: effect of cyclophosphamide. Clin Immun Immunopathol 29: 341–348
Brinkman CJJ, Nillesen WM, Hommes OR (1984) The effect of cyclophosphamide on T lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subsets in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 69: 90–96
Carter JL, Hafler DA, Dawson DM, Orav J, Weiner HL (1988) Immunosuppression with high-dose cyclophosphamide and ACTH in progressive multiple sclerosis: Cumulative 6-year experience in 164 patients. Neurology (Suppl 2 ) 38: 9–14
Cendrowski W (1973) Combined therapeutic trial in multiple sclerosis: hydrocortisone hemisuc cinate with cyclophosphamide or cytosine arabinoside. Acta Neurol Belg 73: 209–219
Drachman DA (1975) Cyclophosphamide in exacerbations of multiple sclerosis: Therapeutic trial and a strategy for pilot drug studies. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38: 592–597
Fox DA, McCune WJ (1989) Immunologic and clinical effects of cytotoxic drugs used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Concepts Immunopathol, Basel, Karger 7: 20–78
Girard PF, Aimard G, Pellett H (1967) Immunodepressive therapy in neurology. Presse Med 75: 967–968
Gonsette RE, Demonty L, Delmotte P (1977) Intensive immunosuppression with cyclophosph- amide in multiple sclerosis. Follow up of 100 patients for 2–6 years. J Neurol 214: 173–181
Gonsette RE, Demonty L, Delmotte P (1980) Intensive immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide in remittent forms of multiple sclerosis. A follow-up of 134 patients for 2–10 years. In: Bauer HJ, Poser S, Ritter G (eds) Progress in Multiple Sclerosis Research. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 401–406
Goodkin DE, Plencner S, Palmer-Saxerud J, Teetzen M, Hertsgaard D (1987) Cyclophosphamide in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: Maintenance vs. nonmaintenance therapy. Arch Neurol 44: 823–827
Hafler DA, Orav J, Gertz R, Stazzone L, Weiner HL (1991) Immunologic effects of cyclophosphamide/ACTH in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 32: 149–158
Hafler DA, Weiner HL (1989) MS: a CNS and systemic autoimmune disease. Immunol Today 10: 104–107
Hauser SL, Dawson DM, Lehrich JR, Beal MF, Kevy SV, Propper RD, Mills JA, Weiner HL (1983) Intensive immunosuppression in progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomized, three-arm study of high-dose cyclophosphamide, plasma exchange, and ACTH. N Engl J Med 308: 173–180
Hommes OR, Prick JJG, Lamers KJB (1975) Treatment of the chronic progressive form of multiple sclerosis with a combination of cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 78: 59–73
Hommes OR, Lamers KJB, Reekers P (1980a) Effect of intensive immunosuppression on the course of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 223: 177–190
Hommes OR, Lamers KJB, Reekers P (1980b) Prognostic factors in intensive immunosuppressive treatment of chronic progressive MS. In: Bauer HJ, Poser S, Ritter G (eds) Progress in Multiple Sclerosis Research. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 396–400
Kaldor JM, Day NE, Pettersson F et al. (1990) Leukemia following chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 322: 1–6
Killian JM, Bressler RB, Armstrong RM, Huston DP (1988) Controlled pilot trial of monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 45: 27–30
Lamers KJB, Uitdehaag BMJ, Hommes OR, Doesburg W, Wevers RA, Geel WJA (1988) The short-term effect of an immunosuppressive treatment on CSF myelin basic protein in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51: 1334–1337
Likosky WH (1988) Experience with cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis: The cons. Neurology 38 (suppl 2): 14–19
Mackin GA, Weiner HL, Orav J et al. (1991) IV cyclophosphamide/ACTH plus maintenance cyclophosphamide boosters in progressive MS: final report of the Northeast Cooperative Treatment Group. Neurology 41 (suppl 1): 147
Mauch E, Kornhuber HH, Pfrommer U, Hahnel A, Laufen H, Krapf H (1989) Effective treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis with low-dose cyclophosphamide with minor side-effects. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 238: 115–117
McCune WJ, Golbus J; Zeldes W et al. (1988) Clinical and immunologic effects of monthly administration of intravenous cyclophosphamide in severe systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 318: 1423–1431
Mickey MR, Ellison GW, Fahey JL, Moody DJ, Myers LW (1987) Correlation of clinical and immunological states in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 44: 371–375
Millac M, Miller H (1969) Cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1: 783
Moody DJ, Fahey JL, Grable E, Ellison GW, Myers LW (1987) Administration of monthly pulses of cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis patients: delayed recovery of several immune parameters following discontinuation of long-term cyclophosphamide treatment. J Neuroimmunol 14: 175–182
Moody DJ, Kagan J, Liao D, Ellison GW, Myers LW (1978) Administration of monthly-pulse cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis patients: effects of long-term treatment on immunologic parameters. J Neuroimmunol 14: 161–173
Myers LW, Fahey JL, Moody DJ, Mickey MR, Frane MV, Ellison GW (1987) Cyclophosphamide “pulses” in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: Arch Neurol 44: 828–832
Noseworthy JH, Vandervoort MK, Wong CJ, Ebers GC, and the Canadian Cooperative MS Group (1990) Interrater variability with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Functional Systems ( FS) in a multiple sclerosis clinical trial. Neurology 40: 971–975
The Canadian Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (1991) The Canadian Cooperative trial of cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange in progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 337: 442–446
The Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (1990) Efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporine in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Neurol 27: 591–605
Theys P, Gosseye-Lissoir F, Ketelaer P, Carton H (1981) Short-term intensive cyclophosphamide treatment in multiple sclerosis: A retrospective controlled study. J Neurol 225: 119–133
Thompson AJ, Kermode AG, MacManus DG (1990) Patterns of disease activity in multiple sclerosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Br Med J 300: 631–634
Thompson AJ, Kermode AG, Loicks D (1991) Major differences in the dynamics of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 29: 53–62
Uitdehaag BMJ, Nillesen WM, Hommes OR (1989) Long-lasting effects of cyclophosphamide on lymphocytes in peripheral blood and spinal fluid. Acta Neurol Scand 79: 12–17
Weiner HL, Hauser SL, Dawson DM, Hafler DA, Mackin GA, Orav EJ (1991) Cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 337: 1033–1034
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mackin, G.A., Dawson, D.M., Hafler, D.A., Weiner, H.L. (1992). Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Cyclophosphamide. In: Rudick, R.A., Goodkin, D.E. (eds) Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Clinical Medicine and the Nervous System. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3184-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3184-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3186-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3184-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive