Abstract
Researchers and philosophers have long pondered the nature and origins of aggression among humans, but it is only recently that we have begun to understand the diverse forms that aggressive behavior can take as well as the complexity of its development. The goal of this chapter is to review current conceptualizations of aggression, with particular interest in how aggression varies as a function of both gender and development. Against this backdrop, we argue for a broader perspective on the socialization of aggression, which more fully considers the social context in which it develops and the influence of peers.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson,C. A.,&Bushman,B. J. (2002). The effects of media violence on society.Science,295, 2377–2379.
Archer, J., Pearson, M. A., & Westeman, K. E. (1988). Aggressive behavior of children aged 6–11: Gender differences and their magnitude. British Journal of Social Psychology,27, 6–11.
Arseneault,L., Tremblay,R. E., Boulerice, B., & Saucier, J-F. (2002). Obstetrical complications and violent delinquency: Testing two developmental pathways. Child Development,73, 496–508.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression-A social learning analysis.New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193–209.
Battin, S. R., Hill, K. G., Abbott, R. D., Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (1998). The contribution of gang membership to delinquency beyond delinquent friends. Criminology, 36, 93–115.
Bierman, K. L. (1986). The relation between social aggression and peer rejection in middle childhood. In R. J. Prinz (Ed. ), Advances in behavioral assessment of children and families (vol. 2, pp. 151–178). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Bierman, K. L., Smoot, D. L., & Aumiller, K. (1993). Characteristics of aggressive-rejected, aggressive (non-rejected), and rejected (non-aggressive) status. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 669–682.
Bjorkqvist, K. (2001). Comments to “Top ten challenges for understanding gender and aggression in children: Why can’t we all just get along?”: Different names, same issues. Social Development, 10, 272–274.
Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M. J., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). Do girls manipulate and boys fight?: Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 18, 117–127.
Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). The development of direct and indirect aggressive strategies in males and females. In K. Bjorkqvist & P. Niemela (Eds. ), Of mice and women: Aspects of female aggression (pp. 51–64). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Boivin, M., Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1995). Individual-group behavioral similarity and peer status in experimental play groups of boys: The social misfit revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 269–279.
Brame, B., Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001). Developmental trajectories of physical aggression from school entry to late adolescence. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 389–394.
Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E., Brame, B., Dodge, K., Fergusson, D., Horwood, J., Loeber, R., Laird, R., Lynam, D., Moffitt, T., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Vitaro, F. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 222–245.
Bukowski, W. M., Sippola, L. K., & Newcomb, A. F. (2000). Variations in patterns of attraction to sameand other-sex peers during early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 36, 147–154.
Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., Neckerman, H., Ferguson, L. L., & Gariepy, J. (1989). Growth and aggression: 1. Childhood to early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 25, 320–330.
Cairns, R. B, Cairns, B. D., Neckerman, H., Gest, S., & Gariepy, J. (1988). Social networks and aggressive behavior: Peer support or peer rejection? Developmental Psychology, 24, 815–823.
Cillessen, A. H. N., & Mayeux, L. (2002). From censure to reinforcement: Developmental changes in the role of aggression in peer relations. In T. Vaillancourt & P. C. Rodkin symposium, Functions of aggression in children’s peer relations, for the XV Meeting of the International Society for Research in Aggression, Montreal, Canada.
Cillessen, A. H. N., van Ijzendoorn, H. W, van Lieshout, C. F. M., & Hartup, W. W. (1992). Heterogeneity among peer-rejected boys: Subtypes and stabilities. Child Development 63, 893–905.
Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1998). Aggression and antisocial behavior. In William Damon (Series Ed. ) and Nancy Eisenberg (Volume Ed. ), Handbook of Child Psychology, Fifth Edition, Vol. 3: Social, Emotional and Personality Development (pp. 779–862). New York: Wiley.
Cote, S., Vaillancourt, T., Farhat, A., LeBlanc, J. C, Nagin, D., & Tremblay, R. (2003). Developmental Trajectories of Physical Aggression during Childhood: A Nation Wide Longitudinal Study of Canadian Children. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Craig, W. M., & Pepier, D. J. (1995). Peer processes in bullying and victimization: An observational study. Exceptionality Education Canada, 5, 81–95.
Crick, N. R. (1995). Relational aggression: The role of intent attributions, feelings of distress, and provocation type. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 313–322.
Crick, N. R., Casas, J. F., & Mosher, M. (1997). Relational and over aggression in preschool. Developmental Psychology, 33, 589–600.
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. (1996). Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67, 993–1002.
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710–722.
Dishion, T. J., McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behavior. American Psychologist, 54, 755–764.
Dishion, T. J., Patterson G. R., Stoolmiller, M., & Skinner, M. L. (1991). Family, school, and behavioral antecedents to early adolescent involvement with antisocial peers. Developmental Psychology, 27, 172–180.
Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., Pettit, G., & Price, J. (1990). Peer status and aggression in boys’ groups: Developmental and contextual analyses. Child Development, 61, 1289–1309.
Eder, D. (1985). The cycle of popularity: Interpersonal relations among female adolescents. Sociology of Education, 58, 154–165.
Estell, D. B., Cairns, R. B., Farmer, T. W., & Cairns, B. D. (2002). Aggression in inner-city early elementary classrooms: Individual and peer-group configurations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 48, 52–76.
Farmer, T. W., & Rodkin, P. C. (1996). Antisocial and prosocial correlates of social positions: The social network centrality perspective. Social Development, 5, 174–188.
Fergusson, D. M., Woodward, L. J., & Horwood, L. J. (1998). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychiatric adjustment in late adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 721–727.
Feshbach, N. D. (1969). Sex differences in children’s modes of aggressive responses toward outsiders. Merrill-Palmer-Quarterly, 15, 249–258.
Feshbach, N. D. (1971). Sex differences in adolescent reactions toward newcomers. Develop-mental Psychology, 4, 381–386.
Fowles, D. C. (1988). Psychophysiology and psychopathy: A motivational approach. Psychophysiology, 25, 373–391.
Galen, B. R., & Underwood, M. K., (1997). A developmental investigation of social aggression among children. Developmental Psychology, 33, 589–600.
Goldstein, S. E., Tisak, M. S., & Boxer, P. (2002). Preschoolers’ normative and prescriptive judgments about relational and overt aggression. Early Education and Development, 13, 23–39.
Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Hanish, L. (1995). The role of normative beliefs in children’s social behavior. In N., Eisenberg (Ed. ) Review of personality, development, and social psychology: The interface (pp. 140–158). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Harris, J. R. (1995). Where is the child’s environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102, 458–489.
Harris, J. R. (1998). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. New York: Free Press.
Hawkins, D. L., Pepler, D. J., & Craig, W. M. (2001). Naturalistic observations of peer interventions in bullying. Social Development, 10, 512–527.
Hay D. F., Castel J., & Davies L. (2000). Toddlers’s use of force against familiar peers: A precursor of serious aggression? Child Development, 71, 457–467.
Hennington, C., Hughes, J. N, Cavell, T. A., & Thompson, B. (1998). The role of relational aggression in identifying boys and girls, journal of School Psychology, 36, 457–477.
Huesmann, L. R., & Guerra, N. G. (1997). Children’s normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 408–419.
Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C., & Eron, L. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977–1992. Developmental Psychology, 39.
Humphreys, A. P., & Smith, P. K. (1987). Rough-and-tumble play, friendship, and dominance in school children: Evidence for continuity and change with age. Child Development, 58, 201–212.
Hyde, J. S. (1984). How large are gender differences in aggression: A developmental metaanalysis. Developmental Psychology, 20, 722–736.
Hymel, S., Bonanno, R. A., Rocke Henderson, N., & McCreith, T. (2002). Moral disengagement and school bullying: An investigation of student attitudes and beliefs. In J. LeBlanc (Chair), Aggression in school, International Society for Research on Aggression, July 2002, Montreal, PQ.
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E. M., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2002). Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Science, 295, 2468–2471.
Kaukiainen, A., Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Osterman, K., Salmivalli, C., Rothberg, S., & Ahlbo, A. (1999). The relationship between social intelligence, empathy and three types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 81–89.
Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. S. (1994). The development of aggression in toddlers: A study of low-income families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 53–77.
Kellam, S. G. (1990). Developmental epidemiological framework for family research on depression and aggression. In G. R. Patterson (Ed. ), Depression and aggression in family interaction (pp. 11–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lagerspetz, K. M., Bjorkqvist, K., & Peltonen, T. (1988). Is indirect aggression typical of females? Gender differences in aggressiveness in 11- to 12-year old children. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 403–414.
Lahey, B. B., McBurnett, K., & Loeber, R. (2000). Are attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder developmental precursors to conduct disorder? In A. Sameroff, M. Lewis, & S. Miller (Eds. ), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 431–446). New York: Plenum.
Lancelotta, G. X., & Vaughn, S. (1989). Relation between types of aggression and sociometric status: Peer and teacher perceptions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 86–90.
Lease, A. M., Kennedy, C. A., & Axelrod, J. L. (2002). Children’s social constructions of popularity. Social Development, 11, 87–109.
Loeber, R., & Hay, D. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 371–410.
Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
Luthar, S. S., & McMahon, T. J. (1996). Peer reputation among inner-city adolescents: Structure and correlates. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6, 581–603.
Lykken, D. T. (2001). Parental licensure. American Psychologist, 56, 885–894.
Newcomb, A. F., Bukowski, W. M., & Pattee, L. (1993). Children’s peer relations: A meta-analytic review of popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average sociometric status. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 99–128.
Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of gender differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
McCabe, A., & Lipscomb, T. (1988). Sex differences in children’s verbal aggression. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 34, 389–401.
Merten, D. E. (1997). The meaning of meanness: Popularity, competition, and conflict among junior high school girls. Sociology of Education, 40, 175–191.
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701.
Moore, T. M., Scarpa, A., & Raine, A. (2002). A meta-analysis of serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA and antisocial behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 299–316.
Nagin, D., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001). Parental and early childhood predictors of persistent physical aggression in boys from kindergarten to high school. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 389–394.
O’Connell, P., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (1999). Peer involvement in bullying: Insights and challenges for intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 437–452.
Olofsson, M., Buckley, W., Andersen, G. E., & Friis-Hansen, B. (1983). Investigation of 89 children bory by drug-dependent mothers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 72, 407–410.
Olweus, D. (1977). Aggression and peer acceptance in adolescent boys: Two short-term longitudinal studies of ratings. Child Development, 48, 1301–1313.
Olweus, D. (1994). Bullying at schools: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 35, 1171–1190.
Olweus, D. (1999). Sweden. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, & P. Slee (Eds. ), The nature of school bullying (pp. 7–27). New York: Routledge
Osterman, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Kaukiainen, A., Huesmann, L. R., & Fraczek, A. (1994). Peer and self-estimated aggression and victimization in 8-year-old children from five ethnic groups. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 411–428.
Osterman, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Kaukiainen, A., Landau, S. F., Fraczek, A., & Caprara, G. V. (1998). Cross-cultural evidence of female indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 24, 1–8.
Owens, L. D. (1996). Sticks and stones and sugar and spice: Girls’ and boys’ aggression in schools. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 6, 45–55.
Parkhurst, J. T., & Hopmeyer, A. (1998). Sociometric popularity and peer-perceived popularity: Two distinct dimensions of peer status. Journal of Early Adolescence, 18, 125–144.
Patterson, G. R., Littman, R. W., & Bricker, W. (1967). Assertive behavior in children: A step toward a theory of Aggression. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 32 (5, Serial No. 113).
Plomin, R. (1983). Childhood temperament. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds. ), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 45–92) New York: Plenum.
Prinstein, M. J., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (in press). Forms and functions of adolescent peer aggression associated with high levels of peer status. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly.
Raine, A. (2002). Annotation: The role of prefrontal deficits, low automatic arousal, and early health factors in the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 417–434.
Rys, G. S., & Bear, G. G., (1997). Relational aggression and peer relations: Gender and developmental issues. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 43, 87–106.
Rodkin, P. C, Farmer, T. W., Pearl, R., & Van Acker, R. (2000). Heterogeneity of popular boys: Antisocial and prosocial configurations. Developmental Psychology, 36, 14–24.
Salmivalli, C, Kaukiainen, A., & Lagerspetz, K. (2000). Aggression and sociometric status among peers: Do Gender and type of aggression matter? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 41, 17–24.
Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1–15.
Schaal, B., Tremblay, R. E., Soussignan, R., & Susman, E. J. (1996). Male testosterone linked to high school dominance but low physical aggression in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(10), 1322–1330.
Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., & Chard-Wierschem, D. (1993). The role of juvenile gangs in facilitating delinquent behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 55–87.
Thornberry, T. P., Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., Farnworth, M., & Jang, S. J. (1994). Delinquent peers beliefs and delinquent behavior: A longitudinal test of interaction theory. Criminology, 32, 47–83.
Tomada, G., & Schneider, B. H. (1997). Relational aggression, gender, and peer acceptance: Invariance across culture, stability over time and concordance among informants. Developmental Psychology, 33, 601–609.
Tremblay, R. E. (1999). When children’s social development fails. In D. P. Keating & C. Hertz-man (Eds. ), Developmental health and the wealth of nations: Social, biological, and educational dynamics (pp. 55–71). New York: Guilford.
Tremblay, R. E. (2000). The development of aggressive behavior during childhood: What have we learned in the past century? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 129–141.
Tremblay, R. E. (2001). The development of physical aggression during childhood and the prediction of later dangerousness. In G. F. Pinard & L. Pagani (Eds. ), Clinical assessment of dangerousness: Empirical contributions (pp. 47–65). NY: Cambridge University Press.
Tremblay, R. E. (in press). Why socialization fails?: The case of chronic physical aggression. In B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt, & A. Caspi (Eds. ), The causes of conduct disorders and serious juvenile delinquency. New York: Guilford.
Tremblay, R. E., Japel, C., Perusse, D., McDuff, P., Boivin, M., Zoccolillo, M., & Montplaisir, J. (1999). The search for the age of ’onset’ of physical aggression: Rousseau and Bandura revisited. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 9, 8–23.
Underwood, M. K. (2003). Social aggression in girls. New York: Guilford.
Underwood, M. K., Galen, B. R., & Paquette, J. A. (2001). Admirations rather than hostilities: Response to Archer, Bjorkqvist, and Crick et al. Social Development, 10, 275–280.
Vaillancourt, T., Brendgen, M., Boivin, M., & Tremblay, R. (in press). Longitudinal Confirmatory factor analysis of indirect and physical aggression: Evidence of two factors over time? Child Development.
Vaillancourt, T., Cote, S., Farhat, A., LeBlanc, J. C, Boivin, M., & Tremblay, R. (2003). Trajectories of indirect aggression: Insights from the Canadian National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Vaillancourt, T. (in press). Indirect aggression among humans: Social construct or evolutionary adaptation. In R. E. Tremblay, W. H. Hartup, and J. Archer (eds. ), Developmental origins of aggression. Guilford Press.
Vaillancourt, T., & Hymel, S. (in press). Understanding sociometric status: What does it mean to be popular? Social Development.
Vaillancourt, T., Hymel, S., & McDougall, P. (in press). Bullying is power: Implications for school intervention programs. Journal of Applied School Psychology.
Vandell, D. L., & Hembree, S. E. (1994). Peer social status and friendship: Independent contributors to children’s social and academic adjustment. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 40, 461–477.
Willoughby, J., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Bryant, D. (2001). Overt and covert dimensions of antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 177–187.
Wright, J. C, Giammarino, M., & Parad, H. W. (1986). Social status in small groups: Individual-group similarity and the social “misfit”: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 523–536.
Xie, H., Cairns, R. B., & Cairns, B. D. (2002). The development of social aggression and physical aggression: A narrative analysis of interpersonal conflicts. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 341–355.
Xie, H., Swift, D. J., Cairns, B. D., & Cairns, R. B. (2002). Aggressive behaviors in social interaction and developmental adaptation: A narrative analysis of interpersonal conflicts during early adolescence. Social Development, 11, 205–224.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vaillancourt, T., Hymel, S. (2004). The Social Context of Children’s Aggression. In: Moretti, M.M., Odgers, C.L., Jackson, M.A. (eds) Girls and Aggression. Perspectives in Law & Psychology, vol 19. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8985-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8985-7_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4748-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8985-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive