Skip to main content

Reframing Violence Risk Assessment for Female Juvenile Offenders

  • Chapter
Girls and Aggression

Part of the book series: Perspectives in Law & Psychology ((PILP,volume 19))

  • 304 Accesses

Abstract

The assessment of risk for future violence is a task that clinicians and criminal justice practitioners are faced with on a daily basis. Recent advances in risk assessment research have led to an increased understanding of the empirical relationships between risk factors and violent outcomes among adult male populations (see Borum, 1996; Douglas & Ogloff, 2003; Monahan & Steadman, 1994). Simultaneously, a plethora of risk assessment instruments, such as the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG; Harris, Rice, & Quinsey, 1993) Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991), Psychopathy Checklist-Screening Version (PCL-SV; Hart, Cox, & Hare, 1995) and Historical and Clinical Risk Guide (HCR-20; Webster, Douglas, Eaves, & Hart, 1997) have been developed and tested widely among adult male forensic populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artz, S. (1998). Sex, power, and the violent school girl. Toronto: Trifolium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, D., & Losel, F. (1997). Protective and risk effects of peer relations and social support on antisocial behaviour in adolescents from multi-problem milieus. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 661–678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergsmann, I. R. (1989). The forgotten few: Juvenile female offenders. Federal Probation, 12, 73–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkqvist, K., & Niemela, P. (1992). Of mice and women: Aspects of female aggression. San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borum, R., Bartel, P., & Forth, A. (2002). Manual for the structured assessment of violence risk in youth (SAVRY). University of South Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borum, R. (1996). Improving the clinical practice of violence risk assessment: Technology, guidelines, and training. American Psychologist, 51, 945–956.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, T., & Austin, J. (1997). Women in jail: Classification issues. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Corrections.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cauffman, E., & Steinberg, L. (2000). The cognitive and affective influences of adolescent decision making. Temple haw Review, 68, 1763–1789.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesney-Lind, M., & Sheldon, R. (1998). Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice (2nd ed. ). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coontz, P., Lidz, C., & Mulvey, E. (1994). Gender and the assessment of dangerousness in the psychiatric emergency room. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 17(4), 369–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrado, R., Odgers, C, & Cohen, I. (2001). The use of incarceration for female youth: Protection for whom? Canadian Journal of Criminology, 42, 189–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrado, R., Cohen, I., & Odgers, C. (2000). Teen violence in Canada. In A. M. Hoffman & R. W. Summers (Eds. ), Teen violence: A global view. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulson, G., Flacqua, G., Nutbrown, V. Giulekas, D., & Cudjoe, F. (1996). Predictive utility of the LSI for incarcerated female offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 427–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Bigbee, M. A. (1998). Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: A multiinformant approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 337–347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710–722.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, A., Baker, L., Mazaheri, N., Ashbourne, L., VanBrunschot, M., & Currie, M. (2000), Best practice programming for phase II young offenders: A literature review. London: Centre for Children and Families in the Justice System.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, K. S., & Ogloff, R. P. (2003). Multiple facets of risk for violence: The impact of judgmental specificity on structured decisions about risk. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2, 19–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, A. (1996). Bad girls in hard times: Canadian female juvenile offenders. In G. O’Bireck (Ed. ), Not a kid anymore (pp. 203–220). Scarborough, ON: Nelson Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. P. (1989). Predictors, causes, and correlates of male youth violence. In M. Tonry & M. H. Moore (Eds. ), Crime and justice: A review of research: Vol. 24. Youth violence (pp. 421–476). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • FBI Uniform Crime Report. (September 2002). Online Available at:http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm

  • Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, J. H. (2002). Male and female offending trajectories. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 159–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forth, A. E. (1996). Psychopathy in adolescent offenders: Assessment, family background, and violence. In D. J. Cooke, A. E. Forth, J. P. Newman, & R. D. Hare (Eds. ), Issues in criminological and legal psychology: No. 24, International perspectives on psychopathy (pp. 42–44). Leicester, UK: British Psychological Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Funk, S. (1999). Risk assessment for juveniles on probation: A focus on gender. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 44–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gendreau, P., Little, T., & Goggin, C. (1996). A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works! Criminology, 34, 574–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, G., & Halpern, C. T. (2002). A relational view of causality in normal and abnormal development. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 421–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, C. T., & A. Cunningham (2000). Canadian corrections. Toronto: ITP Nelson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grisso, T. (1998). Forensic evaluation of juveniles. Sarasota, FL. : Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist¡ªRevised. Toronto: Multi Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D., McPherson, L. E., & Forth, A. E. (1988). Male psychopaths and their criminal careers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 710–714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Cormier, C. (1991). Psychopathy and violent recidivism. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 377–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Quinsey, V. L. (1993). Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: The development of a statistical prediction instrument. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20, 315–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, S. D., Cox, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (1995). Manual for the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL: SV). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, S. D. (1998). The role of psychopathy in assessing risk for violence: Conceptual and methodological issues. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 121–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heimer, K., & DeCoster, S. (1999). The gendering of violent delinquency. Criminology, 37, 277–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, R., & Pottieger, A. E. (1991). Gender bias in juvenile justice handling of seriously crime-involved youths. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 28, 75–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, S., & Scherer, D. G. (1998). Female juvenile delinquency: Misunderstood by the juvenile justice system, neglected by social science. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 81–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kropp, R., Hart, S., Webster, C. & Eaves, D. (1999). Manual for the Spousal Risk Assessment Guide (3rd ed. ). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanctot, N. (2002, May). Violence among females from adolescence to adulthood: Results from a longitudinal study. Paper presented at the Vancouver Conference on Aggressive and Violent Girls, Vancouver, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leschied, A., Cummings, A., Van Brunschot, M., Cunningham, A., & Saunders, A. (2000). Female adolescent aggression: A review of the literature and the correlates of aggression (User Report No. 2000–04). Ottawa: Solicitor General of Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D. O., Yeager, C. A., Cobham-Portorreal, C. S., & Klein, N. (1991). A follow-up of female delinquents: Maternal contributions to the perpetuation of deviance. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 197–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levene, K. S., Augimeri, L. K., Pepler., D. J., Walsh, M. M., Webster, C. D., & Koegl, C. J. (2001). Early Assessment Risk List for Girls (EARL-21G). Toronto: Earlscourt Child and Family Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsey, M. W., & Derzon, J. H. (1998). Predictors of violence and serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds. ), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 86–105). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study: Executive Summary. Retrieved December 2, 2001 from the MacArthur Research Network on Mental Health and the Law Web site. http://www. macarthur. virginia. edu/risk. html

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/ antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324–344.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life course-persistent antisocial behavior developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001). Sex differences in antisocial behavior: Conduct disorder, delinquency, and violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, J. (1995). The violence prediction scheme: Assessing dangerousness in high-risk men. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22, 446–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, J., & Steadman, H. (1994). Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, J., Steadman, H., Silver, E., Appelbaum, P., Robbins, P., Mulvey, E., Roth, L., Grisso, T., & Banks, S. (2001). Rethinking risk assessment: The MacArthur study of mental disorder and violence. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moretti, M. M., Holland, R., & McKay, S. (2001). Self-other representations and relational and overt aggression in adolescent girls and boys. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 109–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moretti, M. M., & Odgers, C. L. (2002). Aggressive and violent girls: Prevalence, profiles and contributing factors. In R. R. Corrado, R. Roesch, S. D. Hart, & J. Gierowski (Eds. ), Multi-problem violent youth: A foundation for comparative research on needs, interventions and outcomes (pp. 302–329). Amsterdam: IOS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, T. L., Hemphill, J. F., Boer, D. A., Kropp, P. R., & Zapf, P., (2001). Offenders: Assessment and treatment in special populations. In R. Schuller & J. R. P. Ogloff (Eds. ), Introduction to psychology and law: Canadian perspectives. (pp. 248–282). Toronto, ON: Uni-versity of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, T. L., Logan, C, Webster, C. D., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2003, April) Assessing violence risk in women: A review and critique. Society for Research on Child Development Annual Meetings. Tampa, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odgers, C. L., & Busch, J. (2003, April). The impact of physical and sexual victimization on violent behavior in adolescence: A meta-analytic approach. Society for Research on Child Development Annual Meetings. Tampa, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odgers, C. L., & Moretti, M. M. (2002). Aggressive and antisocial girls: Research update and future challenges. International journal of Forensic and Mental Health, 2, 17–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odgers, C. L., Moretti, M. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2003, April). Antisocial and aggressive behavior in girls: Are we measuring the same construct? International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services. Miami, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odgers, C. L., & Reppucci, N. D. (2002, May). Female young offenders: A meta-analytic approach. Paper presented at the Vancouver Conference on Aggressive and Violent Girls: Contributing Factors and Intervention Strategies, Vancouver, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (1995). Guide for implementing the comprehensive strategy for serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders. Washington, D. C. : Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otto, R. (2000). Assessing and managing violence risk in outpatient settings. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1239–1262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paquette, J. A., & Underwood, M. K. (1999). Gender differences in young adolescents’ experiences of peer victimization: Social and physical aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 242–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pepler, D. J., & Sedighdeilami, F. (1998). Aggressive girls in Canada. Ottawa: Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy Human Resources Development Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puzzanchera, C., Stahl, A. L., Finnegan, T. A., Tierney, N., & Snyder, H. N. (2003). juvenile Court Statistics 1998. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitsma-Street, M. (1999). Justice for Canadian girls: A 1990s update. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 41, 335–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, B., & Spatz Widom, C. (1990). Childhood victimization and violent offending. Violence & Victims, 5, 19–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N. (1986). The consequence of conduct disorder in girls. In D. Olweus, J. Block, & M. Radke-Yarrow (Eds. ), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior (pp. 385–414). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, J. L. (1989). Family dysfunction and female delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, 35, 31–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, D., Vazsonyi, A., & Flannery, D. (1995). Sex differences: Do means and within-sex variation have similar causes? Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32, 84–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford, M. J., Alterman, A. I., & Cacciola, J. S. (1995). Reliability and validity of the Revised-Psychopathy Checklist in opiate and cocaine addicted women. Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology, 24, 136–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salekin, R., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. (1998). Psychopathy and recidivism among female inmates. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 109–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seagrave, D., & Grisso, T. (2002). Adolescent development and the measurement of juvenile psychopathy. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 219–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, M., & Dubois, S. (1995). Understanding violence by women: A review of the literature. Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simourd, L., & Andrews, D. A. (1994). Correlates of delinquency: A look at the gender differences. Women in Prison, 6, 28–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommers, I., & Baskin, D. (1994). Factors related to female adolescent initiation into violent street crime. Youth and Society, 25, 468–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A. (1990). Considering normal and abnormal together: The essence of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 335–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M., & Gelles, R. J. (1986). Societal change and change in family violence from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national surveys. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 48, 465–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarasoff v. the Regents of the University of California, et al, 551 P. 2d 334 (Cal. 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Teplin, L. A. (2003, April). Psychiatric disorders in detained youth: Implication for treatment and public health policy. Plenary address at the 3rd annual International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services conference, Miami, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada. (2001). Canadian dimensions: Youth and adult crime rates. Online. Available: http://www. statcan/english/Pgdb/State/Justice/legal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Totten, M. (2000). The special needs of females in Canada’s youth justice system: An account of some young women’s experiences and views. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uggen C., & Kruttschnitt C. (1998). Crime in the breaking: Gender differences in desistance. Law & Society Review, 32, 339–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1997). Privacy and juvenile justice records: A mid-decade status report. Annapolis Junction, MD: Bureau of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viale-Val, G., & Sylvester, C. (1993). Female delinquency. In M. Sugar (Ed. ), Female adolescent development (pp. 169–191). New York: Brunner-Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, G. M. (2002). Investigating the legitimacy of adolescent psychopathy assessment: Contributions of item response theory. Unpublished dissertation, Simon Fraser University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, G. M., & Hart, S. (2002). Psychopathy and youth. In R. R. Corrado, R. Roesch, S. D. Hart, & J. Gierowski (Eds. ), Multi-problem violent youth: A foundation for comparative research on needs, interventions and outcomes (pp. 302–329). Amsterdam: IOS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, J. E., & Newman, J. P. (2001). Using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised with female samples: Reliability, validity, and implications for clinical utility. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 8, 117–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, C. D, Douglas, K. S., Eaves, D., & Hart, S. D. (1997). HCR-20 assessing risk for violence: Version 2. Burnaby, British Columbia: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahn-Waxler, C, Cole, P. M., & Barrett, K. C. (1991). Guilt and empathy: Sex differences and implications for the development of depression. In J. Garber & K. A. Dodge (Eds. ), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 243–272). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zoccolillo M., & Rogers K. (1991). Characteristics and outcome of conduct disorder in hospitalized adolescent girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 973–981.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Odgers, C.L., Schmidt, M.G., Reppucci, D. (2004). Reframing Violence Risk Assessment for Female Juvenile Offenders. In: Moretti, M.M., Odgers, C.L., Jackson, M.A. (eds) Girls and Aggression. Perspectives in Law & Psychology, vol 19. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8985-7_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8985-7_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4748-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8985-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics