Skip to main content

Metacognition-Based Reading Intervention Programs Among Fourth-Grade Hungarian Students

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Trends and Prospects in Metacognition Research

Abstract

This chapter provides a summary of two metacognition-based reading intervention studies among fourth graders. Since several studies suggested and documented the usefulness of teaching reading strategies, our research can be considered as an application of metacognition theory in Hungarian elementary school reading education. Our studies have the following characteristics: (a) brief intervention programs, (b) being embedded in school subjects, (c) addressing both declarative and procedural elements of metacognition in reading. Ecological validity was a central issue in these studies. In the first study, reading and mathematics training programs were applied simultaneously. In the second study, a new reading intervention program was developed aiming at gradually introducing different reading strategies and awareness of the use of strategies. The results suggest that in Grade 4 Hungarian elementary school students benefited from the explicit training of reading strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adamikné, J. A. (Ed.). (2001). A magyar olvasástanítás története [The history of reading education in Hungary]. Budapest: Osiris Kiadó.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afflerbach, P., Pearson, P. D., & Paris, S. G. (2008). Clarifying differences between reading skills and reading strategies. The Reading Teacher, 61, 364–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almasi, J. (2003). Teaching strategic processes in reading. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, L., & Brown, A. L. (1984). Metacognitive skills and reading. In P. D. Pearson, R. Barr, M. Kamil, & P. Mosenthal (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (pp. 353–394). New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Báthory, Z. (1992). Tanulók, iskolák, különbségek – Egy differenciális tanításelmélet vázlata [Students, schools and differences – An outline of a differential theory of instruction]. Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand-Gruwel, S., Aarnoutse, C. A. J., & Van den Bos, K. P. (1998). Improving text comprhension strategies in reading and listening settings. Learning and Instruction, 8, 63–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L. (1992). Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2, 141–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campione, J. C., Brown, A. L., & Connel, M. L. (1988). Metacognition: On the importance of understanding what you are doing. In R. I. Charles & E. A. Silver (Eds.), Research agenda for mathematics education: The teaching of mathematical problem solving (pp. 93–114). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1969). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cromley, J. G., & Azevedo, R. (2006). Testing and refining the Direct and Inferential Mediation (DIME) model of reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 311–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross, D. R., & Paris, S. G. (1988) Developmental and instructional analyses of children’s metacognition and reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 131–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cs. Czachesz, E., & Vidákovich, T. (1994). Melyik módszer? Öt olvasástanítási módszer összehasonlító vizsgálata [Which method? A comparative study of five reading instruction methods]. ÉKP Hírek, 6–7, 6–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csíkos, C. (2003). How many buses are needed? Hungarian students’ achievement on ‘problematic’ word problems. Paper presented at the 10th European Conference for Research on Learning and Instruction, Padova, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csíkos, C. (2005a). A metacognition-based training program in grade 4 in the fields of mathematics and reading. Paper presented at the 11th European Conference for Research on Learning and Instruction, Nicosia, Cyprus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csíkos, C. (2005b). Metakognícióra alapozott fejlesztő kísérlet 4. osztályos tanulók körében a matematika és az olvasás területén [A metacognition-based training program in grade 4 mathematics and reading.]. Magyar Pedagógia, 105, 127–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csíkos, C. (2008). A large scale 3-year longitudinal study on Jacobs and Paris’ IRA questionnaire among 3rd-5th grade students. Paper presented at the 3rd Biennial Meeting of the EARLI Special Interest Group 16 (Metacognition), Ioannina, Greece.

    Google Scholar 

  • Efklides, A. (2001). Metacognitive experiences in problem solving: Metacognition, motivation, and self-regulation. In A. Efklides, J. Kuhl, & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Trends and prospects in motivation research (pp. 297–323). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Efklides, A. (2006). Metacognition and affect: What can metacognitive experiences tell us about the learning process? Educational Research Review, 1, 3–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elley, W. B. (Ed.). (1994). The IEA study of reading literacy: Achievement and instruction in thirty-two school system. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, J. H. (1971). First discussant’s comments: What is memory development the development of? Human Development, 14, 272–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906–911.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, R. (1987). Metacognition and reading comprehension. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaskins, I. W. (1994). Classroom applications of cognitive science: Teaching poor readers how to learn, think, and problem solve. In K. McGilly (Ed.), Classroom lessons: Integrating cognitive theory and classroom practice (pp. 129–156). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaultney, J. F. (1995). The effect of prior knowledge and metacognition on the acquisition of a reading comprehension strategy. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 59, 142–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hacker, D. J. (1998). Definitions and empirical foundations. In D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Metacognition in educational theory and practice (pp. 1–23). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacker, D. J., Dunlosky, J., & Graesser, A. C. (Eds.). (1998). Metacognition in educational theory and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, K., Bowman, H., & Myers, J. (1999). Tasks, texts and contexts: A study of reading and metacognition in English and Irish primary classrooms. Educational Studies, 25, 311–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. E., & Paris, S. G. (1987). Children’s metacognition about reading: Issues in definition, measurement, and instruction. Educational Psychologist, 22, 255–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keene, E. O., & Zimmermann, S. (1997). Mosaic of thought: Teaching comprehension in a reader’s workshop. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kentridge, R. W., & Heywood, C. A. (2000). Metacognition and awareness. Consciousness and Cognition, 9, 308–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kluwe, R. H. (1987). Executive decisions and regulation of problem solving behavior. In F. E. Weinert, & R. Kluwe (Eds.), Metacognition, motivation, and understanding (pp. 31–64). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koriat, A., & Levy-Sadot, R. (2000). Conscious and unconscious metacognition: A rejoinder. Consciousness and Cognition, 9, 193–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meloth, M. S., & Deering, P. D. (1992): Effects of two cooperative conditions on peer-group discussions, reading comprehension, and metacognition. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 17, 175–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meneghetti, C., Carretti, B., & De Beni, R. (2006). Components of reading comprehension and scholastic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 16, 291–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molnár, E. K. (2006). Olvasási képesség és iskolai tudás [Reading ability and school-based learning]. In K. Józsa (Ed.), Az olvasási képesség fejlődése és fejlesztése (pp. 43–60). Budapest: Dinasztia Tankönyckiadó.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers II, M., & Paris, S. G. (1978). Children’s metacognitive knowledge about reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 680–690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, J. (2007). Kompetencia alapú kritériumorientált pedagógia [Competency-based and criterion-referenced education]. Szeged, Hungary: Mozaik Kiadó.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T. O. (1996). Consciousness and metacognition. American Psychologist, 51, 102–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T. O., & Narens, L. (1992). Metamemory: A theoretical framework and new findings. In T. O. Nelson (Ed.), Metacognition. Core readings (pp. 117–129). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olejnik, S., & Algina, J. (2000). Measures of effect size for comparative studies: Application, interpretations, and limitations. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 241–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2006). Assessing scientific, reading and mathematical literacy. A framework for PISA 2006. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palincsar, A. S., & Brown, A. L. (1985). Reciprocal teaching: Activities to promote read(ing) with your mind. In T. L. Harris & E. J. Cooper (Eds.), Reading, thinking and concept development: Strategies for the classroom. New York: The College Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pap-Szigeti, R., Zentai, G., & Józsa, K. (2006). A szövegfeldolgozó képességfejlesztés módszerei [Methods for improving abilities through text processing]. In K. Józsa (Ed.), Az olvasási képesség fejlődése és fejlesztése (pp. 235–258). Budapest: Dinasztia Kiadó.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C. A. (1985). Reading ability. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M. (2000). What should comprehension instruction be the instruction of? In M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson, & R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (Vol. III, pp. 545–561). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M. (2002). Metacognition and self-regulated comprehension. In A. Farstrup & S. J. Samuels (Eds.), What research has to say about reading instruction (pp. 291–309). Newark, DE: IRA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M., & Gaskins, I. W. (2006). Metacognitively competent reading comprehension is constructively responsive reading: How can such reading be developed in students? Metacognition and Learning, 1, 99–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schellings, G., Aarnoutse, C., & van Leeuwe, J. (2006). Third-grader’s think-aloud protocols. Types of reading activities in reading an expository text. Learning and Instruction, 16, 549–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K. E. (1980). Toward an interactive-compensatory model of individual differences in the development of reading fluency. Reading Research Quarterly, 16, 32–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steklács, J., & Csíkos, C. (2007). Improving students’ reading comprehension by means of developing reading strategies. Results from a Hungarian experiment. Paper presented at the 12th European Conference for Research on Learning and Instruction, Budapest, Hungary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steklács, J., & Csíkos, C. (2009). Developing reading strategies among 4th grade students in Hungary. The New Mexico Journal of Reading, 19(3), 15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, R. L. (1973). Reading comprehension education in fifteen countries: An empirical study. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Bos, K. P., Brand-Gruwel, S., & Aarnoutse, C. A. J. (1998). Text comprehension strategy instruction with poor readers. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 10, 471–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Stel, M., & Veenman, M. V. J. (2008). Relation between intellectual ability and metacognitive skillfulness as predictors of learning performance of young students performing tasks in different domains. Learning and Individual Differences, 18, 128–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Kraayenoord, C., & Schneider, W. (1999). Reading achievement, metacognition, reading self-concept and interest: A study of German students in Grade 3 and 4. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 14, 305–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veenman, M. V. J., Elshout, J. J., & Meijer, J. (1997). The generality vs. domain-specificity of metacognitive skills in novice learning across domains. Learning and Instruction, 7, 187–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verschaffel, L., De Corte, E., & Lasure, S. (1994). Realistic considerations in mathematical modelling of school arithmetic word problems. Learning and Instruction, 7, 339–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walczyk, J. J. (1995). Testing a compensatory-encoding model. Reading Research Quarterly, 30, 396–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitebread, D., Coltman, P., Pasternak, D. P., Sangster, C., Grau, V., Bingham, S., Almeqdad, Q, & Demetriou, D. (2009). The development of two observational tools for assessing metacognition and self-regulated learning in young children. Metacognition and Learning, 4, 63–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, K. D. (2001). Literacy strategies across the subject areas. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research presented in this paper was supported by the Hungarian National Science Fund (OTKA) projects F38222 and 63360 to the first author. Study 1 was partly supported by the Research Group on Abilities of the Hungarian Academy of Science. Research collaborators at Study 1 were Klára Tarkó, István Zsigmond, and Éva Molnár. The reading comprehension test of Study 1 was developed by Monika Dózsa.

We thank Edit Katalin Molnár for her helpful comments on a previous version of the manuscript.

Special thanks are due to the teachers who participated in the projects.

Parts of the present study have been presented at conferences (Csíkos, 2005a; Steklács & Csíkos, 2007). Also, part of the data have been published in Csíkos (2005b) and Steklács and Csíkos (2009).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Csaba Csíkos .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Csíkos, C., Steklács, J. (2010). Metacognition-Based Reading Intervention Programs Among Fourth-Grade Hungarian Students. In: Efklides, A., Misailidi, P. (eds) Trends and Prospects in Metacognition Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics