Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Quantitative Approaches to the Study of Gender

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology

  • 5893 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aubrey, J. S. (2006). Exposure to sexually objectifying media and body self-perceptions among college women: An examination of the selective exposure hypothesis and the role of moderating variables. Sex Roles, 55, 159–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbuto, J. E., Fritz, S. M., Matkin, G. S., & Marx, D. B. (2007). Effects of gender, education, and age upon leaders’ use of influence tactics and full range leadership behaviors. Sex Roles, 56, 71–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bem, S. L. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, M. C. R., Stermer, S. P., & Burgess, S. R. (2007). Sex, lies, and video games: The portrayal of male and female characters on video game covers. Sex Roles, 57, 419–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M. (2004). Evolutionary psychology (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory of gender development and functioning. In A. H. Eagly, A. E. Beall, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of gender (2nd ed., pp. 92–119). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calogero, R. M. (2004). A test of objectification theory: The effect of the male gaze on appearance concerns in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 16–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, P. J., & Caplan, J. B. (1999). Thinking critically about research on sex and gender (2nd ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrigall, E. A., & Konrad, A. M. (2007). Gender role attitudes and careers: A longitudinal study. Sex Roles, 56, 847–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deaux, K. (1999). An overview of research on gender: Four themes from three decades. In W. B. Swann Jr., J. H. Langlois, & L. A. Gilbert (Eds.), Sexism and stereotypes in modern society: The gender science of Janet Taylor Spence (pp. 11–33). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Deaux, K., & LaFrance, M. (1998). Gender. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 788–827). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 369–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., & Crowley, M. (1986). Gender and helping behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 569–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., & Diekman, A. B. (2005). What is the problem? Prejudice as an attitude-in-context. In J. F. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. A. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 19–35). Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Taunger (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123–174). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2004). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: Implications for the partner preferences of women and men. In A. H. Eagly, A. E. Beall, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of gender (2nd ed., pp. 269–295). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T-A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T-A., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galambos, N. L., Almeida, D. M., & Peterson, A. C. (1990). Masculinity, femininity, and sex role attitudes in early adolescence: Exploring gender intensification. Child Development, 61, 1905–1914.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grabe, S., Hyde, J. S., & Lindberg, S. M. (2007). Body objectification and depression in adolescents: The role of gender, shame, and rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 164–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 1–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hampson, E., & Moffat, S. D. (2004). The psychobiology of gender: Cognitive effects of reproductive hormones in the adult nervous system. In A. H. Eagly, A. E. Beall, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of gender (2nd ed., pp. 38–64). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hines, D. A. (2007). Posttraumatic stress symptoms among men who sustain partner violence: An international multisite study of university students. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 8, 225–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hines, M. (2004). Androgen, estrogen, and gender: Contributions of the early hormone environment to gender-related behavior. In A. H. Eagly, A. E. Beall, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of gender (2nd ed., pp. 9–37). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogue, M., & Yoder, J. D. (2003). The role of status in producing depressed entitlement in women’s and men’s pay allocations. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27, 330–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogue, M., Yoder, J. D., & Singleton, S. B. (2007). The gender wage gap: An explanation of men’s elevated wage entitlement. Sex Roles, 56, 573–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollingworth, L. S. (1914). An experimental study of the mental and motor abilities of women during menstruation. [Talk at Teachers College, Columbia]. Available at http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Hollingworth/periodicity. Retrieved August, 2008.

  • Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581–592.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobi, C., Hayward, C., deZwaan, M., Kraemer, H., & Agras, W.S. (2004). Coming to terms with risk factors for eating disorders: Application of risk terminology and suggestions for a general taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 19–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. J., McCreary, D. R., & Mills, J. S. (2007). Effects of exposure to objectified male and female media images on men’s psychological well-being. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 8, 95–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keery, H., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). An evaluation of the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image, 1, 237–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer, H., Kazdin, A., Offord, D., Kessler R., Jensen, P., & Kupler D. (1997). Coming to terms with the terms of risk. Archives of General Psychiatry 54, 337–343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. (1970). The structure of scientific revolution (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaFrance, M., Hecht, M. A., & Paluck, E. L. (2003). The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 305–334.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leit, R. A., Pope, H. G. Jr., & Gray, J. J. (2001). Cultural expectations of muscularity in men: The evolution of Playgirl centerfolds. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 90–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, M. P., & Smolak, L. (2006). The prevention of eating problems and eating disorders: Theory, research, and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. L., & Ruble, D. (2004). Children’s search for gender cues: Cognitive perspectives on human development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 67–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCartney, K., Burchinal, M., & Bub, K. (2006). Best practices in quantitative methods for developmentalists. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 71, Serial Number 285.

    Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, M., Koeske, R., & Frieze, I. (2004). Issues to consider in conducting nonsexist psychological research: A guide for researchers. In T-A. Roberts (Ed.), The Lanahan readings in the psychology of women (pp. 496–522). Baltimore, MD: Lanahan.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale: Self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 623–636.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMullin, D., Wirth, R. J., & White, J. W. (2007). The impact of sexual victimization on personality: A longitudinal study of gendered attributes. Sex Roles, 56, 403–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miner-Rubino, K., Twenge, J. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2002). Trait self-objectification in women: Affective and personality correlates. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 147–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, B., & Huang, Y. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, 377–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murnen, S. K., & Kohlman, M. (2007). Athletic participation, fraternity membership, and sexual aggression among college men: A meta-analytic review. Sex Roles, 57, 145–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murnen, S. K., Levine, M. P., Smith, J., & Groesz, L. (2007, August). Do fashion magazines promote body dissatisfaction in girls and women? A meta-analytic review. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murnen, S. K., Wright, C., & Kaluzny, G. (2002). If “boys will be boys” then girls will be victims? A meta-analytic review of the research that relates masculine ideology to sexual aggression. Sex Roles, 46, 359–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network (2003). Does amount of time spent in child care predict socioemotional adjustment during the transition to kindergarten? Child Development, 74, 976–1005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcombe, N. (2003). Some controls control too much. Child Development, 74, 1050–1052.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridgeway, C. L., & Bourg, C. (2004). Gender as status: An expectation states theory approach. In A. H. Eagly, A. E. Beall, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of gender (2nd ed., pp. 217–241). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, T-A., & Gettmann, J. Y. (2004). Mere exposure: Gender differences in the negative effects of priming a state of self-objectification. Sex Roles, 51, 17–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, D. T., & Kwang, T. (2007). When the relationship becomes her : Revisiting women’s body concerns from a relationship contingency perspective. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 401–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmader, T., Whitehead, J., & Wysocki, V. H. (2007). A linguistic comparison of letters of recommendation for male and female chemistry and biochemistry job applicants. Sex Roles, 57, 509–514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, J. R., & Neuberg, S. L. (2007). From stereotype threat to stereotype threats: Implications of a multi-threat framework for causes, moderators, mediators, consequences, and interventions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 107–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheffield, C. J. (2007). Sexual terrorism. In L. L. O’Toole, J. R. Shiffman, & M. L. K. Edwards (Eds.), Gender violence: Interdisciplinary perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 111–130). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, S. A. (1975). Ms. Pilgrim’s progress: The contribution of Leta Stetter Hollingworth to the psychology of women. American Psychologist, 30, 852–857.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smolak, L. (1996). Methodological implications of a developmental psychopathology approach to the study of eating problems. In L. Smolak, M. P. Levine, & R. Striegel-Moore (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of eating disorders: Implications for research, prevention, and treatment (pp. 31–55). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smolak, L., & Levine, M. P. (2001). A 2-year follow-up of a primary prevention program for negative body image and unhealthy weight regulation. Eating Disorders, 9, 313–326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, B. L., Henderson, K. A., & Zivian, M. T. (1999). Gender differences in population versus media body sizes: A comparison over four decades. Sex Roles, 40, 545–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., Presnell, K., Groesz, L., & Shaw, H. (2005). Effects of a weight maintenance diet on bulimic symptoms in adolescent girls: An experimental test of the dietary restraint theory. Health Psychology, 24, 402–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoner, S. A., Norris, J. N., George, W. H., Davis, K. C., Masters, N. T., & Hessler, D. M. (2007). Effects of alcohol intoxication and victimization history on women’s sexual assault resistance intentions: The role of secondary cognitive appraisals. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 344–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuhlmacher, A. F., Citera, M., & Willis, T. (2007). Gender differences in virtual negotiation: Theory and research. Sex Roles, 57, 329–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szymanski, D. M., & Henning, S. L. (2007). The role of self-objectification in women’s depression: A test of objectification theory. Sex Roles, 56, 45–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill, R., & Palmer, C. T. (2000). A natural history of rape: Biological bases of sexual coercion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiggemann, M., & Lynch, J. E. (2001). Body image across the life span in adult women: The role of self-objectification. Developmental Psychology, 37, 243–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiggemann, M., Martins, Y., & Kirkbride, A. (2007). Oh to be lean and muscular: Body image ideals in gay and heterosexual men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 8, 15–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wampold, B. E., Davis, B., & Good, R. H., III. (1990). Hypothesis validity of clinical research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 360–367.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wichstrom, L. (1999). The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: The role of intensified gender socialization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 232–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, L., & Task Force on Statistical Inference. (1999). Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist, 54, 595–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yodandis, C. L. (2004). Gender inequality, violence against women, and fear: A cross-national test of the feminist theory of violence against women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 655–675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA

    Sarah K. Murnen & Linda Smolak

Authors
  1. Sarah K. Murnen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Linda Smolak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Connecticut College, Mohegan Avenue 270, New London, 06320, U.S.A.

    Joan C. Chrisler

  2. Elm Street 38, Toronto, M5G 2K5, Canada

    Donald R. McCreary

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Murnen, S.K., Smolak, L. (2010). Quantitative Approaches to the Study of Gender. In: Chrisler, J., McCreary, D. (eds) Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1465-1_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation