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Emergence and Development of the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In most of the research prior to the 1980s, participants were not asked about bisexuality. Thus, results of earlier research did not officially pertain to bisexuality. However, it is likely that many of the studies that included samples of gay and lesbian individuals also included individuals who would now be regarded as bisexual.

  2. 2.

    In this study, “homosexual” was defined as having same-sex partners. It is important to note that there is some debate regarding the role a lesbian, gay, or bisexual identity plays. Rothblum (personal communication, September 2, 2001) has observed that studies on LGB self-identified people have shown that lesbians do not differ from their heterosexual counterparts with regard to self-esteem and mental health. Sampling women who have sex with women (as opposed to self-identified lesbians), therefore, may yield groups who are more prone to exhibit mental health problems.

  3. 3.

    Interracial heterosexual couples have had to contend with prejudice (e.g., laws were written to forbid them to marry). Heterosexual couples in which the woman is much older than the man also have experienced stigma.

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  1. John F. Kennedy University, Pleasant Hill, CA, USA

    Kristin A. Hancock & Karen Greenspan

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  1. Kristin A. Hancock
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  2. Karen Greenspan
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  1. Connecticut College, Mohegan Avenue 270, New London, 06320, U.S.A.

    Joan C. Chrisler

  2. Elm Street 38, Toronto, M5G 2K5, Canada

    Donald R. McCreary

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Hancock, K.A., Greenspan, K. (2010). Emergence and Development of the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues. In: Chrisler, J., McCreary, D. (eds) Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1465-1_4

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