Skip to main content

Part of the book series: ABCT Clinical Assessment Series ((ABCT))

Abstract

Researchers studying social competence have been interested not only in specific social skills but also in the types of social-cognitive processes that might underlie individuals’ behavioral choices. A variety of theories propose that individual differences in social information processing skills may help explain why people confronted with the same social situation may choose to act in very different ways. For example, two children may be teased by a peer. One child may perceive this as harmless play and may laugh, whereas another child may interpret this as mean and threatening and may choose to act aggressively toward the peer. Many theorists (e.g., Crick & Dodge, 1994; Dodge, 1986; Ladd & Crick, 1989; Lemerise & Arsenio, 2000) suggest that distortions or deficiencies in social information processing may lead to maladaptive behavior. Thus, in addition to focusing on improving specific social behaviors in social skills intervention programs, it seems that social-cognitive variables can be an important target for treatment as well (e.g., Guerra & Slaby, 1990; Hudley & Graham, 1993).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, C. A., Horowitz, L. M., & French, R. D. (1983). Attributional style of lonely and depressed people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 127–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asarnow, J. R., & Callan, J. W. (1985). Boys with peer adjustment problems: Social cognitive processes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 80–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bain, S. K., & Bell, S. M. (2004). Social self-concept, social attributions, and peer relationships in fourth, fifth, and sixth graders who are gifted compared to high achievers. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48, 167–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruch, M. A., & Pearl, L. (1995). Attributional style and symptoms of shyness in a heterosocial interaction. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 91–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, T., & Asher, S. R. (1996). Children’s goals and strategies in peer conflict situations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 42, 125–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social information-processing mechanisms on reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67, 993–1002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., Grotpeter, J. K., & Bigbee, M. A. (2002). Relationally and physically aggressive children’s intent attributions and feelings of distress for relational and instrumental peer provocations. Child Development, 73, 1134–1142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Ladd, G. W. (1990). Children’s perceptions of the outcomes of social strategies: Do the ends justify being mean? Developmental Psychology, 26, 612–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A. (1980). Social cognition and children’s aggressive behavior. Child Development, 51, 162–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A. (1986). A social information-processing model of social competence in children. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Minnesota symposium on child psychology (Vol. 18, pp. 77–125). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms of violence. Science, 250, 1678–1683.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Murphy, R. R., & Buchsbaum, K. (1984). The assessment of intention-cue detection skills in children: Implications for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 163–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Price, J. M., Bachorowski, J., & Newman, J. P. (1990). Hostile attributional biases in severely aggressive adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 385–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doerfler, L. A., & Aron, J. (1995). Relationship of goal setting, self-efficacy, and self-evaluation in dysphoric and socially anxious women. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 19, 725–738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dryer, D. C., & Horowitz, L. M. (1997). When do opposites attract? Interpersonal complementarity versus similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 592–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earn, B. M., & Sobol, M. P. (1990). A categorical analysis of children’s attributions for success and failure. Psychological Record, 40, 173–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdley, C. A. (1996). Motivational approaches to aggression within the context of peer relationships. In J. Juvonen & K. R. Wentzel (Eds.), Social motivation: Understanding children’s school adjustment (pp. 98–125). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Erdley, C. A., & Asher, S. R. (1996). Children’s social goals and self-efficacy perceptions as influences on their responses to ambiguous provocation. Child Development, 67, 1329–1344.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erdley, C. A., & Asher, S. R. (1998). Linkages between children’s beliefs about the legitimacy of aggression and their behavior. Social Development, 7, 321–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdley, C. A, Cain, K. M., Loomis, C. C., Dumas-Hines, F., & Dweck, C. S. (1997). Relations among children’s social goals, implicit personality theories, and responses to social failure. Developmental Psychology, 33, 263–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flory, J. D., Matthews, K. A., & Owens, J. F. (1998). A social information processing approach to dispositional hostility: Relationships with negative mood and blood pressure elevations at work. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17, 491–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, K. S., Nolen, S. B., Edstrom, L. V., & Hirschstein, M. K. (2005). Effects of a school-based social-emotional competence program: Linking children’s goals, attributions, and behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 171–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giles, J. W., & Heyman, G. D. (2003). Preschoolers’ beliefs about the stability of antisocial behavior: Implications for navigating social challenges. Social Development, 12, 182–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gresham, F. M., Evans, S., & Elliott, S. N. (1988). Academic and Social Self-Efficacy Scale: Development and initial validation. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 6, 125–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Zelli, A. (1990). Attributions for social failure and aggression in incarcerated delinquent youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 347–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guerra, N. G., & Slaby, R. G. (1990). Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: 2. Intervention. Developmental Psychology, 26, 269–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 53, 87–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1988). The self-perception profile for adolescents. Unpublished manual, University of Denver, Denver, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S., & Pike, R. (1984). The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children. Child Development, 55, 1969–1982.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Homant, R. J., & Kennedy, D. B. (2003). Hostile attribution in perceived justification of workplace aggression. Psychological Reports, 92, 185–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudley, C., & Graham, S. (1993). An attributional intervention to reduce peer-directed aggression among African-American boys. Child Development, 64, 124–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huesmann, L. R., & Guerra, N. G. (1997). Children’s normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 408–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J. N., Cavell, T. A., & Meehan, B. (2004). Development and validation of a gender-balanced measure of aggression-relevant social cognition. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33, 292–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvinen, D. W., & Nicholls, J. G. (1996). Adolescents’ social goals, beliefs about the causes of social success, and satisfaction in peer relations. Developmental Psychology, 32, 435–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L. (2002). Aggressive problem-solving strategies, aggressive behavior, and social acceptance in early and late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 279–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuperminc, G. P., & Allen, J. P. (2001). Social orientation: Problem behavior and motivations toward interpersonal problem solving among high risk adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 597–622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, G. W., & Crick, N. R. (1989). Probing the psychological environment: Children’s cognitions, perceptions, and feelings in the peer culture. In M. L. Maehr & C. Ames (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement: Motivation enhancing environments (pp. 1–44). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagerspetz, K. M. J., & Bjorkqvist, K. (1985). The moral approval of aggression inventory—revised version (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Bjorkqvist, K., Bjorkqvist, H., & Lundman, H. (1988). Moral approval of aggression and sex role identity in officer trainees, conscientious objectors to military service, and in a female reference group. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 303–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lavallee, K. L., Bierman, K. L., & Nix, R. L. (2005). The impact of first-grade “friendship group” experiences on child social outcomes in the Fast Track Program. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 307–324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leff, S. S., Crick, N. R., Angelucci, J., Haye, K., Jawad, A. F., Grossman, M. et al., (2006). Social cognition in context: Validating a cartoon-based attributional measure for urban girls. Child Development, 77, 1351–1358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leff, S. S., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Power, T. J. (2003). An initial examination of girls’ cognitions of their relationally aggressive peers as a function of their own social standing. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 28–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemerise, E. A., & Arsenio, W. F. (2000). An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing. Child Development, 71, 107–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemerise, E. A., Gregory, D. S., & Frestrom, B. K. (2005). The influence of provocateurs’ emotion displays on the social information processing of children varying in social adjustment and age. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90, 344–366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lochman, J. E., Wayland, K. K., & White, K. J. (1993). Social goals: Relationship to adolescent adjustment and to social problem solving. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 135–151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Locke, K. (2000). Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values: Reliability, validity, and applicability to interpersonal problems and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 249–267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, B. A., & Norris, F. H. (2002). When is believing “seeing”? Hostile attribution bias as a function of self-reported aggression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M. (1998). Attachment working models and the sense of trust: An exploration of interaction goals and affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1209–1224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mize, J., & Ladd, G. W. (1988). Predicting preschoolers’ peer behavior and status from their interpersonal strategies: A comparison of verbal and inactive responses to hypothetical social dilemmas. Developmental Psychology, 24, 782–788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musher-Eizenman, D. R., Boxer, P., Danner, S., Dubow, E. F., Goldstein, S. E., & Heretick, D. M. L. (2004). Social-cognitive mediators of the relation of environmental and emotion regulation factors to children’s aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 430, 389–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohbuchi, K., & Tedeschi, J. T. (1997). Multiple goals and tactical behaviors in social conflicts. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 2177–2199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, J. M., Roese, N. J., & Zanna, M. P. (1996). Expectancies. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.) Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 211–238). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orobio de Castro, B., Veerman, J., Koops, W., Vosch, J., & Monshouwer, H. (2002). Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 73, 916–934.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, R., & Jahoda, A. (2004). The Glasgow Social Self-Efficacy Scale – A new scale for measuring social self-efficacy in people with intellectual disability. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 265–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Waschbusch, D. A., Hoza, B., Pillow, D. R., & Gnagy, E. M. (2001). Effects of methylphenidate and expectancy on performance, self-evaluations, persistence, and attributions on a social task in boys with ADHD. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9, 425–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, D. G., Perry, L. C., & Rasmussen, P. (1986). Cognitive social learning mediators of aggression. Child Development, 57, 700–711.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, J. M., & Glad, K. (2003). Hostile attributional tendencies in maltreated children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 329–343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, A. J., & Asher, S. R. (1999). Children’s goals and strategies in response to conflicts within a friendship. Developmental Psychology, 35, 69–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, A. J., & Asher, S. R. (2004). Children’s strategies and goals in response to help-giving and help-seeking tasks within a friendship. Child Development, 75, 749–763.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusbult, C. E., Johnson, D. J., & Morrow, G. D. (1986). Impact of couple patterns of problem solving on distress and nondistress in dating relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 744–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salmivalli, C., Ojanen, T., Haanpaa, J., & Peets, K. (2005). “I’m ok but you’re not” and other peer-relational schemas: Explaining individual differences in children’s social goals. Developmental Psychology, 41, 363–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selman, R. L., Beardslee, W., Schultz, L. H., Krupa, M., & Podorefsky, D. (1986). Assessing adolescent interpersonal negotiation strategies: Toward the integration of structural and functional models. Developmental Psychology, 22, 450–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shure, M. B., & Spivak, G.(1974). Preschool Interpersonal Problem Solving (PIPS) test: Manual. Pittsburgh: Hahnemann Community Mental Health Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slaby, R. G., & Guerra, N. G. (1988). Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: 1. Assessment. Developmental Psychology, 24, 580–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, M. K., Schockner, A. E., & Hurley, J. C. (2001). Children’s responses to same- and other-gender peers: An experimental investigation with 8-, 10-, and 12-year olds. Developmental Psychology, 37, 362–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, J. E., Newman, J. P., Serin, R. C., & Bolt, D. M. (2005). Hostile attributions in incarcerated adult male offenders: An exploration of diverse pathways. Aggressive Behavior, 31, 99–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 548–573.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wentzel, K. R. (1994). Relations of social goal pursuit to social acceptance, classroom behavior, and perceived social support. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 173–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Erdley, C.A., Rivera, M.S., Shepherd, E.J., Holleb, L.J. (2010). Social-Cognitive Models and Skills. In: Nangle, D., Hansen, D., Erdley, C., Norton, P. (eds) Practitioner's Guide to Empirically Based Measures of Social Skills. ABCT Clinical Assessment Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0609-0_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics