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Law and Job Accommodation in Mental Health Disability

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Work Accommodation and Retention in Mental Health

Abstract

Approximately 20% of the population – more than 40 million people in the U.S. – live with psychiatric disorders (United States Department of Health and Human Services 1999; National Institute of Mental Health 2003), and face significant barriers to employment, including discrimination, harassment, job loss, and unemployment (President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health 2003 ).Among people with severe ­psychiatric illness, the unemployment rate approaches 90% (New Freedom Commission on Mental Health 2003 ). Individuals with less severe disabilities – while more likely to be employed than severely disabled persons – still experience a 26% unemployment rate, and are far less likely than persons without disabilities to have a job (National Organization of Disability 2001 ; New Freedom Commission on Mental Health 2003 ). At the same time, the vast majority of persons with disabilities want to work (Stodard et al. 1998 ).In the United States, the loss of productivity that can be attributed to the lack of integration of persons with mental health disabilities into the workplace is $63 billion per year (New Freedom Commission on Mental Health 2003 ).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “According to surveys conducted over the past five decades, employers have expressed more negative attitudes about hiring workers with psychiatric disabilities than any other group. Economists have found unexplained wage gaps that are evidence of discrimination against those with psychiatric ­disabilities” (President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health2003, p. 34).

  2. 2.

    People with psychiatric disabilities “earn a median wage of only about $6 per hour versus $9 per hour for the general population” (New Freedom Commission on Mental Health2003, p. 34).

  3. 3.

    67% of unemployed persons with disabilities want to work (NOD, p. 2). 79% of working-age people with disabilities want to work (Stoddard et al.1998).

  4. 4.

    “61% of Americans think that people with schizophrenia are likely to be dangerous to others” (New Freedom Commission on Mental Health2003, p. 20).

  5. 5.

    Noting that societal discrimination such as racism is associated with psychological distress and depression.

  6. 6.

    “Women in low-skill, high-demand jobs are more likely to be depressed … with job discrimination, sex discrimination, and sexual harassment possible causes” (McManamy).

  7. 7.

    See also Peter Blanck,The Economics of the Employment Provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act: Part I – Workplace Accommodations, 46 DePaul L. Rev.877, 902 (1997). In a series of studies conducted at Sears, Roebuck and Co. from 1978 to 1996, a time period before and after [the ADA’s] July 26, 1992 effective date, nearly all of the 500 accommodations sampled required little or no cost. During the years 1993 to 1996, the average direct cost for accommodations was $45, and from 1978 to 1992, the average direct cost was $121. The Sears studies also show that the direct costs of accommodating employees with hidden disabilities (for example, emotional and neurological impairments comprising roughly 15 percent of the cases studied) are even lower than the overall average of $45).

  8. 8.

    Finding that persons must be considered in the “mitigated” state to determine whether they are “disabled” under the ADA, in context of rejected applicants with severe myopia who sought pilot jobs.

  9. 9.

    Finding that a person with high blood pressure that was treated with medication was not disabled.

  10. 10.

    Finding that an individual with monocular vision who was able to subconsciously correct his visual impairment was not disabled.

  11. 11.

    Reflecting the federal court’s increasingly restrictive application of the law, particularly with regard to the definition of disability, a comprehensive survey of 1,200 ADA cases decided by federal appellate courts since 1992 found that employers won over 90% of litigated cases.

  12. 12.

    Reviewing the 514 case decisions from the year 2000 appearing in the Federal Reporting, and determining that “96.4 percent resulted in employer wins.”

  13. 13.

    Updating the ABA’s survey to include all cases decided in 1999 and finding employers winning 95.7% of the time in federal appellate court.

  14. 14.

    The Job Accommodation Network (JAN), a consultation service of the President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities, reports that 80 percent of suggested accommodations cost less than $500.

  15. 15.

    Relatedly, some courts have held that regular attendance is an “essential job function.” See, e.g., Nesser v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 160 F.3d 442, 445-46 (8th Cir. 1998 ); Nowak v. St. Rita High Sch., 142 F.3d 999, 1003 (7th Cir. 1998); Rogers v. Int’l Marine Terminals, Inc., 87 F.3d 755, 759 (5th Cir. 1996 ); Tyndall v. Nat’l Educ. Ctrs., 31 F.3d 209, 213 (4th Cir. 1994 ); Jackson v. Veterans Admin., 22 F.3d 277, 279-80 (11th Cir. 1994 ). But see Humphrey , 239 F.3d at 1135 n.11.

  16. 16.

    Compare Jones v. American Postal Workers Union, 192 F.3d 417, 429 (4th Cir. 1999);Martinson v. Kinney Shoe Corp. , 104 F.3d 683, 686 n. 3 (4th Cir. 1997); Hamilton v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 136 F.3d1047 , 1052 (5th Cir. 1997); Pernice v. City of Chicago, 237 F.3d 783, 785 (7th Cir.2001);Palmer v. Circuit Court , 117 F.3d 351, 353 (7th Cir. 1997);Harris v. Polk County , 103 F.3d 696, 697 (8th Cir. 1996 ); Newland v. Dalton , 81 F.3d 904, 906 (9th Cir. 1996 ) withNielsen v. Moroni Feed Co., 162 F.3d 604, 608 (10th Cir.1998); Ward v. Massachusetts Health Research Inst., Inc., 209 F.3d 29, 38 (1st Cir.2000 ); Teahan v. Metro-North C. R. Co. , 951 F.2d 511, 515 (2d Cir. 1991);Salley v. Circuit City Stores, 160 F.3d 977, 981 (3d Cir.1998);Walsted v. Woodbury County , 113 F. Supp. 2d1318, 1342 (D. Iowa 2000); Humphrey , 239 F.3d at 1139-40;Den Hartog v. Wasatch Acad., 129 F.3d1076 , 1086 (10th Cir. 1997). And see EEOC Enforcement Guidance, Psychiatric Disabilities , pages 29-32, questions 30 & 31.

  17. 17.

    CompareBarnett, 228 F.3d at 1117;Kiphart, 251 F.3d at 585-586;Benson, 62 F.3d at 1112; withAnderson v. Coors Brewing Co.,181 F.3d1171, 1176 (10th Cir. 1999);Laurin v. Providence Hosp., 150 F.3d 52, 59 (1st Cir. 1998);Malabarba v. Chicago Tribune Co., 149 F.3d 690, 700-01 (7th Cir.1998).

  18. 18.

    CompareHumphrey, 239 F.3d 1128,Langon v. Department of Health and Human Servs., 959 F.2d1053(D.C. Cir. 1992);Anzalone v. Allstate Insurance Co., 5 AD Cas. (BNA) 455 (E.D. La.1995);Carr v. Reno, 23 F.3d 525 (D.D.C.1994), withVande Zande v. Wisconsin Dep’t of Admin., 44 F.3d 538 (7th Cir.1995).

  19. 19.

    But seeBuckles v. First Data Resources, Inc., 176 F.3d1098, 1101 (8th Cir. 1999).

  20. 20.

    CompareSmith, 180 F.3d at 1165 withEEOC v. Humiston-Keeling, Inc., 227 F.3d1024, 1028 (7th Cir, 2000).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Legal Aid Society, Employment Law Center, 600 Harrison Street, Suite 120, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA

    Claudia Center

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  1. Claudia Center
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Correspondence to Claudia Center .

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  1. Department of Educational and Counsellin, Special Needs, University of British Columbia, 2125 Main Hall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada

    Izabela Z. Schultz

  2. Sargent College of Health & Rehabilitati, Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, 940 Commonwealth Ave. West, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA

    E. Sally Rogers

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Center, C. (2011). Law and Job Accommodation in Mental Health Disability. In: Schultz, I., Rogers, E. (eds) Work Accommodation and Retention in Mental Health. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0428-7_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0428-7_1

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