Skip to main content

Landscape with Travellers: The Context of Careers in Developed Nations

  • Chapter
International Handbook of Career Guidance

When individuals think about their careers, they often use the metaphor of a journey to make sense of their experiences (Inkson, 2004, 2007). They think of their careers as having movement, as getting them from place to place. Nelson Mandela, for example, described his career as a Long Walk to Freedom:

I have walked that long road to freedom. I have tried not to falter; I have made missteps along the way. But I have discovered the secret that after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb. I have taken a moment here to rest, to steal a view of the glorious vista that surrounds me, to look back on the distance I have come. But I can rest only a moment, for with freedom come responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk has not yet ended. (Mandela, 1994, p. 751)

This chapter will cover the nature of the landscapes in which careers are enacted and their effects on the career traveller. It will describe some significant features of recent and current landscapes and the ways in which they are changing. It will speculate briefly about the future careers landscape. It will look only at the industrialised countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 429.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alach, P., & Inkson, K. (2004). The new office temp: Alternative models of contingent labour. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 29(3), 37–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, R. E. (1990). The concise Oxford dictionary of current English (8th ed.). Oxford: Clarendon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alpert, A., & Auyer, J. (2003). The 1988–2000 employment projections: How accurate were they? Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 47(1), 2–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, M. B., Inkson, K., & Pringle, J. K. (1999). The new careers: Individual action and economic change. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, M. B., & Rousseau, D. (Eds.). (1996). The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. (1984). Manpower strategies for flexible organizations. Personnel Management, August, 28–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baruch, Y. (2004). Managing careers: Theory and practice. London: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumel, W. J., Blinder, A. S., & Wolff, E. N. (2003). Downsizing in America: Reality, causes and consequences. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W. (2001). A psychology of immigration. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 615–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boxall, P., & Purcell, J. (2003). Strategy and human resource management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buunk, B. P., & Musswelier, T. M. (2001). New directions in social comparison research. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 467–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chartered Institute of Personnel Development. (2006). Flexible working. Retrieved May 11, 2006, from www.cipd.co.uk

  • Cohen, D. (2003). Get on the brain train. New Scientist, 26 April. Article is available on http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17823926. 300-get-on-the-brain-train.html

  • Crush, J. (2004). Migration resources: Brain drain resources. South African Migration Project (SAMP). Retrieved May 11, 2006, from www.queensu.ca/samp/migrationresources/braindrain/

  • Cully, M. (2002). The cleaner, the waiter and the computer operator: Job change, 1986–2001. Australian Bulletin of Labour, 28(3), 141–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawis, R. V., & Lofquist, L. H. (1984). A psychological theory of work adjustment. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minneapolis Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Botton, A. (2004). Status anxiety. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drucker, P. F. (1969). The age of discontinuity. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entwisle, D. R., & Alexander, K. L. (1993). Entry into school: The beginning of school transition and educational stratification in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 401–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Espino-Roderiguez, T. F., & Padron-Robaina, V. (2006). A review of outsourcing from the resource-based view of the firm. International Journal of Management Reviews, 8(1), 49–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Featherman, D. L., & Hauser, R. M. (1978). Opportunity and change. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics (2005). America’s children key national indicators of well being. Retrieved May 11, 2006, from www.childstats.gov/americanschildren/index.asp

  • Felsted, A., Gallie, D., & Green, F. (2002). Work skills in Britain, 1986–2001. London: Department of Education and Skills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamlen, A. (2005). The brain drain is dead: Long live the New Zealand diaspora. Working paper No. 10, Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, A. (2002). Europe’s ageing workforce. Retrieved May 11, 2006, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2053581.stm

  • Ghazi, P., & Jones, J. (2004). Downshifting: The bestselling guide to happier, healthier living. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldthorpe, J. H., Lewellyn, C., & Payne, C. (1980). Social mobility and class structure in modern Britain. Oxford: Clarendon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, L. S. (1981). Circumscription and compromise: A developmental theory of occupational aspirations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 545–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, L. S. (2002). Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription, compromise and self-creation. In D. Brown & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 85–148). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guisán Seijas, M. C., Cancelo Márquez, M., & Aguayo Lorenzo, E. (2001). Economic growth and cycles in European Union, USA and Japan 1900–1999. A general view and analysis of causal relations. Review on Economic Cycles, 3(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, D. T., & Associates (1996). The career is dead–long live the career: A relational approach to careers. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handy, C. (1989). The age of unreason. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, D., & Walker, R. J. (2003). Temporary but seeking permanence: A study of New Zealand temps. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 24(3), 141–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirakubo, N. (1999). The end of lifetime employment. Business Horizons, 42, November–December, 41–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. E. (1992). Making vocational choices (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inkson, K. (2004). Images of career: Nine key metaphors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 96–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inkson, K. (2007). Understanding careers: The metaphors of working lives (p. 7). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inkson, K., Heising, A., & Rousseau, D. M. (2001). The interim manager: Prototype of the twenty-first century worker? Human Relations, 54(3), 259–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inkson, K., Lazarova, M., & Thomas, D. C. (Eds.) (2005). Global careers. Journal of World Business, 40(4), 349–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Labour Office (2004). Global employment trends for youth. Geneva: ILO

    Google Scholar 

  • International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2005). World migration 2005: Costs and benefits of international migration. IOM Migration Series, Vol. 3. Geneva: IOM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S. (2003). Lifelong earning: Working-class women and lifelong learning. Gender & Education, 15(4), 365–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. K., & Mortimer, J. T. (2002). Career choice and development from a sociological perspective. In D. Brown & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 37–81). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalleberg, A., & Schmidt, K. (1996). Contingent employment in organizations. In A. Kalleber, D. Knoke, P. V. Marsden, & J. L. Spaeth (Eds.), Organizations in America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karoly, L. A., & Panis, C. W. A. (2004). The 21st century at work: Forces shaping the future workforce and workplace in the United States, MG-164-DOL 2004. US Department of Labor, Rand Corporation and Labor and Population Program. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerckhoff, A. C. (1995). Institutional arrangements and stratification processes in industrial societies. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 323–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khapova, S. N., & Korotov, K. (2007). Dynamics of Western career attributes in the Russian context. Career Development International, 12(1), 68–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiernan K. (2004). Redrawing the boundaries of marriage. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, November, 980–987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurland, N. B., & Bailey, D. E. (1999). The advantages and challenges of working here, there, anywhere, and anytime. Organisational Dynamics, Autumn, 53–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. In D. Brown & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 255–311). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littler, C. R., & Innes, P. (2004). The paradox of managerial downsizing. Organization Studies, 25(7), 1159–1184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littler, C. R., Wiesner, R., & Dunford, R. (2003). The dynamics of delayering: Changing management structures in three countries. Journal of management Studies, 40, 225–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • London, M. E., & Stumpf, S. A. (1982). Managing careers. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahroum, S. (2000). Highly skilled globetrotters: Mapping the international migration of human capital. R & D Management, 30, 23–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandela, N. (1994). Long walk to freedom. London: Bantam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayrhofer, W., Meyer, M., Steyrer, J., Maier, J., & Hermann, A. (2004). Thick descriptions of career habitus. Agency and structure within career fields. Paper presented at the European Organisation Studies Group, 20th Colloquium, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayrhofer, W., Iallatchitch, A., Meyer, M., Steyerer, J. Schiffinger, M., & Strunk, G. A. (2004). Going beyond the individual: Some potential contributions from a career field and habitus perspective for global career research and practice. Journal of Management Development, 23(9), 870–884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, A. K., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1998). Explaining how survivors respond to downsizing. Academy of Management Review, 23(3) 567–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, A. (1992). Breaking the glass ceiling. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Skills Task Force (2000). Skills for all: Research from the National Skills Task Force. London: Department of Education and Employment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2002a). Employment Outlook 2003. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2002b). International mobility of the highly skilled. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2004). Employment Outlook 2005. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Shaughnessy, J., & O’Shaughnessy, N. J. (2002). Marketing, the consumer society and hedonism. European Journal of Marketing, 36, 5/6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouchi, W. (1981). Theory Z. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, B. (1998). Globalization: Managing across boundaries. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vocation. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, W., & McMahon, M. (1999). Career development and systems theory: A new relationship. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peiperl, M., Arthur, M. B., Goffee, R., & Morris, T. (2000). Career frontiers: New conceptions of working lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. (1998). The human equation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reardon, R. C., Lenz, J. G., Sampson, J. P., & Peterson, G. W. (2006). Career planning and development: A comprehensive approach (2nd ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reardon, R. C., Vernick, S. H., & Reed, C. R. (2004). A Holland perspective on the U.S. workforce from 1960 to 1990. Journal of Career Assessment, 12, 99–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin, J. (1995). The end of work: The decline of the global labour force and the dawn of the post-market era. New York: Putnam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. K. (1995). Experience and structure of alienation in temporary clerical employment. Work and Occupations, 22(2), 137–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryckman, R. M., & Houston, D. M. (2003). Value priorities in American and British female and male university students. Journal of Social Psychology, 143(1), 127–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savickas, M. L. (2005). Career construction: A developmental theory of vocational behavior. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counselling: Putting theory and research to work. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, V. (2001). Balancing acts: Managing work/life balance. Management Focus, 17, Winter, 16–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skorikov, F. W., & Vondracek, F. W. (1993). Career development in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Career Development Quarterly, 41(4), 314–329. Retrieved May 3, 2006, from http://plinks.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid = 5&hid = 1&sid = dc7b6d5e-eb7a–4923 -b998–5943c0ca26c7%40sessionmgr4

  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2221–2237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Super, D. E. (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (2nd ed., pp. 197–261). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. C., & Inkson, K. (2007). Careers across cultures. In M. Peiperl & H. Gunz (Eds.), Handbook of career studies (pp. 451–470). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toffler, A. (1980). The third wave. London: Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.K. Office for National Statistics (2002) U.K. Labour Force Survey 2002. Retrieved May 11, 2006, from www.statistics.gov.uk

  • U.S. Bureau of the Census (2000). Statistical abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Labor (2006). National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved May 3, 2006, from www.bls.gov/nls/

  • Vondracek, F. W., Lerner, F. M., & Schulenberg, J. E. (1986). Career development: A life-span development approach. Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wacquant, L. J. D. (1998). Pierre bourdieu. In R. Stones (Ed.), Key sociological thinkers (pp. 215–229). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts, R. (2001). The ACTU’s response to the growth of casual employment in Australia. Australian Bulletin of Labour, 27(20), 85–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. E. (1996). Enactment and the boundaryless career: Organizing as we work. In M. B. Arthur & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era (pp. 40–57). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, S., & Bernasek, A. (2001). Dodging the glass ceiling? Networks and the new wave of women entrepreneurs. Social Science Journal, 38(1), 85–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, W. H. (1956). The organisation man. London: Pelican.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, W. J. (1981). Race, class and public policy. American Sociologist, 16, 125–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, N. (1993). Fire with fire: The new female power and how it will change the twenty-first century. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K. S. (1988). Will societal modernization eventually eliminate cross-cultural psychological difference? In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, R. A., Valach, L., & Collin, A. (2002). A contextualist explanation of career. In D. Brown & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 205–251). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Inkson, K., Elkin, G. (2008). Landscape with Travellers: The Context of Careers in Developed Nations. In: Athanasou, J.A., Van Esbroeck, R. (eds) International Handbook of Career Guidance. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6230-8_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics