When individuals think about their careers, they often use the metaphor of a journey to make sense of their experiences (Inkson, 2004, 2007). They think of their careers as having movement, as getting them from place to place. Nelson Mandela, for example, described his career as a Long Walk to Freedom:
I have walked that long road to freedom. I have tried not to falter; I have made missteps along the way. But I have discovered the secret that after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb. I have taken a moment here to rest, to steal a view of the glorious vista that surrounds me, to look back on the distance I have come. But I can rest only a moment, for with freedom come responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk has not yet ended. (Mandela, 1994, p. 751)
This chapter will cover the nature of the landscapes in which careers are enacted and their effects on the career traveller. It will describe some significant features of recent and current landscapes and the ways in which they are changing. It will speculate briefly about the future careers landscape. It will look only at the industrialised countries.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alach, P., & Inkson, K. (2004). The new office temp: Alternative models of contingent labour. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 29(3), 37–52.
Allen, R. E. (1990). The concise Oxford dictionary of current English (8th ed.). Oxford: Clarendon.
Alpert, A., & Auyer, J. (2003). The 1988–2000 employment projections: How accurate were they? Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 47(1), 2–21.
Arthur, M. B., Inkson, K., & Pringle, J. K. (1999). The new careers: Individual action and economic change. London: Sage.
Arthur, M. B., & Rousseau, D. (Eds.). (1996). The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era. New York: Oxford University Press.
Atkinson, J. (1984). Manpower strategies for flexible organizations. Personnel Management, August, 28–30.
Baruch, Y. (2004). Managing careers: Theory and practice. London: Prentice-Hall.
Baumel, W. J., Blinder, A. S., & Wolff, E. N. (2003). Downsizing in America: Reality, causes and consequences. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Berry, J. W. (2001). A psychology of immigration. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 615–631.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Cambridge: Polity.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boxall, P., & Purcell, J. (2003). Strategy and human resource management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Buunk, B. P., & Musswelier, T. M. (2001). New directions in social comparison research. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 467–475.
Chartered Institute of Personnel Development. (2006). Flexible working. Retrieved May 11, 2006, from www.cipd.co.uk
Cohen, D. (2003). Get on the brain train. New Scientist, 26 April. Article is available on http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17823926. 300-get-on-the-brain-train.html
Crush, J. (2004). Migration resources: Brain drain resources. South African Migration Project (SAMP). Retrieved May 11, 2006, from www.queensu.ca/samp/migrationresources/braindrain/
Cully, M. (2002). The cleaner, the waiter and the computer operator: Job change, 1986–2001. Australian Bulletin of Labour, 28(3), 141–162.
Dawis, R. V., & Lofquist, L. H. (1984). A psychological theory of work adjustment. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minneapolis Press.
De Botton, A. (2004). Status anxiety. New York: Pantheon Books.
Drucker, P. F. (1969). The age of discontinuity. New York: Harper & Row.
Entwisle, D. R., & Alexander, K. L. (1993). Entry into school: The beginning of school transition and educational stratification in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 401–423.
Espino-Roderiguez, T. F., & Padron-Robaina, V. (2006). A review of outsourcing from the resource-based view of the firm. International Journal of Management Reviews, 8(1), 49–70.
Featherman, D. L., & Hauser, R. M. (1978). Opportunity and change. New York: Academic.
Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics (2005). America’s children key national indicators of well being. Retrieved May 11, 2006, from www.childstats.gov/americanschildren/index.asp
Felsted, A., Gallie, D., & Green, F. (2002). Work skills in Britain, 1986–2001. London: Department of Education and Skills.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.
Gamlen, A. (2005). The brain drain is dead: Long live the New Zealand diaspora. Working paper No. 10, Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford.
Geddes, A. (2002). Europe’s ageing workforce. Retrieved May 11, 2006, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2053581.stm
Ghazi, P., & Jones, J. (2004). Downshifting: The bestselling guide to happier, healthier living. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Goldthorpe, J. H., Lewellyn, C., & Payne, C. (1980). Social mobility and class structure in modern Britain. Oxford: Clarendon.
Gottfredson, L. S. (1981). Circumscription and compromise: A developmental theory of occupational aspirations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 545–579.
Gottfredson, L. S. (2002). Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription, compromise and self-creation. In D. Brown & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 85–148). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Guisán Seijas, M. C., Cancelo Márquez, M., & Aguayo Lorenzo, E. (2001). Economic growth and cycles in European Union, USA and Japan 1900–1999. A general view and analysis of causal relations. Review on Economic Cycles, 3(1).
Hall, D. T., & Associates (1996). The career is dead–long live the career: A relational approach to careers. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Handy, C. (1989). The age of unreason. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Hardy, D., & Walker, R. J. (2003). Temporary but seeking permanence: A study of New Zealand temps. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 24(3), 141–152.
Hirakubo, N. (1999). The end of lifetime employment. Business Horizons, 42, November–December, 41–46.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Holland, J. E. (1992). Making vocational choices (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Inkson, K. (2004). Images of career: Nine key metaphors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 96–111.
Inkson, K. (2007). Understanding careers: The metaphors of working lives (p. 7). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Inkson, K., Heising, A., & Rousseau, D. M. (2001). The interim manager: Prototype of the twenty-first century worker? Human Relations, 54(3), 259–284.
Inkson, K., Lazarova, M., & Thomas, D. C. (Eds.) (2005). Global careers. Journal of World Business, 40(4), 349–440.
International Labour Office (2004). Global employment trends for youth. Geneva: ILO
International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2005). World migration 2005: Costs and benefits of international migration. IOM Migration Series, Vol. 3. Geneva: IOM.
Jackson, S. (2003). Lifelong earning: Working-class women and lifelong learning. Gender & Education, 15(4), 365–376.
Johnson, M. K., & Mortimer, J. T. (2002). Career choice and development from a sociological perspective. In D. Brown & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 37–81). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Kalleberg, A., & Schmidt, K. (1996). Contingent employment in organizations. In A. Kalleber, D. Knoke, P. V. Marsden, & J. L. Spaeth (Eds.), Organizations in America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
Karoly, L. A., & Panis, C. W. A. (2004). The 21st century at work: Forces shaping the future workforce and workplace in the United States, MG-164-DOL 2004. US Department of Labor, Rand Corporation and Labor and Population Program. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Kerckhoff, A. C. (1995). Institutional arrangements and stratification processes in industrial societies. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 323–347.
Khapova, S. N., & Korotov, K. (2007). Dynamics of Western career attributes in the Russian context. Career Development International, 12(1), 68–85.
Kiernan K. (2004). Redrawing the boundaries of marriage. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, November, 980–987.
Kurland, N. B., & Bailey, D. E. (1999). The advantages and challenges of working here, there, anywhere, and anytime. Organisational Dynamics, Autumn, 53–67.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. In D. Brown & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 255–311). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Littler, C. R., & Innes, P. (2004). The paradox of managerial downsizing. Organization Studies, 25(7), 1159–1184.
Littler, C. R., Wiesner, R., & Dunford, R. (2003). The dynamics of delayering: Changing management structures in three countries. Journal of management Studies, 40, 225–256.
London, M. E., & Stumpf, S. A. (1982). Managing careers. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Mahroum, S. (2000). Highly skilled globetrotters: Mapping the international migration of human capital. R & D Management, 30, 23–31.
Mandela, N. (1994). Long walk to freedom. London: Bantam.
Mayrhofer, W., Meyer, M., Steyrer, J., Maier, J., & Hermann, A. (2004). Thick descriptions of career habitus. Agency and structure within career fields. Paper presented at the European Organisation Studies Group, 20th Colloquium, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Mayrhofer, W., Iallatchitch, A., Meyer, M., Steyerer, J. Schiffinger, M., & Strunk, G. A. (2004). Going beyond the individual: Some potential contributions from a career field and habitus perspective for global career research and practice. Journal of Management Development, 23(9), 870–884.
Mishra, A. K., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1998). Explaining how survivors respond to downsizing. Academy of Management Review, 23(3) 567–588.
Morrison, A. (1992). Breaking the glass ceiling. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
National Skills Task Force (2000). Skills for all: Research from the National Skills Task Force. London: Department of Education and Employment.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2002a). Employment Outlook 2003. Paris: OECD.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2002b). International mobility of the highly skilled. Paris: OECD.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2004). Employment Outlook 2005. Paris: OECD.
O’Shaughnessy, J., & O’Shaughnessy, N. J. (2002). Marketing, the consumer society and hedonism. European Journal of Marketing, 36, 5/6.
Ouchi, W. (1981). Theory Z. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Parker, B. (1998). Globalization: Managing across boundaries. London: Sage.
Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vocation. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Patton, W., & McMahon, M. (1999). Career development and systems theory: A new relationship. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Peiperl, M., Arthur, M. B., Goffee, R., & Morris, T. (2000). Career frontiers: New conceptions of working lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pfeffer, J. (1998). The human equation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Reardon, R. C., Lenz, J. G., Sampson, J. P., & Peterson, G. W. (2006). Career planning and development: A comprehensive approach (2nd ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson.
Reardon, R. C., Vernick, S. H., & Reed, C. R. (2004). A Holland perspective on the U.S. workforce from 1960 to 1990. Journal of Career Assessment, 12, 99–112.
Rifkin, J. (1995). The end of work: The decline of the global labour force and the dawn of the post-market era. New York: Putnam.
Rogers, J. K. (1995). Experience and structure of alienation in temporary clerical employment. Work and Occupations, 22(2), 137–166.
Ryckman, R. M., & Houston, D. M. (2003). Value priorities in American and British female and male university students. Journal of Social Psychology, 143(1), 127–138.
Savickas, M. L. (2005). Career construction: A developmental theory of vocational behavior. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counselling: Putting theory and research to work. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Singh, V. (2001). Balancing acts: Managing work/life balance. Management Focus, 17, Winter, 16–18.
Skorikov, F. W., & Vondracek, F. W. (1993). Career development in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Career Development Quarterly, 41(4), 314–329. Retrieved May 3, 2006, from http://plinks.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid = 5&hid = 1&sid = dc7b6d5e-eb7a–4923 -b998–5943c0ca26c7%40sessionmgr4
Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2221–2237.
Super, D. E. (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (2nd ed., pp. 197–261). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Thomas, D. C., & Inkson, K. (2007). Careers across cultures. In M. Peiperl & H. Gunz (Eds.), Handbook of career studies (pp. 451–470). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Toffler, A. (1980). The third wave. London: Collins.
U.K. Office for National Statistics (2002) U.K. Labour Force Survey 2002. Retrieved May 11, 2006, from www.statistics.gov.uk
U.S. Bureau of the Census (2000). Statistical abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Labor (2006). National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved May 3, 2006, from www.bls.gov/nls/
Vondracek, F. W., Lerner, F. M., & Schulenberg, J. E. (1986). Career development: A life-span development approach. Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wacquant, L. J. D. (1998). Pierre bourdieu. In R. Stones (Ed.), Key sociological thinkers (pp. 215–229). New York: New York University Press.
Watts, R. (2001). The ACTU’s response to the growth of casual employment in Australia. Australian Bulletin of Labour, 27(20), 85–108.
Weick, K. E. (1996). Enactment and the boundaryless career: Organizing as we work. In M. B. Arthur & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era (pp. 40–57). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Weiler, S., & Bernasek, A. (2001). Dodging the glass ceiling? Networks and the new wave of women entrepreneurs. Social Science Journal, 38(1), 85–103.
Whyte, W. H. (1956). The organisation man. London: Pelican.
Wilson, W. J. (1981). Race, class and public policy. American Sociologist, 16, 125–134.
Wolf, N. (1993). Fire with fire: The new female power and how it will change the twenty-first century. New York: Random House.
Yang, K. S. (1988). Will societal modernization eventually eliminate cross-cultural psychological difference? In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Young, R. A., Valach, L., & Collin, A. (2002). A contextualist explanation of career. In D. Brown & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 205–251). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Inkson, K., Elkin, G. (2008). Landscape with Travellers: The Context of Careers in Developed Nations. In: Athanasou, J.A., Van Esbroeck, R. (eds) International Handbook of Career Guidance. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6230-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6230-8_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6229-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6230-8
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)