Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mood, Recovery-Stress State, and Regeneration

  • Chapter
Overload, Performance Incompetence, and Regeneration in Sport

Abstract

Stressful high intensity training periods are necessary to obtain high performance in sports. However, the simple rule ‘the more — the better’ does not apply in this context. A lot of studies clearly showed that systematic recovery periods in the training process are necessary to prevent an overtraining syndrome or staleness, and to obtain overreaching for further performance improvement. Sportmedical assessment of athletes’ training states are used as valuable tools to determine the necessary amount of training and recovery in preparing an athlete for peak performance. In addition, authors using the Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exhaustion (RPE,or the Profile of Mood States (POMS,clearly showed that changes in training load are reflected in subjective states and in the mood of athletes,In particular, studies dealing with the POMS have demonstrated that the typical ‘Iceberg-Profile’ of the well-trained athlete changes during a phase of intensive training and deteriorates during overtraining.Morgan at al. reported mood changes in swimmers during the season. Early in the season, swimmers displayed the ‘Iceberg-Profile’, a profile indicative of positive mental health that is associated with successful athletic performance. During overtraining, however, mood disturbances significantly increased and were accompanied by a profile reflecting diminished mental health. After training stimulus was significantly reduced following a taper, the swimmers again exhibited the original ‘Iceberg-Profile’. More recently, the existence of a dose-response relationship was demonstrated between training volume and mood disturbances Increases in training volume parallel corresponding elevations in mood disturbance (e.g., greater anger, depression, tension, fatigue, and less vigor and well-being).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Allmer H (1996) Erholung und Gesundheit: Grundlagen, Ergebnisse und Maßnahmen [Recovery and health: basics, results and interventions]. Hogrefe Göttingen

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bandura A (1977) Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review 84:191–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Borg G (1975) Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitational Medicine 2:92–98

    Google Scholar 

  4. Campbell A, Fiske DW (1956) Convergent and discriminant validation by the mulititrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin 56:276–279

    Google Scholar 

  5. Carver CS, Scheier MF (1990) Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review 97:19–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Diener E, Emmons R (1984). The interpedendence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47:105–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Eberspächer H, Renzland J (1988) Regeneration im Sport [Regeneration in sports]. bps Köln

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ferguson GA, Takane Y (1989) Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education. McGraw-Hill New York

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hanin Y (1997) Emotions and athletic performance: Individual zones of optimal functioning model. European Yearbook of Sports Psychology 1:29–72

    Google Scholar 

  10. Janke W, Wolffgramm J (1995) Biopsychologie von Streß und emotionalen Reaktionen: Ansätze interdisziplinärer Kooperation von Psychologie. Biologie und Medizin [Biopsychology of stress and emotional reactions: Starting points of an interdisciplinary cooperation of psychology, biology, and medicine]. In: Debus G, Erdmann G, Kallus KW (eds) Biopsychologie von Streß und emotionalen Reaktionen. Hogrefe Göttingen:293–349

    Google Scholar 

  11. Johnson MS, Wrisberg CA, Kellmann M, Kallus KW (1997) Assessing Stress and Recovery in Collegiate Athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (Supplement) 8:S113

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kallus KW (1995) Der Erholungs-Belastungs-Fragebogen (EBF) [The Recovery-Stress-Questionnaire]. Swets & Zeitlinger Frankfurt

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kallus KW, Kellmann M Burnout in sports: A recovery-stress state perspective. In: Hanin Y (ed) Emotion in Sport. Human Kinetics Champaign, in press

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kallus KW, Krauth J (1995) Nichtparametrische Verfahren zum Nachweis emotionaler Reaktionen [Nonparametric methods for the provement of emotional reactions]. In: Debus G, Erdmann G, Kallus KW (eds) Biopsychologie von Streß und emotionalen Reaktionen. Hogrefe Göttingen:23–43

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kallus KW, Kellmann M (1994) The Recovery-Stress-Questionnaire for Athletes [unpublished questionnaire]. Würzburg University Würzburg

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kallus KW, Kellmann M (1995) The Recovery-Stress-Questionnaire for Coaches. In: Vanfraechem-Raway R, Vanden Auweele Y (eds) Proceedings of the IXth European Congress on Sport Psychology in Brussels. FEPSAC/Belgian Federation of Sport Psychology Brussels:26–33

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kellmann M (in press). Die Beziehungen zwischen dem Erholungs-Belastungs-Fragebogen für Sportler und dem Profile of Mood States [The relationship of the Recovery-Stress-Questionnaire for Athletes and the Profile of Mood States]. In: Alfermann D, Stoll O (eds) Motivation und Volition im Sport — Vom Planen zum Handeln. bps Köln

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kellmann M (1997) Die Wettkampfpause als integraler Bestandteil der Leistungsoptimierung im Sport: Eine empirische psychologische Analyse [The Rest Period as an Integral Part for Optimizing Performance in Sports: An Empirical Psychological Analysis]. Dr. Kovac Hamburg

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kellmann M, Johnson MS, Wrisberg CA (1998). Auswirkungen der Erholungs-Beanspruchungs-Bilanz auf die Wettkampfleistung von amerikanischen Schwimmerinnen [Effects of the recovery-stress state on performance of American female swimmers]. In: Teipel D, Kemper R, Heinemann D (eds) Sportpsychologische Diagnostik, Prognostik und Intervention. bps Köln:123–126

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kellmann M, Kallus KW (1993) The Recovery-Stress-Questionnaire: A potential tool to predict performance in sports. In: Nitsch JR, Seiler R (eds) Movement and Sport: Psychological Foundations and Effects. Academia Sankt Augustin:242–247

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kellmann M, Kallus KW (1994) Interrelation between stress and coaches’ behavior during rest periods. Perceptual and Motor Skills 79:207–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kellmann M, Kallus KW, Günther KD, Lormes W, Steinacker JM (1997) Psychologische Betreuung der Junioren-Nationalmannschaft des Deutschen Ruderverbandes (Psychological consultation of the German Junior National Rowing Team]. Psychologie und Sport 4:123–134

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kellmann M, Kallus KW, Kurz H (1996) Performance Prediction by the Recovery-Stress-Questionnaire. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (Supplement) 8:S22

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kellmann M, Kallus KW, Steinacker J, Lormes W (1997) Monitoring stress and recovery during the training camp for the Junior World Championships in Rowing. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (Supplement) 9:S114

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kreider RB, Fry AC, O’Toole ML (eds) (1998) Overtraining in sports. Human Kinetics Champaign

    Google Scholar 

  26. Laux L (1983) Psychologische Streßkonzeptionen [Psychological conceptions of stress]. In: Thomae H (ed) Enzyklopädie der Psychologie. Hogrefe Göttingen:453–535

    Google Scholar 

  27. Lazarus RS, Launier R (1978) Stress-related transactions between person and environment. In: Perwin LA, Lewis M (eds) Perspectives in international psychology. Plenum New York:287–327

    Google Scholar 

  28. Lehmann M, Foster C, Keul J (1993) Overtraining in endurance athletes: A brief review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25:854–862

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Maslach C, Jackson SE (1986) Maslach Burnout Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press Palo Alto

    Google Scholar 

  30. Meyers AW, Whelan JP (1998) A systemic model of understanding psychological influences of overtraining. In: Kreider RB, Fry AC, O’Toole, ML (eds) Overtraining in sport. Human Kinetics Champaign:335–369

    Google Scholar 

  31. McNair DN, Lorr M, Droppleman LF (1971, 1992) Profile of Mood States. Manual. Educational and Industrial Testing Service San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  32. McNair DN, Lorr M, Droppleman LF, Biehl B, Dangel S (1981) Profile of Mood States (German adaptation). In: Collegium Internationale Psychiatriae Scalarum (CIPS). Beltz Weinheim:without page number

    Google Scholar 

  33. Morgan WP (1985) Selected psychological factors limiting performance: A mental health model. In: Clarke DH, Eckert HM (eds) Limits of human performance. Human Kinetics Champaign:70–80

    Google Scholar 

  34. Morgan WP, Brown DR, Raglin JS, O’Conner PJ, Ellickson KA (1987) Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. British Journal of Sport Medicine 21:107–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Morgan WP, Costill DL (1996) Selected psychological characteristics and health behaviors of aging marathon runners: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Sport Medicine 17:305–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Morgan WP, Costill DL, Flynn, MG, Raglin JS, O’Conner P (1988) Mood disturbance following increased training in swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20:408–414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Noble BJ, Robertson RJ (1996) Perceived exertion. Human Kinetics Champaign

    Google Scholar 

  38. O’Conner PJ, Morgan WP, Raglin JS (1991) Psychobiologic effects of 3d of increased training in female and male swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23:1055–1061

    Google Scholar 

  39. Raglin JS (1993) Overtraining and staleness: Psychometric monitoring of endurance athletes. In: Singer RB, Murphey M, Tennant LK (eds) Handbook of research on sports psychology. Macmillan New York:840–850

    Google Scholar 

  40. Raglin JS, Morgan WP, O’Conner PJ (1991) Changes in mood state responses during training in female and male college swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12:585–589

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Stanford SC, Salomon P (eds) (1993) Stress. From synapse to syndrome. Academic Press London

    Google Scholar 

  42. Savis J (1994) Sleep and athletic performance: Overview and implications for sportpsychology. The Sport Psychologist 8:111–125

    Google Scholar 

  43. Seiler R (1992) Performance enhancement — A psychological approach. Sport Science Review 1:29–45

    Google Scholar 

  44. Selye H (1993) History of the stress concept. In: Goldberger L, Breznitz S (eds) Handbook of stress. The Free Press New York:7–17

    Google Scholar 

  45. Vealey R (1988) Future directions in psychological skill training. The Sport Psychologist 2:318–336

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Sport Science Section for Sportpsychology, Potsdam University, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469, Potsdam, Germany

    Michael Kellmann

  2. Department of Psychology Section for Applied Psychology, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Universitätsplatz 3, A-8010, Graz, Austria

    Konrad W. Kallus

Authors
  1. Michael Kellmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Konrad W. Kallus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany

    Manfred Lehmann

  2. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin

    Carl Foster

  3. Medical University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany

    Uwe Gastmann

  4. University of Limburg Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Hans Keizer

  5. Medical University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany

    Jürgen M. Steinacker

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kellmann, M., Kallus, K.W. (1999). Mood, Recovery-Stress State, and Regeneration. In: Lehmann, M., Foster, C., Gastmann, U., Keizer, H., Steinacker, J.M. (eds) Overload, Performance Incompetence, and Regeneration in Sport. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34048-7_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34048-7_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46106-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-585-34048-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation