Skip to main content

Healthcare Economic Evaluation of Chronic Pain: Measuring the Economic, Social and Personal Impact of Chronic Pain and its Management

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biobehavioral Approaches to Pain

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abeles, A. M., Pillinger, M. H., Solitar, B. M., & Abeles, M. (2007). Narrative review: The pathophysiology of fibromyalgia. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(10), 726–734.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adam, T., Koopmanschap, M. A., & Evans, D. B. (2003). Cost-effectiveness analysis: can we reduce variability in costing methods? International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 19(2), 407–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Affleck, G., Urrows, S., Tennen, H., Higgins, P., & Abeles, M. (1996). Sequential daily relations of sleep, pain intensity, and attention to pain among women with fibromyalgia. Pain, 68(2–3), 363–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Allaf, A. W. (2007). Work disability and health system utilization in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology: Practical Reports On Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Diseases, 13(4), 199–201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Pain Society. (2007). APS glossary of pain terminology. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.ampainsoc.org/links/pain_glossary.htm

  • Anderson, J. J., Ruwe, M., Miller, D. R., Kazis, L., Felson, D. T., & Prashker, M. (2002). Relative costs and effectiveness of specialist and general internist ambulatory care for patients with 2 chronic musculoskeletal conditions. Journal of Rheumatology, 29(7), 1488–1495.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, L. M. (2006). Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia. New therapies in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 8(4), 212.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arts, M. P., Peul, W. C., Brand, R., Koes, B. W., & Thomeer, R. T. (2006). Cost-effectiveness of microendoscopic discectomy versus conventional open discectomy in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation: A prospective randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 7, 42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asbring, P., & Narvanen, A. L. (2002). Women's experiences of stigma in relation to chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Qualitative Health Research, 12(2), 148–160.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. H., Slater, M. A., Patterson, T. L., Grant, I., & Garfin, S. R. (1991). Prevalence, onset, and risk of psychiatric disorders in men with chronic low back pain: A controlled study. Pain, 45(2), 111–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, J. A., & Thompson, S. G. (1998). Analysis and interpretation of cost data in randomised controlled trials: review of published studies. BMJ, 317(7167), 1195–1200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behrens, V., Seligman, P., Cameron, L., Mathias, C. G., & Fine, L. (1994). The prevalence of back pain, hand discomfort, and dermatitis in the US working population. American Journal of Public Health, 84(11), 1780–1785.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R., & Nelson, D. (2006). Cognitive behavioral therapy for fibromyalgia. Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology, 2(8), 416–424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. M., Jones, J., Turk, D. C., Russell, I. J., & Matallana, L. (2007). An internet survey of 2,596 people with fibromyalgia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 8, 27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A., Dukes, E., Martin, S., Edelsberg, J., & Oster, G. (2007). Characteristics and healthcare costs of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 61(9), 1498–1508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, A. L., Prince, A., & Edsall, P. (2000). Quality of life issues for fibromyalgia patients. Arthritis Care and Research, 13(1), 42–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biyani, A., & Andersson, G. B. (2004). Low back pain: Pathophysiology and management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 12(2), 106–115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blyth, F. M., March, L. M., Brnabic, A. J., & Cousins, M. J. (2004). Chronic pain and frequent use of health care. Pain, 111(1–2), 51–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blyth, F. M., March, L. M., Brnabic, A. J., Jorm, L. R., Williamson, M., & Cousins, M. J. (2001). Chronic pain in Australia: A prevalence study. Pain, 89(2–3), 127–134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bombardier, C., & Eisenberg, J. (1985). Looking into the crystal ball: Can we estimate the lifetime cost of rheumatoid arthritis? Journal of Rheumatology, 12(2), 201–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bombardier, C., & Maetzel, A. (1999). Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of new treatments: Efficacy versus effectiveness studies? Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 58 Suppl 1, I82–I85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boonen, A., van den Heuvel, R., van Tubergen, A., Goossens, M., Severens, J. L., & van der Heijde, D. et al. (2005). Large differences in cost of illness and wellbeing between patients with fibromyalgia, chronic low back pain, or ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 64(3), 396–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandenburg, N., Mucha, L., & Silverman, S. (2007). (939): Impact of fibromyalgia on medical care expenditures and productivity losses. The Journal of Pain, 8(4, Supplement 1), S85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, A. (2000). Handling uncertainty in cost-effectiveness models. Pharmacoeconomics, 17(5), 479–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, A. (2001). Handling uncertainty in economic evaluation and presenting results. In M. Drummond & A. McGuire (Eds.), Economic evaluation in health care: Merging theory with practice (pp. 172–214). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, A., & Gray, A. (1998). Power and sample size calculations for stochastic cost-effectiveness analysis. Medical Decision Making, 18(2 Suppl), S81–S92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, A., & Gray, A. (1999). Handling uncertainty in economic evaluations of healthcare interventions. BMJ, 319(7210), 635–638.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, A., Mooney, C., & Wonderling, D. (1999). Constructing confidence intervals for cost-effectiveness ratios: An evaluation of parametric and non-parametric techniques using Monte Carlo simulation. Statistics in Medicine, 18(23), 3245–3262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, A., O'Brien, B., & Blackhouse, G. (2002). Thinking outside the box: Recent advances in the analysis and presentation of uncertainty in cost-effectiveness studies. Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 377–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, A., Sculpher, M., & Buxton, M. (1994). Uncertainty in the economic evaluation of health care technologies: The role of sensitivity analysis. Health Economics, 3(2), 95–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, A., Wonderling, D., & Mooney, C. (1997). Pulling cost-effectiveness analysis up by its bootstraps: A non-parametric approach to confidence interval estimation. Health Economics, 6(4), 327–340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brouwer, W., Rutten, F., & Koopmanschap, M. A. (2001). Costing in economic evaluation. In M. Drummond & A. McGuire (Eds.), Economic evaluation in health care: Merging theory with practice (pp. 68–93). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. C., Brown, M. M., & Sharma, S. (2005). Evidence-based to value-based medicine. Chicago: AMA Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burckhardt, C. S. (2006). Multidisciplinary approaches for management of fibromyalgia. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 12(1), 59–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, T. S., Evans, A., Hadler, N., Kalsbeek, W., McLaughlin, C., & Fryer, J. (1995). Care-seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine, 20(3), 312–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carragee, E. J. (2005). Clinical practice. Persistent low back pain. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352(18), 1891–1898.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cathey, M. A., Wolfe, F., & Kleinheksel, S. M. (1988). Functional ability and work status in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care and Research, 1(2), 85–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Chronic disease overview. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/overview.htm

  • Chakrabarty, S., & Zoorob, R. (2007). Fibromyalgia. American Family Physician, 76(2), 247–254.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherkin, D. C., Wheeler, K. J., Barlow, W., & Deyo, R. A. (1998). Medication use for low back pain in primary care. Spine, 23(5), 607–614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, R. (2005). Evidence-based medicine and the challenge of low back pain: where are we now? Pain Practice: The Official Journal of World Institute Of Pain, 5(3), 153–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. R., Drummond, M., Glick, H., & Heyse, J. F. (2003). Assessing the appropriateness of combining economic data from multinational clinical trials. Statistics in Medicine, 22(12), 1955–1976.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Critchley, D. J., Ratcliffe, J., Noonan, S., Jones, R. H., & Hurley, M. V. (2007). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three types of physiotherapy used to reduce chronic low back pain disability: A pragmatic randomized trial with economic evaluation. Spine, 32(14), 1474–1481.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cudney, S. A., Butler, M. R., Weinert, C., & Sullivan, T. (2002). Ten rural women living with fibromyalgia tell it like it is. Holistic Nursing Practice, 16(3), 35–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Girolamo, G. (1991). Epidemiology and social costs of low back pain and fibromyalgia. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 7 Suppl 1, S1–S7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Lissovoy, G., Brown, R. E., Halpern, M., Hassenbusch, S. J., & Ross, E. (1997). Cost-effectiveness of long-term intrathecal morphine therapy for pain associated with failed back surgery syndrome. Clinical Therapeutics, 19(1), 96–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Detsky, A. S. (1995). Evidence of effectiveness: evaluating its quality. In F. A. Sloan (Ed.), Valuing health care: costs, benefits, and effectiveness of pharmaceuticals and other medical technologies (pp. 15–29). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Detsky, A. S., & Naglie, I. G. (1990). A clinician's guide to cost-effectiveness analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113(2), 147–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, M. (2001). Introducing economic and quality of life measurements into clinical studies. Annals of Medicine, 33(5), 344–349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, M., Bloom, B. S., Carrin, G., Hillman, A. L., Hutchings, H. C., & Knill-Jones, et al. (1992). Issues in the cross-national assessment of health technology. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 8(4), 671–682.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, M., Manca, A., & Sculpher, M. (2005). Increasing the generalizability of economic evaluations: Recommendations for the design, analysis, and reporting of studies. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 21(2), 165–171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, M., & Pang, F. (2001). Transferability of economic evaluation results In A. McGuire & M. Drummond (Eds.), Economic evaluation in health care: Merging theory with practice (pp. 256–276). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, M., Sculpher, M. J., Torrance, G. W., O’Brien, B. J., & Stoddart, G. L. (2005). Methods for economic evaluation of health care programmes (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duckro, P. N., Schultz, K. T., & Chibnall, J. T. (1994). Migraine as a sequela to chronic low back pain. Headache, 34(5), 279–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, M., Jonhagen, S., Hunsche, E., & Jonsson, L. (2005). Burden of illness of chronic low back pain in Sweden: A cross-sectional, retrospective study in primary care setting. Spine, 30(15), 1777–1785.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, C. C., von Korff, M., & Katon, W. J. (1996). Back pain in primary care: predictors of high health-care costs. Pain, 65(2–3), 197–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feeny, D. H. (2005). Preference-based utility measures: utility and quality-adjusted life years. In P. Fayers & R. Hays (Eds.), Assessing quality of life in clinical trials (2nd ed., pp. 406–429). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishbain, D. A., Cutler, R. B., Cole, B., Lewis, J., Smets, E., & Rosomoff, H. L., et al. (2004). Are patients with chronic low back pain or chronic neck pain fatigued? Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 5(2), 187–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, S., Rabago, D. P., Mundt, M. P., & Fleming, M. F. (2007). CAM therapies among primary care patients using opioid therapy for chronic pain. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7, 15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fritzell, P., Hagg, O., Jonsson, D., & Nordwall, A. (2004). Cost-effectiveness of lumbar fusion and nonsurgical treatment for chronic low back pain in the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study: A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Spine, 29(4), 421–434.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frymoyer, J. W., & Cats-Baril, W. L. (1991). An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 22(2), 263–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furlan, A. D., Sandoval, J. A., Mailis-Gagnon, A., & Tunks, E. (2006). Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: A meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects. CMAJ, 174(11), 1589–1594.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, J., Simon, M. A., Duran, M., Canceller, J., & Aneiros, F. J. (2006). Differential efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral intervention versus pharmacological treatment in the management of fibromyalgic syndrome. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11(4), 498–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, F. J., Grant, A. M., Gillan, M. G. C., Vale, L. D., Campbell, M. K., & Scott, N. W., et al. (2004). Low back pain: Influence of early MR imaging or CT on treatment and outcome – Multicenter randomized trial. Radiology, 231(2), 343–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glick, H. A., Doshi, J., Sonnad, S., & Polsky, D. (2007). Economic evaluation in clinical trials. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goetzel, R. Z., Hawkins, K., Ozminkowski, R. J., & Wang, S. (2003). The health and productivity cost burden of the "top 10" physical and mental health conditions affecting six large U.S. employers in 1999. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(1), 5–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, D. L. (2007). Pharmacological treatment of fibromyalgia and other chronic musculoskeletal pain. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology, 21(3), 499–511.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, D. L., Burckhardt, C., & Crofford, L. (2004). Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. JAMA, 292(19), 2388–2395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goossens, M. E., Evers, S. M., Vlaeyen, J. W., Rutten-van Molken, M. P., & van der Linden, S. M. (1999). Principles of economic evaluation for interventions of chronic musculoskeletal pain. European Journal of Pain, 3(4), 343–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goossens, M. E., Rutten-van Molken, M. P., Leidl, R. M., Bos, S. G., Vlaeyen, J. W., & Teeken-Gruben, N. J. (1996). Cognitive-educational treatment of fibromyalgia: A randomized clinical trial. II. Economic evaluation. Journal of Rheumatology, 23(7), 1246–1254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grabois, M. (2005). Management of chronic low back pain. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(3 Suppl), S29–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grimes, D. A., & Schulz, K. F. (2002). An overview of clinical research: The lay of the land. Lancet, 359(9300), 57–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, H. R., Tanaka, S., Cameron, L. L., Seligman, P. J., Behrens, V. J., & Ger, J., et al. (1995). Back pain among workers in the United States: National estimates and workers at high risk. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 28(5), 591–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadler, N. M., Tait, R. C., & Chibnall, J. T. (2007). Back pain in the workplace. JAMA, 297(14), 1594–1596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, R. G., & Darba, J. (2003). Cost data assessment in multinational economic evaluations: some theory and review of published studies. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 2(3), 149–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, L. G., Deyo, R. A., & Cherkin, D. C. (1995). Physician office visits for low back pain. Frequency, clinical evaluation, and treatment patterns from a U.S. national survey. Spine, 20(1), 11–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazard, R. G. (2007). Low-back and neck pain diagnosis and treatment. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(1 Suppl), S59–S68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, P. K., Meier, B. P., & Council, J. R. (2002). A comparison of chronic pain between an urban and rural population. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 19(4), 213–224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, G., Martinez, C., Myon, E., Taeb, C., & Wessely, S. (2006). The impact of a diagnosis of fibromyalgia on health care resource use by primary care patients in the UK: An observational study based on clinical practice. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 54(1), 177–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Indahl, A. (2004). Low back pain: Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 33(4), 199–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James Cook University. (2004). Economic burden of back pain tops $9 billion [Electronic Version]. Outlook, 16, 12–13. Retrieved November 6, 2007 from http://www.jcu.edu.au/div1/marketingandpr/Marketing/outlook/outlookoct.pdf.

  • Jefferson, T., Demicheli, V., & Mugford, M. (2000). Elementary economic evaluation in health care (2nd ed.). London: BMJ Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K. D., Adams, D., Winters-Stone, K., & Burckhardt, C. S. (2006). A comprehensive review of 46 exercise treatment studies in fibromyalgia (1988–2005). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kocher, M. S., & Henley, M. B. (2003). It is money that matters: Decision analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research(413), 106–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koes, B. W., van Tulder, M. W., Ostelo, R., Burton, A. K., & Waddell, G. (2001). Clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain in primary care: An international comparison. Spine, 26(22), 2504–2513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koopmanschap, M. A., Rutten, F. F., van Ineveld, B. M., & van Roijen, L. (1995). The friction cost method for measuring indirect costs of disease. Journal of Health Economics, 14(2), 171–189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koopmanschap, M. A., Touw, K. C. R., & Rutten, F. F. H. (2001). Analysis of costs and cost-effectiveness in multinational trials. Health Policy, 58(2), 175–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korthals-de Bos, I., van Tulder, M., van Dieten, H., & Bouter, L. (2004). Economic evaluations and randomized trials in spinal disorders: Principles and methods. Spine, 29(4), 442–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, F. M., Fernandez, C., Cordero, A., Muriel, A., Gonzalez-Lujan, L., & Gil del Real, M. T. (2006). Non-specific low back pain in primary care in the Spanish National Health Service: A prospective study on clinical outcomes and determinants of management. BMC Health Services Research, 6, 57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, F. M., Llobera, J., Abraira, V., Lazaro, P., Pozo, F., & Kleinbaum, D. (2002). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analysis of neuroreflexotherapy for subacute and chronic low back pain in routine general practice: A cluster randomized, controlled trial. Spine, 27(11), 1149–1159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lind, B. K., Lafferty, W. E., Tyree, P. T., Diehr, P. K., & Grembowski, D. E. (2007). Use of complementary and alternative medicine providers by fibromyalgia patients under insurance coverage. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 57(1), 71–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loisel, P., Lemaire, J., Poitras, S., Durand, M. J., Champagne, F., & Stock, S., et al. (2002). Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis of a disability prevention model for back pain management: A six year follow up study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(12), 807–815.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loney, P. L., & Stratford, P. W. (1999). The prevalence of low back pain in adults: a methodological review of the literature. Physical Therapy, 79(4), 384–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luce, B. R., Manning, W. G., Siegel, J. E., & Lipscomb, J. (1996). Estimating costs in cost-effectiveness analysis. In M. R. Gold, J. E. Siegel, L. B. Russell, & M. C. Weinstein (Eds.), Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine (pp. 176–213). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, X., Pietrobon, R., Sun, S. X., Liu, G. G., & Hey, L. (2004). Estimates and patterns of direct health care expenditures among individuals with back pain in the United States. Spine, 29(1), 79–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maetzel, A., & Li, L. (2002). The economic burden of low back pain: A review of studies published between 1996 and 2001. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology, 16(1), 23–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malter, A. D., Larson, E. B., Urban, N., & Deyo, R. A. (1996). Cost-effectiveness of lumbar discectomy for the treatment of herniated intervertebral disc. Spine, 21(9), 1048–1054.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manca, A., Dumville, J. C., Torgerson, D. J., Klaber Moffett, J. A., Mooney, M. P., & Jackson, D. A., et al. (2007). Randomized trial of two physiotherapy interventions for primary care back and neck pain patients: Cost effectiveness analysis. Rheumatology, 46(9), 1495–1501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mäntyselkä, P., Kumpusalo, E., Ahonen, R., Kumpusalo, A., Kauhanen, J., & Viinamaki, H., et al. (2001). Pain as a reason to visit the doctor: A study in Finnish primary health care. Pain, 89(2–3), 175–180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mäntyselkä, P., Turunen, J. H., Ahonen, R. S., & Kumpusalo, E. A. (2003). Chronic pain and poor self-rated health. JAMA, 290(18), 2435–2442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, J. E., Ferraz, M. B., Sato, E. I., & Atra, E. (1995). Fibromyalgia versus rheumatoid arthritis: A longitudinal comparison of the quality of life. Journal of Rheumatology, 22(2), 270–274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarberg, B. H., & Billington, R. (2006). Consequences of neuropathic pain: quality-of-life issues and associated costs. American Journal of Managed Care, 12(9 Suppl), S263–S268.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mease, P. (2005). Fibromyalgia syndrome: Review of clinical presentation, pathogenesis, outcome measures, and treatment. The Journal of Rheumatology. Supplement, 75, 6–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P., Kendrick, D., Bentley, E., & Fielding, K. (2002). Cost-effectiveness of lumbar spine radiography in primary care patients with low back pain. Spine, 27(20), 2291–2297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, C. R., Bowen, L., & Morris, A. J. (2005). Integrative therapy for fibromyalgia: Possible strategies for an individualized treatment program. Southern Medical Journal, 98(2), 177–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muennig, P. (2002). Designing and conducting cost-effectiveness analyses in medicine and health care. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullahy, J., & Manning, W. (1994). Statistical issues in cost-effectiveness analysis. In F. A. Sloan (Ed.), Valuing health care (pp. 149–184). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myriam Hunink, M. G., Glasziou, P. P., Siegel, J. E., Weeks, J. C., Pliskin, J. S., & Elstein, A. S., et al. (2001). Decision making in health and medicine: Integrating evidence and values. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2007). Low back pain fact sheet. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/backpain/detail_backpain.htm

  • Neumann, P. J. (2005). Using cost-effectiveness analysis to improve health care: Opportunities and barriers. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, W., Curtis, P., Witt, P., & Hobler, K. (1997). Prevalence of subtypes of low back pain in a defined population. Journal of Family Practice, 45(4), 331–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niemisto, L., Rissanen, P., Sarna, S., Lahtinen-Suopanki, T., Lindgren, K. A., & Hurri, H. (2005). Cost-effectiveness of combined manipulation, stabilizing exercises, and physician consultation compared to physician consultation alone for chronic low back pain: A prospective randomized trial with 2-year follow-up. Spine, 30(10), 1109–1115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nord, E. (1999). Cost-value in health care: Making sense out of QALYs. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, R. B., Kidd, D., Shipley, J., & Taylor, R. S. (2007). Spinal cord stimulation versus reoperation for failed back surgery syndrome: A cost effectiveness and cost utility analysis based on a randomized, controlled trial. Neurosurgery, 61(2), 361–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. (1996). Economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals. Frankenstein's monster or vampire of trials? Medical Care, 34(12 Suppl), DS99–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. (1997). A tale of two (or more) cities: Geographic transferability of pharmacoeconomic data. American Journal of Managed Care, 3 Suppl, S33–S39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B., & Briggs, A. (2002). Analysis of uncertainty in health care cost-effectiveness studies: An introduction to statistical issues and methods. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 11(6), 455–468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B., Drummond, M. F., Labelle, R. J., & Willan, A. (1994). In search of power and significance: Issues in the design and analysis of stochastic cost-effectiveness studies in health care. Medical Care, 32(2), 150–163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obenchain, R. L., Robinson, R. L., & Swindle, R. W. (2005). Cost-effectiveness inferences from bootstrap quadrant confidence levels: three degrees of dominance. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 15(3), 419–436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, J. A., & Smith, R. D. (2001). Theory versus practice: a review of 'willingness-to-pay' in health and health care. Health Economics, 10(1), 39–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oostenbrink, J. B., Koopmanschap, M. A., & Rutten, F. F. (2002). Standardisation of costs: The Dutch Manual for Costing in economic evaluations. Pharmacoeconomics, 20(7), 443–454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, D. K. (1998). Spine update. Patient preferences and the development of practice guidelines. Spine, 23(9), 1073–1079.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pang, F. (2002). Design, analysis and presentation of mresentation of multinational economic studies – The need for guidance. Pharmacoeconomics, 20(2), 75–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, D. L., Deyo, R. A., Atlas, S. J., Singer, D. E., Chapin, A., & Keller, R. B. (1995). Assessing health-related quality of life in patients with sciatica. Spine, 20(17), 1899.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penrod, J. R., Bernatsky, S., Adam, V., Baron, M., Dayan, N., & Dobkin, P. L. (2004). Health services costs and their determinants in women with fibromyalgia. Journal of Rheumatology, 31(7), 1391–1398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perquin, C. W., Hazebroek-Kampschreur, A. A., Hunfeld, J. A., Bohnen, A. M., van Suijlekom-Smit, L. W., & Passchier, J., et al. (2000). Pain in children and adolescents: A common experience. Pain, 87(1), 51–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, C. J. (2003). Pain management: Health economics and quality of life considerations. Drugs, 63 Spec No 2, 47–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, K., Ch'ien, A. P. Y., Norwood, B. R., & Smith, C. (2003). Chronic low back pain management in primary care. The Nurse Practitioner, 28(8), 26–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polatin, P. B., Kinney, R. K., Gatchel, R. J., Lillo, E., & Mayer, T. G. (1993). Psychiatric illness and chronic low-back pain. The mind and the spine–which goes first? Spine, 18(1), 66–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polsky, D., Glick, H. A., Willke, R., & Schulman, K. (1997). Confidence intervals for cost-effectiveness ratios: A comparison of four methods. Health Economics, 6(3), 243–252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price, C., Arden, N., Coglan, L., & Rogers, P. (2005). Cost-effectiveness and safety of epidural steroids in the management of sciatica. Health Technology Assessment, 9(33), 1–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, S., McIntosh, M., & Sullivan, S. (2001). Design issues for conducting cost-effectiveness analyses alongside clinical trials. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 129–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, S., Willke, R., Briggs, A., Brown, R., Buxton, M., & Chawla, A., et al. (2005). Good research practices for cost-effectiveness analysis alongside clinical trials: the ISPOR RCT-CEA Task Force report. Value Health, 8(5), 521–533.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raphael, K. G., Janal, M. N., Nayak, S., Schwartz, J. E., & Gallagher, R. M. (2006). Psychiatric comorbidities in a community sample of women with fibromyalgia. Pain, 124(1–2), 117–125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, J., Thomas, K. J., MacPherson, H., & Brazier, J. (2006). A randomised controlled trial of acupuncture care for persistent low back pain: Cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ, 333(7569), 626.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, S. D., Anstrom, K. J., Bakhai, A., Briggs, A. H., Califf, R. M., & Cohen, D. J., et al. (2005). Conducting economic evaluations alongside multinational clinical trials: Toward a research consensus. American Heart Journal, 149(3), 434–443.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reisine, S., Fifield, J., Walsh, S. J., & Feinn, R. (2003). Do employment and family work affect the health status of women with fibromyalgia? Journal of Rheumatology, 30(9), 2045–2053.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivero-Arias, O., Campbell, H., Gray, A., Fairbank, J., Frost, H., & Wilson-MacDonald, J. (2005). Surgical stabilisation of the spine compared with a programme of intensive rehabilitation for the management of patients with chronic low back pain: Cost utility analysis based on a randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 330(7502), 1239–1243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivero-Arias, O., Gray, A., Frost, H., Lamb, S. E., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2006). Cost-utility analysis of physiotherapy treatment compared with physiotherapy advice in low back pain. Spine, 31(12), 1381–1387.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo, J. A., Abbott, T. A., 3rd, & Berger, M. L. (1998). The labor productivity effects of chronic backache in the United States. Medical Care, 36(10), 1471–1488.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. (1993a). Cost-benefit analysis. BMJ, 307(6909), 924–926.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. (1993b). Cost-effectiveness analysis. BMJ, 307(6907), 793–795.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. (1993c). Cost-utility analysis. BMJ, 307(6908), 859–862.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. (1993d). Costs and cost-minimisation analysis. BMJ, 307(6906), 726–728.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. L., Birnbaum, H. G., Morley, M. A., Sisitsky, T., Greenberg, P. E., & Claxton, A. J. (2003). Economic cost and epidemiological characteristics of patients with fibromyalgia claims. Journal of Rheumatology, 30(6), 1318–1325.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. L., Birnbaum, H. G., Morley, M. A., Sisitsky, T., Greenberg, P. E., & Wolfe, F. (2004). Depression and fibromyalgia: treatment and cost when diagnosed separately or concurrently. The Journal Of Rheumatology, 31(8), 1621–1629.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. L., & Jones, M. L. (2006). In search of pharmacoeconomic evaluations for fibromyalgia treatments: A review. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 7(8), 1027–1039.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rooks, D. S. (2007). Fibromyalgia treatment update. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 19(2), 111–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, D. I. (2007). Epidemiology and risk factors for spine pain. Neurologic Clinics, 25(2), 353–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, I. J. (2006). Fibromyalgia [Electronic Version]. Essential Science Indicators. Retrieved November 2, 2007 from http://www.esi-topics.com/fibro/interviews/IJonRussell.html.

  • Russell, L. B., Siegel, J. E., Daniels, N., Gold, M. R., Luce, B. R., & Mandelblatt, J. S. (1996). Cost-effectiveness analysis as a guide to resource allocation in health: Roles and limitations. In M. R. Gold, J. E. Siegel, L. B. Russell, & M. C. Weinstein (Eds.), Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine (pp. 3–24). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sculpher, M. J., Pang, F. S., Manca, A., Drummond, M. F., Golder, S., & Urdahl, H., et al. (2004). Generalisability in economic evaluation studies in healthcare: a review and case studies. Health Technology Assessment, 8(49), 1–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, K. J., Cherkin, D. C., Connelly, M. T., Erro, J., Savetsky, J. B., & Davis, R. B., et al. (2004). Complementary and alternative medical therapies for chronic low back pain: What treatments are patients willing to try? BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4, 9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. F., & Brown, G. C. (2000). Understanding cost effectiveness: A detailed review. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 84(7), 794–798.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staud, R. (2006). Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia: Pain in fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 8(3), 208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staud, R. (2007). Treatment of fibromyalgia and its symptoms. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 8(11), 1629–1642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steenstra, I. A., Anema, J. R., van Tulder, M. W., Bongers, P. M., de Vet, H. C., & van Mechelen, W. (2006). Economic evaluation of a multi-stage return to work program for workers on sick-leave due to low back pain. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 16(4), 557–578.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, W. F., Ricci, J. A., Chee, E., Morganstein, D., & Lipton, R. (2003). Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US Workforce. JAMA, 290(18), 2443–2454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, P. W., Chapman, R. H., Sandberg, E. A., Liljas, B., & Neumann, P. J. (2000). Measuring costs in cost-utility analyses. Variations in the literature. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 16(1), 111–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strom, B. L. (1994). Pharmacoepidemiology (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong, L. L., Von Korff, M., Saunders, K., & Moore, J. E. (2006). Cost-effectiveness of two self-care interventions to reduce disability associated with back pain. Spine, 31(15), 1639–1645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, H. J., & Till, J. E. (1993). Quality of life assessments and levels of decision making: Differentiating objectives. Quality of Life Research, 2(4), 297–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tait, R. C., Margolis, R. B., Krause, S. J., & Liebowitz, E. (1988). Compensation status and symptoms reported by patients with chronic pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 69(12), 1027–1029.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R. J., & Taylor, R. S. (2005). Spinal cord stimulation for failed back surgery syndrome: a decision-analytic model and cost-effectiveness analysis. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 21(3), 351–358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R. S., Taylor, R. J., Van Buyten, J. P., Buchser, E., North, R., & Bayliss, S. (2004). The cost effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of pain: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 27(4), 370–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tella, M. N., Feinglass, J., & Chang, R. W. (2003). Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, and cost-benefit studies in rheumatology: A review of the literature, 2001–2002. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 15(2), 127–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thieme, K., Flor, H., & Turk, D. C. (2006). Psychological pain treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome: Efficacy of operant behavioural and cognitive behavioural treatments. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 8(4), R121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S. G., & Barber, J. A. (2000). How should cost data in pragmatic randomised trials be analysed? BMJ, 320(7243), 1197–1200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, A. B., Sorensen, J., Sjogren, P., & Eriksen, J. (2002). Chronic non-malignant pain patients and health economic consequences. European Journal of Pain, 6(5), 341–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torrance, G. W. (1987). Measurement of health utilities for economic appraisals. Journal of Health Economics, 5, 1–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torrance, G. W. (1997). Preferences for health outcomes and cost-utility analysis. American Journal of Managed Care, 3 Suppl, S8–S20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torrance, G. W., Siegel, J. E., & Luce, B. R. (1996). Framing and designing the cost-effectiveness study. In M. R. Gold, J. E. Siegel, L. B. Russell, & M. C. Weinstein (Eds.), Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine (pp. 54–81). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tosteson, A. N. (2000). Preference-based health outcome measures in low back pain. Spine, 25(24), 3161–3166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D. C., & Okifuji, A. (1998). Treatment of chronic pain patients: Clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefits of multidisciplinary pain centers. Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 10(2), 181–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D. C., & Okifuji, A. (2004). Psychological aspects of pain. In C. A. Warfield & Z. H. Bajwa (Eds.), Principles and practice of pain medicine (pp. 139–156). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • UK BEAM Trial Team. (2004). United Kingdom back pain exercise and manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: Cost effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. BMJ, 329(7479), 1381–1385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Roer, N., Boos, N., & van Tulder, M. W. (2006). Economic evaluations: A new avenue of outcome assessment in spinal disorders. European Spine Journal, 15 Suppl 1, S109–S117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Roer, N., Goossens, M. E., Evers, S. M., & van Tulder, M. W. (2005). What is the most cost-effective treatment for patients with low back pain? A systematic review. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 19(4), 671–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Roer, N., van Tulder, M. W., Barendse, J. M., van Mechelen, W., Franken, W. K., & Ooms, A. C., et al. (2004). Cost-effectiveness of an intensive group training protocol compared to physiotherapy guideline care for sub-acute and chronic low back pain: Design of a randomised controlled trial with an economic evaluation. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 5, 45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Geen, J. W., Edelaar, M. J., Janssen, M., & van Eijk, J. T. (2007). The long-term effect of multidisciplinary back training: a systematic review. Spine, 32(2), 249–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Koulil, S., Effting, M., Kraaimaat, F. W., van Lankveld, W., van Helmond, T., & Cats, H., et al. (2007). Cognitive-behavioural therapies and exercise programmes for patients with fibromyalgia: State of the art and future directions. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 66(5), 571–581.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaak, P. F. M., Kerssens, J. J., Dekker, J., Sorbi, M. J., & Bensing, J. M. (1998). Prevalence of chronic benign pain disorder among adults: a review of the literature. Pain, 77(3), 231–239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, T. R. (2007a). The application of economic evaluation methods in the chronic pain medicine literature. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 105(1), 114–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, T. R. (2007b). A primer on health-related quality of life in chronic pain medicine. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 104(3), 703–718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlaeyen, J. W., Teeken-Gruben, N. J., Goossens, M. E., Rutten-van Molken, M. P., Pelt, R. A., & van Eek, H., et al. (1996). Cognitive-educational treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial. I. Clinical effects. Journal of Rheumatology, 23(7), 1237–1245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, M. T., Nevitt, M. C., & Cauley, J. A. (1997). Back problems and atherosclerosis. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Spine, 22(23), 2741–2747.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walen, H. R., Cronan, P. A., & Bigatti, S. M. (2001). Factors associated with healthcare costs in women with fibromyalgia. American Journal of Managed Care, 7 Spec No, SP39–S47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waylonis, G. W., Ronan, P. G., & Gordon, C. (1994). A profile of fibromyalgia in occupational environments. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73(2), 112–115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, B. S., & Snook, S. H. (1990). The cost of compensable low back pain. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 32(1), 13–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, M. C., O'Brien, B., Hornberger, J., Jackson, J., Johannesson, M., & McCabe, C., et al. (2003). Principles of good practice for decision analytic modeling in health-care evaluation: Report of the ISPOR Task Force on Good Research Practices–Modeling Studies. Value Health, 6(1), 9–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, K., Nielson, W. R., Harth, M., Ostbye, T., & Speechley, M. (2002). Does the label “fibromyalgia” alter health status, function, and health service utilization? A prospective, within-group comparison in a community cohort of adults with chronic widespread pain. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 47(3), 260–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, K., Speechley, M., Harth, M., & Ostbye, T. (1999a). Comparing self-reported function and work disability in 100 community cases of fibromyalgia syndrome versus controls in London, Ontario: the London Fibromyalgia Epidemiology Study. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 42(1), 76–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, K., Speechley, M., Harth, M., & Ostbye, T. (1999b). The London Fibromyalgia Epidemiology Study: Comparing the demographic and clinical characteristics in 100 random community cases of fibromyalgia versus controls. Journal of Rheumatology, 26(7), 1577–1585.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, K., Speechley, M., Harth, M., & Ostbye, T. (1999c). The London Fibromyalgia Epidemiology Study: direct health care costs of fibromyalgia syndrome in London, Canada. Journal of Rheumatology, 26(4), 885–889.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, L. A., Birnbaum, H. G., Kaltenboeck, A., Tang, J., Mallet, D., & Robinson, R. L. (2008). Medical comorbidities, pharmaceutical use and health care costs in patients with fibromyalgia. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50, 13–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehurst, D. G., Lewis, M., Yao, G. L., Bryan, S., Raftery, J. P., & Mullis, R., et al. (2007). A brief pain management program compared with physical therapy for low back pain: Results from an economic analysis alongside a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 57(3), 466–473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willke, R. J., Glick, H. A., Polsky, D., & Schulman, K. (1998). Estimating country-specific cost-effectiveness from multinational clinical trials. Health Economics, 7(6), 481–493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witt, C. M., Jena, S., Selim, D., Brinkhaus, B., Reinhold, T., & Wruck, K., et al. (2006). Pragmatic randomized trial evaluating the clinical and economic effectiveness of acupuncture for chronic low back pain. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164(5), 487–496.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, F., Anderson, J., Harkness, D., Bennett, R. M., Caro, X. J., & Goldenberg, D. L., et al. (1997a). A prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study of service utilization and costs in fibromyalgia. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40(9), 1560–1570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, F., Anderson, J., Harkness, D., Bennett, R. M., Caro, X. J., & Goldenberg, D. L., et al. (1997b). Work and disability status of persons with fibromyalgia. Journal of Rheumatology, 24(6), 1171–1178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, F., & Michaud, K. (2004). Severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA), worse outcomes, comorbid illness, and sociodemographic disadvantage characterize ra patients with fibromyalgia. Journal of Rheumatology, 31(4), 695–700.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, F., Ross, K., Anderson, J., Russell, I. J., & Hebert, L. (1995). The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 38(1), 19–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, F., Smythe, H. A., Yunus, M. B., Bennett, R. M., Bombardier, C., & Goldenberg, D. L., et al. (1990). The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 33(2), 160–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zagari, M. J., Mazonson, P. D., & Longton, W. C. (1996). Pharmacoeconomics of chronic nonmalignant pain. Pharmacoeconomics, 10(4), 356–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zarnke, K. B., Levine, M. A., & O'Brien, B. J. (1997). Cost-benefit analyses in the health-care literature: don't judge a study by its label. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 50(7), 813–822.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zijlstra, T. R., Braakman-Jansen, L. M., Taal, E., Rasker, J. J., & van de Laar, M. A. (2007). Cost-effectiveness of Spa treatment for fibromyalgia: General health improvement is not for free. Rheumatology, 46(9), 1454–1459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Robinson, R.L., Vetter, T.R. (2009). Healthcare Economic Evaluation of Chronic Pain: Measuring the Economic, Social and Personal Impact of Chronic Pain and its Management. In: Biobehavioral Approaches to Pain. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78323-9_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78323-9_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-78322-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-78323-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics