Abstract
The provision of anesthetic services outside the traditional operating room environment is a challenge to both the adaptability and sensibility of the anesthesiologist. In an effort to increase the comfort and safety of patients and to assist other physicians, we are increasingly asked to provide services for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. These services are variably called “anesthesia” or “sedation” or “monitored anesthesia care” (MAC). No matter what the service is called, the basic principle is that the anesthesiologist is entrusted to provide the best in patient care, no matter what drugs or techniques we use.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ehrenwerth J, Eisenkraft JB. Anesthesia Equipment: Principles and Applications. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1993:521–533.
Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: addendum. Pediatrics. 2002;110:836–838.
American Society of Anesthesiologists: Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring, October 25, 2005.
Report of the Advisory Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations: The effects on populations of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. Division of Medical Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, BEIR III 1980, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1980.
Robertson RL, Robson CD, Zurakowski D, Antiles S, Strauss K, Mulkern RV. CT versus MR in neonatal brain imaging at term. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33:442–449.
Upton AC. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Scientific Committee 1–6. The state of the art in the 1990s: NCRP Report No. 136 on the scientific bases for linearity in the dose-response relationship for ionizing radiation. Health Phys. 2003;85:15–22.
Modan B, Keinan L, Blumstein T, Sadetzki S. Cancer following cardiac catheterization in childhood. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29:424–428.
Mason KP, Zgleszewski SE, Holzman RS. Anesthesia and sedation for sedation for procedures outside the operating room. In: Motoyama EK, Davis PJ, eds. Smith’s Anesthesia for Infants and Children. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2006: 839–855.
Cohan RH, Dunnick NR, Bashore TM. Treatment of reactions to radiographic contrast material. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;151:263–270.
Martin LD, Pasternak LR, Pudimat MA. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol in pediatric patients outside the operating room. Anesth Analg. 1992;74:609–612.
Fisher DM, Robinson S, Brett CM. Comparison of enflurance, halothane, and isoflurane for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with malignancies. Anesthesiology. 1985;63:647–650.
Menon DK, Peden CJ, Hall AS, et al. Magnetic resonance for the anaesthetist. Part 1: physical principles, application, safety aspects. Anaesthesia. 1992;47:240–255.
Tobin JR, Spurrier EA, Wetzel RC. Anaesthesia for critically ill children during magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Anaesth. 1992;69:482–486.
Peden CJ, Menon DK, Hall AS, et al. Magnetic resonance for the anaesthetist. Part II: anaesthesia and monitoring in MR units. Anaesthesia. 1992;47:508–517.
Gold JP, Pulsinelli W, Winchester P, et al. Safety of metallic surgical clips in patients undergoing high-field-strength magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989; 48:643–645.
Erlebacher JA, Cahill PT, Pannizzo F, et al. Effect of magnetic resonance imaging on DDD pacemakers. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57:437–440.
Shellock FG, Curtis JS. MR imaging and biomedical implants, materials, and devices: an updated review. Radiology. 1991;180:541–550.
Patteson SK, Chesney JT. Anesthetic management for magnetic resonance imaging: problems and solutions. Anesth Analg. 1992;74:121–128.
Shellock FG. Monitoring during MRI: an evaluation of the effect of high-field MRI on various patient monitors. Med Electron. 1986;17:93–97.
Dimick RN, Hedlund LW, Herfkens RJ, et al. Optimizing electrocardiographic electrode placement for cardiac-rated magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol. 1987; 22:17–22.
Shellock FG. Monitoring sedated pediatric patients during MR imaging. Radiology. 1990;177:586–587.
Cote CJ. Anesthesia outside the operating room. In: Cote CJ, Ryan JF, Todres ID, Goudsouzian NG, eds. A Practice of Anesthesia for Infants and Children. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2001:571–583.
Frankville DD, Spear RM, Dyck JB. The dose of propofol required to prevent children from moving during magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:953–958.
Shellock FG. Biological effects of MRI: a clean safety record so far. Diagnostic Imaging. 1987;9:96–101.
Hammer GB, Hall SC, Davis PJ. Anesthesia for general abdominal, thoracic, urologic and bariatric surgery in pediatric patients. In: Motoyama EK, Davis PJ, eds. Smith’s Anesthesia for Infants and Children. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2006: 685–722.
Lebovic S, Reich DL, Steinberg LG, et al. Comparison of propofol versus ketamine for anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Anesth Analg. 1992;74:490–494.
Vida VL, Bottio T, Milanesi O, et al. Critical aortic stenosis in early infancy: surgical treatment for residual lesions after balloon dilation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79: 47–51.
Koenig P, Cao QL, Heitschmidt M, Waight DJ, Hijazi ZM. Role of intracardiac echocardiographic guidance in transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects and patent foramen ovale using the Amplatzer device. J Interv Cardiol. 2003;16:51–62.
Wagner KJ, Mollenberg O, Rentrop M, Werner C, Kochs EF. Guide to anaesthetic selection for electroconvulsive therapy. CNS Drugs. 2005;19:745–758.
Patkar AA, Hill KP, Weinstein SP, Schwartz SL. ECT in the presence of brain tumor and increased intracranial pressure: evaluation and reduction of risk. J ECT. 2000; 16:189–197.
van den Broek WW, Leentjens AF, Mulder PG, Kusuma A, Bruijn JA. Low-dose esmolol bolus reduces seizure duration during electroconvulsive therapy: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83:271–274.
Mitchell P, Torda T, Hickie I, Burke C. Propofol as an anaesthetic agent for ECT: effect on outcome and length of course. Aust NZ J Psych. 1991;25:2255–2261.
Simpson KH, Snaith RP. The use of propofol for anaesthesia during ECT. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;154:721–722.
Boey WK, Lai FO. Comparison of propofol and thiopentone as anesthetic agents for electroconvulsive therapy. Anaesthesia. 1990;45:623–628.
Hodgson RE, Dawson P, Hold AR, Rout CC, Zuma K. Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy: a comparison of sevoflurane with propofol. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2004;32:241–245.
Singh A, Shah G, Young J, Sheridan M, Haas G, Upadhyay J. Ureteral access sheath for the management of pediatric renal and ureteral stones: a single center experience. J Urol. 2006;175(3 Pt 1):1080–1082.
Liou LS, Streem SB. Long-term renal functional effects of shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and combination therapy: a comparative study of patients with solitary kidney. J Urol. 2001;166:36.
Aldridge RD, Aldridge RC, Aldridge LM. Anesthesia for pediatric lithotripsy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006;16:236–241.
Roth RA, Beckman F. Complications of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Urol Clin North Am. 1988;15:155–166.
Pettersson B, Tiselius HG, Andersson A, Eriksson I. Evaluation of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy without anesthesia using a Dornier HM3 lithotriptor without technical modifications. J Urol. 1989;142:1189–1192.
Cicek M, Koroglu A, Demirbilek S, Teksan H, Ersoy MO. Comparison of propofolalfentanil and propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005;22:683–688.
Aldridge RD, Aldridge RC, Aldridge LM. Anesthesia for pediatric lithotripsy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006;16:236–241.
Zeitlin GL, Roth R. Effects of three anesthetic techniques on the success of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in nephrolithiasis. Anesthesiology. 1988;68:272–276.
Malhotra V, Long CW, Meister MJU. Intercostal blocks with local infiltration anesthesia for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Anesth Analg. 1987;66:85–88.
Tritrakarn T, Lertakyamanee J, Koompong P, et al. Both EMLA and placebo cream reduced pain during extracorporeal piezoelectric shock wave lithotripsy with the Piezolith 2300. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:1049–1054.
Basar H, Yilmaz E, Ozcan S, et al. Four analgesic techniques for shockwave lithotripsy: eutectic mixture local anesthetic is a good alternative. J Endourol. 2003; 17:3–6.
Fisher DM: Sedation of pediatric patients: an anesthesiologist’s perspective. Radiology. 1990;175:613–615.
Cote CJ. Sedation for the pediatric patient: a review. Ped Clin North Am. 1994; 41:31–58.
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by nonanesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:1004–1017.
Hoffman GM, Nowakowski R, Troshynski TJ, Berens RJ, Weisman SJ. Risk reduction in pediatric procedural sedation by application of an American Academy of Pediatrics/American Society of Anesthesiologists process model. Pediatrics. 2002; 109:236–243.
American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Guidelines for Nonoperating Room Anesthetizing Locations. American Society of Anesthesiologists; October 15, 2003.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hall, S.C. (2008). Anesthesia outside the operating room. In: Twersky, R.S., Philip, B.K. (eds) Handbook of Ambulatory Anesthesia. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73329-6_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73329-6_10
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-73328-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-73329-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)