Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

  • Chapter
Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases

Abstract

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common form of childhood arthritis and one of the more common chronic childhood illnesses. As the term indicates, the cause is unknown. In fact, JIA is an umbrella term that refers to a group of disorders that have in common chronic arthritis. Diagnosis requires a combination of data from history, physical examination, and laboratory testing. For the vast majority of patients with JIA, the immunogenetic associations, clinical course, and functional outcome are quite different from adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, approximately 5% to 10% of those with JIA (those classified as polyarthritis rheumatoid factor positive) have a disease that resembles adult-onset RA much more than other types of JIA. The JIA nomenclature has in most instances replaced the older classification for chronic idiopathic arthritis in childhood—juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). The differences and similarities in the two classifications will be discussed below. In fact, this is the first edition in which the term juvenile idiopathic arthritis is being used in the Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Singsen BH. Rheumatic diseases of childhood. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990;16:581–599.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Towner SR, Michet CJJ, O’Fallen WM, Nelson AM. The epidemiology of juvenile arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota. Arthritis Rheum 1983;26:1208–1213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hochberg MC, Linet MS, Sills EM. The prevalence and incidence of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in an urban black population. Am J Public Health 1983;73:1202– 1203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Andersson-Gäre BA, Fasth A. Epidemiology of juve- nile chronic arthritis in Southwestern Sweden—5-year prospective population study. Pediatrics 1992;90:950– 958.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Andersson-Gäre BA, Fasth A. The natural history of juvenile chronic arthritis: a population based cohort study. II. Outcome. J Rheumatol 1995;22:308–319.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gortmaker S. Chronic childhood disorders. Prevalence and impact. Pediatr Clin North Am 1984;31:3–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Cassidy JT, Petty RE, Laxer RM, Lindsley CB. Textbook of pediatric rheumatology, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Borchers AT, Seemi C, Chema G, Keen CL, Sheonfeld Y, Gershwin ME. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Autoimmune Rev 2006;5:279–298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Oen KG, Cheang M. Epidemiology of chronic arthritis in childhood. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1996;26:575–591.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Berntson L, Andersson-Gäre B, Fasth A, et al. Incidence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Nordic countries. A population based study with special reference to the validity of ILAR and EULAR criteria. J Rheumatol 2003;30: 2275–2282.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Petty RE, Southwood TR, Manners P, et al. International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001. J Rheumatol 2004;31:390–392.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hofer M, Southwood TR. Classification of childhood arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2002;16:379– 396.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Weiss JE, Ilowite NT. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Clin N Am 2005;52:413–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Cassidy J, Kivlin J, Lindsley C, Nocton J. Ophthalmologic examination in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics 2006;117:1843–1845.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Adib N, Silman A, Thomson W. Outcome following onset of juvenile idiopathic inflammatory arthritis: I. Frequency of different outcomes. Rheumatology 2005;44:995–1001.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Levinson JE, Wallace CA. Dismantling the pyramid. J Rheumatol 1992;19:6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ravelli A. Toward an understanding of the long-term outcome of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheum 2004;22:271–275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Petty RE. Growing pains: the ILAR classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2001;28:927–928.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Murray KJ, Grom AA, Thompson SD, Lieuwen D, Passo MH, Glass DN. Contrasting cytokine profiles in the synovium of different forms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile spondyloarthropathy: prominence of interleukin 4 in restricted disease. J Rheumatol 1998;25:1388–1398.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. de Kleer IM, Wedderburn LR, Taams LS, et al. CD4(+)CD25(bright) regulatory T cells actively regulate inflammation in the joints of patients with the remitting form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Immunol 2004;172:6435–6443.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Rooney M, Varsani H, Martin K, et al. Tumour necrosis factor alpha and its soluble receptors in juvenile chronic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:432–438.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Glass DN, Giannini EH. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis as a complex genetic trait. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2261–2268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Prahalad S, Ryan MH, Shear ES, Thompson SD, Giannini EH, Glass DN. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: linkage to HLA demonstrated by allele sharing in affected sibpairs. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:2335–2338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Thompson SD, Moroldo MB, Guyer L, et al. A genome-wide scan for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in affected sibpair families provides evidence of linkage. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2920–2930.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hinks A, Barton A, John S, et al. Association between the PTPN22 gene and rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a UK population: further support that PTPN22 is an autoimmunity gene. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:1694–1699.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Zeggini E, Thomson W, Kwiatkowski D, Richardson A, Ollier W, Donn R. Linkage and association studies of single-nucleotide polymorphism-tagged tumor necrosis factor haplotypes in juvenile oligoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:3304–3311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Runstadler JA, Saila H, Savolainen A, et al. Association of SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) with persistent oligoarticular and polyarticular rheumatoid factor-negative juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Finnish patients: haplotype analysis in Finnish families. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:247–256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Donn R, Alourfi Z, Zeggini E, et al. A functional promoter haplotype of macrophage migration inhibitory factor is linked and associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1604–1610.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Crawley E, Kay R, Sillibourne J, Patel P, Hutchinson I, Woo P. Polymorphic haplotypes of the interleukin-10 5’ flanking region determine variable interleukin-10 transcription and are associated with particular phenotypes of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:1101–1108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Crawley E, Kon S, Woo P. Hereditary predisposition to low interleukin-10 production in children with extended oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001;40:574–578.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ravelli A, Magni-Manzoni S, Pistorio A, et al. Preliminary diagnostic guidelines for macrophage activation syndrome complicating systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Pediatr 2005;146:598–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. de Jager W, Wedderburn LR, Rijkers GT, Kuis W, Prakken BJ. Simultaneous detection of 30 soluble mediators in plasma and synovial fluid of patients with JIA. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004;22:538.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Mangge H, Gallistl S, Schauenstein K. Long-term follow-up of cytokines and soluble cytokine receptors in peripheral blood of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999;19:1005–1010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Woo P. Cytokines and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002;4:452–457.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wulffraat NM, Rijkers GT, Elst E, Brooimans R, Kuis W. Reduced perforin expression in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis is restored by autologous stem-cell transplantation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:375–379.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Grom AA, Villanueva J, Lee S, Goldmuntz EA, Passo MH, Filipovich A. Natural killer cell dysfunction in patients with systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and macrophage activation syndrome. J Pediatr 2003;142:292–296.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Thomson W, Barrett JH, Donn R, et al. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis classified by the ILAR criteria: HLA associations in UK patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:1183–1189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. De Benedetti F, Meazza C, Vivarelli M, et al. Functional and prognostic relevance of the -173 polymorphism of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:1398–1407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Fishman D, Faulds G, Jeffery R, et al. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin Invest 1998;102:1369–1376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ogilvie EM, Fife MS, Thompson SD, et al. The -174G allele of the interleukin-6 gene confers susceptibility to systemic arthritis in children: a multicenter study using simplex and multiplex juvenile idiopathic arthritis families. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3202–3206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Pascual V, Allantaz F, Arce E, Punaro M, Banchereau J. Role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the pathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and clinical response to IL-1 blockade. J Exp Med 2005;201:1479–1486.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Woo P, Wilkinson N, Prieur AM, et al. Open label phase II trial of single, ascending doses of MRA in Caucasian children with severe systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: proof of principle of the efficacy of IL-6 receptor blockade in this type of arthritis and demonstration of prolonged clinical improvement. Arthritis Res Ther 2005;7:R1281–R1288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Yokota S, Miyamae T, Imagawa T, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of humanized recombinant anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody in children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:818–825.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Colbert RA. The immunobiology of HLA-B27: variations on a theme. Curr Mol Med 2004;4:21–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Brown MA, Brophy S, Bradbury L, et al. Identification of major loci controlling clinical manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:2234–2239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Timms AE, Crane AM, Sims AM, et al. The interleukin 1 gene cluster contains a major susceptibility locus for ankylosing spondylitis. Am J Hum Genet 2004;75:587–595.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Korendowych E, McHugh N. Genetic factors in psoriatic arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2005;7:306–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wallace CA, Levinson JE. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: outcome and treatment for the 1990s. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1991;17:891–905.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Oen K, Malleson PN, Cabral DA, et al. Disease course and outcome of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a multicenter cohort. J Rheumatol 2002;29:1989–1999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wallace CA, Huang B, Bandeira M, et al. Patterns of clinical remission in select categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3554–3562.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Carvounis PE, Herman DC, Cha S, et al. Incidence and outcomes of uveitis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, a synthesis of the literature. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006;244:281–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Giannini EH, Cawkwell GD. Drug treatment in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatr Clin North Am 1995;42:1099–1125.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Padeh S, Passwell JH. Intraarticular corticosteroid injections in the management of children with chronic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1210–1214.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sherry DD, Stein LD, Reed AM, et al. Prevention of leg length discrepancy in young children with pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis by treatment with intraarticular steroids. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2330–2334.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Zulian F, Martini G, Gobber D, et al. Triamcinolone acetonide and hexacetonide intra-articular treatment of symmetrical joints in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a double-blind trial. Rheumatology 2004;43:1288–1291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Giannini EA, Brewer EJ, Kuzmina N, et al. Methotrexate in resistant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: results of the U.S.A.-U.S.S.R. double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1043–1049.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ruperto N, Murray KJ, Gerloni V, et al. A randomized trial of parenteral methotrexate comparing an intermediate dose with a higher dose in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis who failed to respond to standard doses of methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2191–2201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Woo P, Southwood TR, Prieur AM, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of low-dose oral methotrexate in children with extended oligoarticular or systemic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1849–1857.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Passo MH, Hashkes PJ. Use of methotrexate in children. Bull Rheum Dis 1998;47:1–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ortiz-Alvarez O, Morishita K, Avery G, et al. Guidelines for blood test monitoring of methotrexate toxicity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004;31:2501–2506.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. van Rossum MA, Fiselier TJ, Franssen MJ, et al. Sulfasalazine in the treatment of juvenile chronic arthritis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:808–816.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. van Rossum MA, Boers M, Zwinderman AH, et al. Development of a standardized method of assessment of radiographs and radiographic changes in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: introduction of the Dijkstra composite score. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2865–2872.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Silverman E, Mouy R, Spiegel L, et al. Leflunomide or methotrexate for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1655–1666.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lehman TJ, Schechter SJ, Sundel RP, et al. Thalidomide for severe systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 2004;145:856–857.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lovell DJ, Giannini EH, Reiff A, et al. Etanercept in children with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000;342:763–769.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Quartier P, Taupin P, Bourdeaut F, et al. Efficacy of etanercept for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis according to the onset type. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:1093–1101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Smith JA, Thompson DJ, Whitcup SM, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled double-masked clinical trial of etanercept for the treatment of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;53:18–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Saurenmann RK, Levin AN, Rose JB, et al. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in the treatment of childhood uveitis. Rheumatology 2006;45:982–989.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Pascual V, Allantaz F, Arce E, et al. Role of interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and clinical response to IL-1 blockade. J Exp Med 2005;201:1479–1486.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Woo P, Wilkinson N, Prieur AM, et al. Open label phase II trial of single, ascending doses of MRA in Caucasian children with severe systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: proof of principle of the efficacy of IL-6 receptor blockade in this type of arthritis and demonstration of prolonged clinical improvement. Arthritis Res Ther 2005;7:R1281–R1288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. De Kleer IM, Brinkman DM, Ferster A, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation for refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis: analysis of clinical effects, mortality, and transplant related morbidity. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1318–1326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hashkes PJ, Laxer RM. Medical treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JAMA 2005;294:1671–1684.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Foeldvari I, Wierk A. Methotrexate is an effective treatment for chronic uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005;32:362–365.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. McDonough JE, Southwood TR, Shaw KL. The impact of a coordinated transitional care programme on adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology 2006;46:161–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine. A consensus statement on health care transitions for young adults with special health care needs. Pediatrics 2002;110:1304–1306.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Duffy CM. Measurement of health status, functional status, and quality of life in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: clinical science for the pediatrician. Pediatr Clin North Am 2005;52:359–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Giannini EH, Ruperto N, Ravelli A, et al. Preliminary definition of improvement in juvenile arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1202–1209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Wallace CA, Ruperto N, Giannini E, et al. Preliminary criteria for clinical remission for select categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004;31:2290–2294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Viola S, Felici E, Magni-Manzoni S, et al. Development and validation of a clinical index for assessment of long-term damage in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2092–2102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Polito C, Strano CG, Olivieri AN, et al. Growth retardation in non-steroid treated juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1997;26:99–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Saha MT, Verronen P, Liappala P, Lenko HL. Growth of prepubertal children with juvenile chronic arthritis. Acta Paediatr 1999;88:724–728.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Zak M, Muller J, Karup-Pedersen F. Final height, armspan, subischial leg length and body proportions in juvenile chronic arthritis. A long-term follow-up study. Horm Res 1999;52:80–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Hastings DE, Orsini E, Myers P, Sullivan J. An unusual pattern of growth disturbance of the hip in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1994;21:744–747.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sherry DD, Stein LD, Reed AM, Schanberg LE, Kredich, DW. Prevention of leg length discrepancy in young children with pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis by treatment with intraarticular steroids. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2330–2334.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ronchezel MV, Hilario MO, Goldenberg J, et al. Temporomandibular joint and mandibular growth alterations in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1956–1961.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Cassidy JT. Osteopenia and osteoporosis in children. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:245–250.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kotaniemi A. Growth retardation and bone loss as determinants of axial osteopenia in juvenile chronic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1997;26:14–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Lien G, Selvaag AM, Flato B, et al. A two-year prospective controlled study of bone mass and bone turnover in children with early juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:833–840.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Cimaz R. Osteoporosis in childhood rheumatic diseases: prevention and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2005;16:397–340.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Stark LJ, Janicke DM, McGrath AM, Mackner LM, Hommel KA, Lovell D. Prevention of osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial to increase calcium intake in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr Psychol 2005;30:377–386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Reed A, Haugen M, Pachman LM. Abnormalities in serum osteocalcin values in children with chronic rheumatic diseases. J Pediatr 1990;116:574–580.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Davies UM, Jones J, Reeve J, et al. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Effects of disease activity and recombinant human growth hormone on insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 1 and 3, and osteocalcin. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:332–340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Cimaz R, Rusconi R, Cesana B, et al. A multicenter study on insulin-like growth factor-I serum levels in children with chronic inflammatory diseases. Clin Exp Rheum 1997;15:691–696.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. DeBenedetti F, Alonzi T, Moretta A, et al. Interleukin 6 causes growth impairment in transgenic mice through a decrease in insulin-like growth factor-I. A model for stunted growth in children with chronic inflammation. J Clin Invest 1997;99:643–650.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Maeno N, Takei S, Imanaka H, et al. Increased circulating vascular endothelial growth factor is correlated with disease activity in polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1999;26:2244–2248.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Hopp RJ, Degan J, Corley K, Lindsley CB, Cassidy, JT. Evaluation of growth hormone secretion in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and short stature. Nebr Med J 1995;80:52–57.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Simon D, Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Growth hormone treatment of short stature and metabolic dysfunction in juvenile chronic arthritis. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1999;88:100–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Hafner R, Said E, Schwarz HP. Growth hormone improves height in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: 4-year data of a controlled study. J Pediatr 2003;143:512–519.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Stagi S, Giani T, Simonini G, Falcini F. Thyroid function, autoimmune thyroiditis and celiac disease in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44:517–520.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Apigiani MG, Cerboni M, Bertini I, et al. Endocrine autoimmunity in young patients with juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002;20:565–568.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Henderson CT, Lovell DJ. Assessment of protein energy malnutrition in children and adolescents with JRA. Arthritis Care Res 1989;2:108–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Bacon MC, White PH, Raith DJ, et al. Nutritional status and growth in JRA. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1990;20:97–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Cleary AG, Lancaster GA, Annan F, Sills JA, Davidson JE. Nutritional impairment in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:1569–1573.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Berk AT, Kocak N, Unsal E. Uveitis in juvenile arthritis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2001;9:243–251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Kodsi SR, Rubin SE, Milojevic D, Ilowite N, Gottlieb B. Time of onset of uveitis in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J AAPOS 2002;6:373–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Cassidy J, Kivlin J, Lindsley C, Nocton J, Section of Rheumatology, Section of Opthalmology. Opthalmologic examinations in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics 2006;117:1843–1845.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Ozdal PC, Vianna RN, Deschenes J. Visual outcome of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated uveitis in adults. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2005;13:33–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Paroli MP, Speranza S, Marino M, Pirraglia MP, Pivetti-Pezzi P. Prognosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated uveitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2003;13:616–621.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Rapoff MA, Belmont J, Lindsley C, Olson N, Morris J, Padur J. Prevention of nonadherence to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications for newly diagnosed patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Health Psychol 2002;21:620–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Rapoff MA. Compliance with treatment regimens for pediatric rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Care Res 1989;2(Suppl):40–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Pieper KB, Rapoff MA, Purviance MR, Lindsley CB. Improving compliance with prednisone therapy in pediatric patients with rheumatic disease. Arthritis Care Res 1989;2:132–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Rapoff MA. Adherence to pediatric medical regimens. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Rapoff MA, Belmont JM, Lindsley CB, Olson NY. Electronically monitored adherence to medications by newly diagnosed patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;53:905–910.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Gortmaker SL, Walker DK, Weitzman M, Sobol AM. Chronic conditions, socio-economic risks and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1990;85:267–276.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Vandvik IH. Mental health and psychosocial functioning in children with recent onset of rheumatic disease. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1990;31:961–971.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Huygen ACJ, Kuis W, Sinnema G. Psychological, behavioural, and social adjustment in children and adolescents with juvenile chronic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:276–282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Frank RG, Hagglund KJ, Schopp LH, et al. Disease and family contributors to adaptation in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile diabetes. Arthritis Care Res 1998;11:166–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Aasland A, Flato B, Vandvik IH. Psychosocial outcome in juvenile chronic arthritis: a nine-year follow-up. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997;15:561–568.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Hagglund KJ, Doyle NM, Clay DL, Frank RG, Johnson JC, Pressly TA. A family retreat as a comprehensive intervention for children with arthritis and their families. Arthritis Care Res 1996;9:35–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Reid GJ, Gilbert CA, McGrath PJ. The pain coping questionnaire: preliminary validation. Pain 1998;76:83–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Varni JW, Rapoff MA, Waldron SA, Gragg RA, Bernstein BH, Lindsley CB. Chronic pain and emotional distress in children and adolescents. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1996;17:154–161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Sturge C, Garralda ME, Boissin M, Doré CJ, Woo P. School attendance and juvenile chronic arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:1218–1223.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Peterson LS, Mason T, Nelson AM, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Psychosocial outcomes and health status of adults who have had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled, population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:2235–2240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Daniel J. Lovell MD, MPH (Joseph Levinson Professor of Pediatrics)

Authors
  1. Daniel J. Lovell MD, MPH
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Arthritis Foundation, Atlanta, GA, USA

    John H. Klippel MD (President and CEO) (President and CEO)

  2. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    John H. Stone MD, MPH (Associate Physician, Deputy Editor for Rheumatology) (Associate Physician, Deputy Editor for Rheumatology)

  3. Division of Rheumatology & Women’s Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

    Leslie J. Crofford MD (Gloria W. Singletary Professor of Internal Medicine, Chief) (Gloria W. Singletary Professor of Internal Medicine, Chief)

  4. Arthritis Foundation, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Patience H. White MD, MA (Chief Public Health Officer) (Chief Public Health Officer)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lovell, D.J. (2008). Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. In: Klippel, J.H., Stone, J.H., Crofford, L.J., White, P.H. (eds) Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68566-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68566-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-35664-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-68566-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation