Skip to main content

Abstract

Despite many significant advances in cancer treatment and care, cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the United States.1 Nevertheless, improvements in cancer treatment and care have led to a 50% increase in cancer survivorship, compared to 30 years ago.1 Currently 62% of cancer survivors can now expect to live at least 5 years past their original diagnosis and there are almost 10 million cancer survivors in the United States.1 As a result of this increase in survivorship the issues and problems facing cancer survivors, whether psychosocial or physical, assume increasingly greater significance, most importantly to the individual survivor, and also to the broader issue of public health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. ACS. Cancer Facts & Figures 2005. American Cancer Society: Atlanta, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Curt, G.A., Breitbart, W., Cella, D., et al. Impact of cancer-related fatigue on the lives of patients: New findings from the Fatigue Coalition. Oncologist 2000; 5(5): 353–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Vogelzang, N.J., Breitbart, W., Cella, D., et al. Patient, caregiver, and oncologist perceptions of cancer-related fatigue: Results of a tripart assessment survey. The Fatigue Coalition. Semin. Hematol. 1997; 34(3, Suppl 2): 4–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Blesch, K.S., Paice, J.A., Wickham, R., et al. Correlates of fatigue in people with breast or lung cancer. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 1991; 18(1): 81–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lawrence, D.P., Kupelnick, B., Miller, K., Devine, D., and Lau, J. Evidence report on the occurrence, assessment, and treatment of fatigue in cancer patients [Monographs]. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2004; (32): 40–50.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hjermstad, M.J., Oldervoll, L., Fossa, S.D., Holte, H., Jacobsen, A.B., and Loge, J.H. Quality of life in long-term Hodgkin's disease survivors with chronic fatigue. Eur. J. Cancer 2006; 42(3): 327–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Nail, L.M., and Jones, L.S. Fatigue as a side effect of cancer treatment: Impact on quality of life. Qual. Life 1995; 4(1): 8–13.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Berglund, G., Bolund, C., Fornander, T., Rutqvist, L.E., and Sjoden, P.O. Late effects of adjuvant chemotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy on quality of life among breast cancer patients. Eur. J. Cancer 1991; 27(9): 1075–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hjermstad, M.J., Fossa, S.D., Oldervoll, L., Holte, H., Jacobsen, A.B., and Loge, J.H. Fatigue in long-term Hodgkin's Disease survivors: A follow-up study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005; 23(27): 6587–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bower, J.E., Ganz, P.A., Desmond, K.A., Rowland, J.H., Meyerowitz, B.E., and Belin, T.R. Fatigue in breast cancer survivors: Occurrence, correlates, and impact on quality of life. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000; 18(4): 743–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Broeckel, J.A., Jacobsen, P.B., Horton, J., Balducci, L., and Lyman, G.H. Characteristics and correlates of fatigue after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998; 16(5): 1689–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fossa, S.D., Dahl, A.A., and Loge, J.H. Fatigue, anxiety, and depression in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003; 21(7): 1249–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. King, K.B., Nail, L.M., Kreamer, K., Strohl, R.A., and Johnson, J.E. Patients' descriptions of the experience of receiving radiation therapy. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 1985; 12(4): 55–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Loge, J.H., Abrahamsen, A.F., Ekeberg, O., and Kaasa, S. Hodgkin's disease survivors more fatigued than the general population. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999; 17(1): 253–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. NCCN. Cancer-Related Fatigue and Anemia: Treament Guidelines for Patients, Version II. http:/kern-3ptwww.nccn.org. Accessed January 18, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Glaus, A., Crow, R., and Hammond, S. A qualitative study to explore the concept of fatigue/tiredness in cancer patients and in healthy individuals. Eur. J. Cancer Care 1996; 5(2 Suppl): 8–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Andrykowski, M.A., Curran, S.L., and Lightner, R. Off-treatment fatigue in breast cancer survivors: A controlled comparison. J. Behav. Med. 1998; 21(1): 1–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Jacobsen, P.B., Hann, D.M., Azzarello, L.M., Horton, J., Balducci, L., and Lyman, G.H. Fatigue in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: Characteristics, course, and correlates. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 1999; 18(4): 233–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Piper, B.F. Fatigue and cancer: Inevitable companions?[comment]. Support. Care Cancer 1993; 1(6): 285–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Winningham, M.L., Nail, L.M., Burke, M.B., et al. Fatigue and the cancer experience: The state of the knowledge. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 1994; 21(1): 23–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jacobsen, P.B. Assessment of fatigue in cancer patients [Monographs]. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2004; (32): 93–7.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mock, V. Evidence-based treatment for cancer-related fatigue [Monographs]. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2004; (32): 112–18.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Piper, B.F., Dibble, S.L., Dodd, M.J., Weiss, M.C., Slaughter, R.E., and Paul, S.M. The revised Piper Fatigue Scale: Psychometric evaluation in women with breast cancer. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 1998; 25(4): 677–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Greenberg, D.B., Gray, J.L., Mannix, C.M., Eisenthal, S., and Carey, M. Treatment-related fatigue and serum interleukin-1 levels in patients during external beam irradiation for prostate cancer. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 1993; 8(4): 196–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Greenberg, D.B., Sawicka, J., Eisenthal, S., and Ross, D. Fatigue syndrome due to localized radiation. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 1992; 7(1): 38–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Haylock, P.J., and Hart, L.K. Fatigue in patients receiving localized radiation. Cancer Nurs. 1979; 2(6): 461–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hickok, J.T., Morrow, G.R., McDonald, S., and Bellg, A.J. Frequency and correlates of fatigue in lung cancer patients receiving radiation therapy: Implications for management. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 1996; 11(6): 370–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Irvine, D., Vincent, L., Graydon, J.E., Bubela, N., and Thompson, L. The prevalence and correlates of fatigue in patients receiving treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A comparison with the fatigue experienced by healthy individuals. Cancer Nurs. 1994; 17(5): 367–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Irvine, D.M., Vincent, L., Bubela, N., Thompson, L., and Graydon, J. A critical appraisal of the research literature investigating fatigue in the individual with cancer. Cancer Nurs. 1991; 14(4): 188–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Given, C.W., Given, B., Azzouz, F., Kozachik, S., and Stommel, M. Predictors of pain and fatigue in the year following diagnosis among elderly cancer patients. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 2001; 21(6): 456–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Smets, E.M., Visser, M.R., Willems-Groot, A.F., Garssen, B., Schuster-Uitterhoeve, A.L., and de Haes, J.C. Fatigue and radiotherapy: (B) Experience in patients 9 months following treatment. Br. J. Cancer 1998; 78(7): 907–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Morrow, G.R., Shelke, A.R., Roscoe, J.A, Hickok, J.T, and Mustian, K. Management of cancer-related fatigue. Cancer Invest. 2005; 23(3): 229–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ancoli-Israel, S., Moore, P.J., and Jones, V. The relationship between fatigue and sleep in cancer patients: A review. Eur. J. Cancer Care 2001; 10(4): 245–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Theobald, D.E. Cancer pain, fatigue, distress, and insomnia in cancer patients. Clin. Cornerstone. 2004; 6 (Suppl 1D): S15–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Valentine, A.D., and Meyers, C.A. Cognitive and mood disturbance as causes and symptoms of fatigue in cancer patients. Cancer 2001; 92(6 Suppl): 1694–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Glaspy, J. Anemia and fatigue in cancer patients. Cancer 2001; 92(6 Suppl): 1719–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gutstein, H.B. The biologic basis of fatigue. Cancer 2001; 92(6 Suppl): 1678–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kurzrock, R. The role of cytokines in cancer-related fatigue. Cancer 2001; 92(6 Suppl): 1684–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Morrow, G.R., Andrews, P.L., Hickok, J.T., Roscoe, J.A., and Matteson, S. Fatigue associated with cancer and its treatment. Support. Care in Cancer 2002; 10(5): 389–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Tisdale, M.J. Wasting in cancer. J. Nutr. 1999; 129(1S Suppl): 243S–6S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bruera, E., Brenneis, C., Michaud, M., Jackson, P.I., and MacDonald, R.N. Muscle electrophysiology in patients with advanced breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1988; 80(4): 282–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ng, A.V., Alt, C., Gore, E., et al. Mechanisms of fatigue in cancer survivors. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.: Abstract Issue. 2006; S38.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ranganathan, V., Siemionow, V., Davis, M., et al. Cancer-related fatigue is associated with neuropsychological and neuromuscular junction impairments. 2005: Program No. 398.399. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, Online.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Malik, U.R., Makower, D.F., and Wadler, S. Interferon-mediated fatigue. Cancer 2001; 92(6 Suppl): 1664–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wu, H.S., and McSweeney, M. Measurement of fatigue in people with cancer. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 2001; 28(9): 1371–84; quiz 1385–1376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Portenoy, R.K., and Itri, L.M. Cancer-related fatigue: Guidelines for evaluation and management.[see comment][comment]. Oncologist 1999; 4(1): 1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Mock, V. Fatigue management: Evidence and guidelines for practice. Cancer 2001; 92(6 Suppl): 1699–1707.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Smets, E.M., Garssen, B., Schuster-Uitterhoeve, A.L., and de Haes, J.C. Fatigue in cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer 1993; 68(2): 220–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ahlberg, K., Ekman, T., Gaston-Johansson, F., and Mock, V. Assessment and management of cancer-related fatigue in adults. Lancet 2003; 362(9384): 640–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Piper, B., Lindsey, A.M., Dodd, M., Ferketich, S., Paul, S.M., and Weller, S. The development of an instrument to measure the subjective dimension of fatigue. In: Funk, S., Tournquist, E., Champagne, M., Copp, L., Weise, R. (eds.). Key Aspects of Comfort; Management of pain, fatigue, and nausea. Springer: New York, 1989, pp. 199–208.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hann, D.M., Denniston, M.M., and Baker, F. Measurement of fatigue in cancer patients: Further validation of the Fatigue Symptom Inventory. Qual. Life Res. 2000; 9(7): 847–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Sood, A., and Moynihan, T.J. Cancer-related fatigue: An update. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 2005; 7(4): 277–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Pirl, W.F., and Roth, A.J. Diagnosis and treatment of depression in cancer patients. Oncology (Huntington) 1999 Sep 1305; 13(9): 1293–1301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. DeFlorio, M., and Massie, M.J. Review of depression in cancer: Gender differences. Depression 1995; 3: 66–80.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Derogatis, L.R., Morrow, G.R., Fetting, J., et al. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among cancer patients. JAMA 1983; 249(6): 751–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. McDaniel, J.S., Musselman, D.L., Porter, M.R., Reed, D.A., and Nemeroff, C.B. Depression in patients with cancer. Diagnosis, biology, and treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1995; 52(2): 89–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Henriksson, M.M., Isometsa, E.T., Hietanen, P.S., Aro, H.M., and Lonnqvist, J.K. Mental disorders in cancer suicides. J. Affect. Disord. 1995; 36(1–2): 11–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Reuter, K., and Harter, M. The concepts of fatigue and depression in cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Care 2004; 13(2): 127–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Jacobsen, P.B., Donovan, K.A., and Weitzner, M.A. Distinguishing fatigue and depression in patients with cancer. Semin. Clin. Neuropsychiatry 2003; 8(4): 229–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Tchekmedyian, N.S., Kallich, J., McDermott, A., Fayers, P., and Erder, M.H. The relationship between psychologic distress and cancer-related fatigue. Cancer 2003; 98(1): 198–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ahlberg, K., Ekman, T., Wallgren, A., and Gaston-Johansson, F. Fatigue, psychological distress, coping and quality of life in patients with uterine cancer. J. Adv. Nurs. 2004; 45(2): 205–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Chang, C.H., Nyenhuis, D.L., Cella, D., Luchetta, T., Dineen, K., and Reder, A.T. Psychometric evaluation of the Chicago Multiscale Depression Inventory in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult. Scler. 2003; 9(2): 160–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Morrow, G.R., Hickok, J.T., Roscoe, J.A., et al. Differential effects of paroxetine on fatigue and depression: a randomized, double-blind trial from the University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003; 21(24): 4635–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Checkley, S. The neuroendocrinology of depression and chronic stress. Br. Med. Bull. 1996; 52(3): 597–617.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Dunlop, R.J., and Campbell, C.W. Cytokines and advanced cancer. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 2000; 20(3): 214–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Licinio, J., and Wong, M.L. The role of inflammatory mediators in the biology of major depression: central nervous system cytokines modulate the biological substrate of depressive symptoms, regulate stress-responsive systems, and contribute to neurotoxicity and neuroprotection. Mol. Psychiatry 1999; 4(4): 317–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Maier, S.F., and Watkins, L.R. Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition. Psychol. Rev. 1998; 105(1): 83–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Mastorakos, G., Chrousos, G.P., and Weber, J.S. Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1993; 77(6): 1690–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Turnbull, A.V., and Rivier, C.L. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by cytokines: Actions and mechanisms of action. Physiol. Rev. 1999; 79(1): 1–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Geffken, G.R., Ward, H.E., Staab, J.P., Carmichael, S.L., and Evans, D.L. Psychiatric morbidity in endocrine disorders. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1998; 21(2): 473–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Michelson, D., and Gold, P.W. Pathophysiologic and somatic investigations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation in patients with depression. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1998; 840: 717–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Gottschalk, M., Kumpfel, T., Flachenecker, P., et al. Fatigue and regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 2005; 62(2): 277–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Scott, L.V., and Dinan, T.G. The neuroendocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome: Focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Funct. Neurol. 1999; 14(1): 3–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Elenkov, I.J., Wilder, R.L., Chrousos, G.P., and Vizi, E.S. The sympathetic nerve–an integrative interface between two supersystems: The brain and the immune system. Pharmacol. Rev. 2000; 52(4): 595–638.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Vgontzas, A.N., and Chrousos, G.P. Sleep, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and cytokines: Multiple interactions and disturbances in sleep disorders. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 2002; 31(1): 15–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. O'Donnell, J.F. Insomnia in cancer patients. Clin. Cornerstone 2004; 6 (Suppl 1D): S6–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Bower, J.E., Ganz, P.A., Dickerson, S.S., Petersen, L., Aziz, N., and Fahey, J.L. Diurnal cortisol rhythm and fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005; 30(1): 92–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Spencer, S.M., Lehman, J.M., Wynings, C., et al. Concerns about breast cancer and relations to psychosocial well-being in a multiethnic sample of early-stage patients. Health Psychol. 1999; 18(2): 159–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Vickberg, S.M. The Concerns About Recurrence Scale (CARS): A systematic measure of women's fears about the possibility of breast cancer recurrence. Ann. Behav. Med. 2003; 25(1): 16–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Vickberg, S.M., Bovbjerg, D.H., DuHamel, K.N., Currie, V., and Redd, W.H. Intrusive thoughts and psychological distress among breast cancer survivors: Global meaning as a possible protective factor. Behav. Med. 2000; 25(4): 152–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. al-Majid, S., and McCarthy, D.O. Cancer-induced fatigue and skeletal muscle wasting: The role of exercise. Biol. Res. Nurs. 2001; 2(3): 186–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Baracos, V.E. Management of muscle wasting in cancer-associated cachexia: Understanding gained from experimental studies. Cancer 2001; 92(6 Suppl): 1669–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. St Pierre, B.A., Kasper, C.E., and Lindsey, A.M. Fatigue mechanisms in patients with cancer: Effects of tumor necrosis factor and exercise on skeletal muscle. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 1992; 19(3): 419–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Ovesen, L., Allingstrup, L., Hannibal, J., Mortensen, E.L., and Hansen, O.P. Effect of dietary counseling on food intake, body weight, response rate, survival, and quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: A prospective, randomized study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1993; 11(10): 2043–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Klein, S., Kinney, J., Jeejeebhoy, K., et al. Nutrition support in clinical practice: Review of published data and recommendations for future research directions. Summary of a conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, and American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997; 66(3): 683–706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Evans, W.K., Makuch, R., Clamon, G.H., et al. Limited impact of total parenteral nutrition on nutritional status during treatment for small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 1985; 45(7): 3347–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Costa, G. Cachexia, the metabolic component of neoplastic diseases. Cancer Res. 1977; 37(7 Pt 2): 2327–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Tisdale, M.J. Biology of cachexia.[see comment]. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1997; 89(23): 1763–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Argiles, J.M., and Lopez-Soriano, F.J. The role of cytokines in cancer cachexia. Med. Res. Rev. 1999; 19(3): 223–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Mock, V., and Olsen, M. Current management of fatigue and anemia in patients with cancer. Semin. Oncol. Nurs. 2003; 19(4 Suppl 2): 36–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Cella, D., Zagari, M.J., Vandoros, C., Gagnon, D.D., Hurtz, H.J., and Nortier, J.W. Epoetin alfa treatment results in clinically significant improvements in quality of life in anemic cancer patients when referenced to the general population. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003; 21(2): 366–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Crawford, J., Cella, D., Cleeland, C.S., et al. Relationship between changes in hemoglobin level and quality of life during chemotherapy in anemic cancer patients receiving epoetin alfa therapy.[see comment]. Cancer 2002; 95(4): 888–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Cella, D., Lai, J.S., Chang, C.H., Peterman, A., and Slavin, M. Fatigue in cancer patients compared with fatigue in the general United States population. Cancer 2002; 94(2): 528–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Kanzaki, M., Soda, K., Gin, P.T., Kai, T., Konishi, F., and Kawakami, M. Erythropoietin attenuates cachectic events and decreases production of interleukin-6, a cachexia-inducing cytokine. Cytokine 2005; 32(5): 234–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Courneya, K.S. Exercise in cancer survivors: an overview of research. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2003; 35(11): 1846–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Watson, T., and Mock, V. Exercise as an intervention for cancer-related fatigue. Phys. Ther. 2004; 84(8): 736–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Windsor, P.M., Nicol, K.F., and Potter, J. A randomized, controlled trial of aerobic exercise for treatment-related fatigue in men receiving radical external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2004; 101(3): 550–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bartholomew, J.B., Morrison, D., and Ciccolo, J.T. Effects of acute exercise on mood and well-being in patients with major depressive disorder. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2005; 37(12): 2032–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Byrne, A., andByrne, D.G. The effect of exercise on depression, anxiety and other mood states: A review. J. Psychosom. Res. 1993; 37(6): 565–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Dimeo, F.C., Stieglitz, R.D., Novelli-Fischer, U., Fetscher, S., and Keul, J. Effects of physical activity on the fatigue and psychologic status of cancer patients during chemotherapy. Cancer 1999; 85(10): 2273–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Fairey, A.S., Courneya, K.S., Field, C.J., Bell, G.J., Jones, L.W., and Mackey, J.R. Randomized controlled trial of exercise and blood immune function in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. J. Appl. Physiol. 2005; 98(4): 1534–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Hutnick, N.A., Williams, N.I., Kraemer, W.J., et al. Exercise and lymphocyte activation following chemotherapy for breast cancer. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2005; 37(11): 1827–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Fairey, A.S., Courneya, K.S., Field, C.J., and Mackey, J.R. Physical exercise and immune system function in cancer survivors: A comprehensive review and future directions. Cancer 2002; 94(2): 539–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Zinna, E.M., and Yarasheski, K.E. Exercise treatment to counteract protein wasting of chronic diseases. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2003; 6(1): 87–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Monga, U., Jaweed, M., Kerrigan, A.J., et al. Neuromuscular fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1997; 78(9): 961–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Sharma, K.R., Kent-Braun, J., Mynhier, M.A., Weiner, M.W., and Miller, R.G. Evidence of an abnormal intramuscular component of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 1995; 18(12): 1403–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Sheean, G.L., Murray, N.M., Rothwell, J.C., Miller, D.H., and Thompson, A.J. An electrophysiological study of the mechanism of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1997; 120(Pt 2): 299–315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Bigland-Ritchie, B., and Woods, J.J. Changes in muscle contractile properties and neural control during human muscular fatigue. Muscle Nerve 1984; 7(9): 691–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Edwards, R.H.T. Human muscle function and fatigue. In: Porter, R., and Whelan, J. (eds.). Human Muscle Fatigue: Physiological Mechanisms. Pitman Medical: London, 1981, pp. 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Kent-Braun, J.A. Noninvasive measures of central and peripheral activation in human muscle fatigue. Muscle Nerve Suppl. 1997; 5: S98–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Merton, P.A. Voluntary strength and fatigue. J. Physiol. 1954; 123(3): 553–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Bigland-Ritchie, B., Furbush, F., and Woods, J.J. Fatigue of intermittent submaximal voluntary contractions: Central and peripheral factors. J. Appl. Physiol. 1986; 61(2): 421–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Ng, A.V., Miller, R.G., and Kent-Braun, J.A. Central motor drive is increased during voluntary muscle contractions in multiple sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20(10): 1213–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Gillette, E.L., Mahler, P.A., Powers, B.E., Gillette, S.M., and Vujaskovic, Z. Late radiation injury to muscle and peripheral nerves. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1995; 31(5): 1309–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Sharabi, Y., Dendi, R., Holmes, C., and Goldstein, D.S. Baroreflex failure as a late sequela of neck irradiation. Hypertens. 2003; 42(1): 110–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Shaw, E.G., Gunderson, L.L., Martin, J.K., Beart, R.W., Nagorney, D.M., and Podratz, K.C. Peripheral nerve and ureteral tolerance to intraoperative radiation therapy: Clinical and dose-response analysis. Radiother. Oncol. 1990; 18(3): 247–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kent-Braun, J.A., Miller, R.G., and Weiner, M.W. Human skeletal muscle metabolism in health and disease: Utility of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In: Holloszy, J.O. (ed.). Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews, Vol. 23. Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Ng, A.V., Dao, H.T., Miller, R.G., Gelinas, D.F., and Kent-Braun, J.A. Blunted pressor and intramuscular metabolic responses to voluntary isometric exercise in multiple sclerosis.[see comment]. J. Appl. Physiol. 2000; 88(3): 871–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Kinsella, T.J., Sindelar, W.F., DeLuca, A.M., et al. Tolerance of peripheral nerve to intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT): Clinical and experimental studies. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1985; 11(9): 1579–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Wardell, T.M., Ferguson, E., Chinnery, P.F., et al. Changes in the human mitochondrial genome after treatment of malignant disease. Mutat. Res. 2003; 525(1–2): 19–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Taivassalo, T., and Haller, R.G. Exercise and training in mitochondrial myopathies. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2005; 37(12): 2094–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Berger, A.M. Patterns of fatigue and activity and rest during adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 1998; 25(1): 51–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Sarna, L., and Conde F. Physical activity and fatigue during radiation therapy: A pilot study using actigraph monitors. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 2001; 28(6): 1043–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Bou-Holaigah, I., Rowe, P.C., Kan, J., and Calkins, H. The relationship between neurally mediated hypotension and the chronic fatigue syndrome.[see comment]. JAMA 1995; 274(12): 961–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Freeman, R., and Komaroff, A.L. Does the chronic fatigue syndrome involve the autonomic nervous system? Am. J. Med. 1997; 102(4): 357–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Timmers, H.J., Karemaker, J.M., Lenders, J.W., and Wieling, W. Baroreflex failure following radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin. Auton. Res. 1999; 9(6): 317–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Bruera, E., Chadwick, S., Fox, R., Hanson, J., and MacDonald, N. Study of cardiovascular autonomic insufficiency in advanced cancer patients. Cancer Treat. Rep. 1986; 70(12): 1383–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Walsh, D., and Nelson, K.A. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in advanced cancer. Support. Care Cancer 2002; 10(7): 523–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ng, A.V., Alt, C.A., Gore, E.M. (2007). Fatigue. In: Feuerstein, M. (eds) Handbook of Cancer Survivorship. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34562-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34562-8_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-34561-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-34562-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics