Abstract
Community has once again become de rigueur in the contemporary moment. Its return to prominence coincides with efforts to transform urban governance through a familiar—yet reinvigorated—celebration of venerable social welfare traditions that have long extolled the virtues of local responsibility. American cities are enduring the transformations of a “postwelfare apotheosis,” driven by (re)cultivated affinities for devolution, welfare state retrenchment, and privatization (Katz, 2001). As historian Michael Katz argues, these trends have culminated in the trifold victory of three great forces in social welfare politics: the war on dependence, the devolution of public authority, and the dominance of market models in public policy. The fallout leads states to increasingly displace misery to already distressed cities; while cities, in turn, are left to displace misery to the streets of poor neighborhoods. In this climate, the rhetoric of community voluntarism is pervasive, locatable in the discourse of entities ranging from nonprofits, to civic associations, to multilevel corporations (Sites, Chaskin, and Parks, 2003).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alonso, W. (1971). A theory of the urban land market. In: The Internal Structure of the City, ed. L. Bourne, New York: Oxford, pp. 154–159.
Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the Street: Decency, Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: Norton.
Anheier, H., Katz, H., Mosley, J., and Hasenfeld, Y. (2003). The State of the Non-Profit and Community Sector in Greater Los Angeles. Los Angeles: UCLA School of Public Policy and Social Research.
Bartlett, D. (1985). Economic Change, Systems of Cities and the “Life Cycle” of Housing. Report to the Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Berry, B. and Kasarda, J. (1977). Contemporary Urban Ecology. New York: Macmillan.
Brenner, N. and Theodore, N. (2002). Cities and the geographies of “actually existing neoliberalism.” In: Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe, ed. N. Brenner and N. Theodore, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, pp. 2–32.
Brenner, N., Jessop, B., Jones, M., and MacLeod, G. (Eds). (2003). State/Space: A Reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Burgess, E.W. (1925). The growth of the city. In: The City, ed. R. Park, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 47–62.
Caldeira, T. (1999). Fortified enclaves: The new urban segregation. In: Cities and Citizenship, ed. J. Holston, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 114–138.
Chaskin, R., Brown, P., Venkatesh, S, and Vidal, A. (2001). Building Community Capacity. New York: Aline de Gruyter.
Cruikshank, B. (1999). The Will to Empower: Democratic Citizens and Other Subjects. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Davis, M. (1990). City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. London: Verso.
Dear, M. (1976). Abandoned Housing. In: Urban Policy Making and Metropolitan Dynamics, ed. J. Adams, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, pp. 59–99.
Dear, M. (2000). The postmodern urban condition. California: Blackwell.
Downs, A. (1974). The successes and failures of federal housing policy. Public Interest 34:124–145.
Fisher, B. and Winnick, L. (1951). A reformulation of the filtering concept. Journal of Social Issues 7:47–85.
Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In: The Foucault Effect, ed. G. Burchel, C. Gordon, and P. Miller, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 87–104.
Furstenberg, F. (1993). How families manage risk and opportunity in dangerous neighborhoods. In: Sociology and the Public Agenda, ed. W.J. Wilson, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 231–258.
Goldstein, D. (2001). Micro-enterprise training programs, neoliberal common sense, and the discourses of self esteem. In: New Poverty Studies: The Ethnography of Power, Politics, and Impoverished People in the United States, ed. J. Goode and J. Maskovsky, New York: New York University Press, pp. 435–469.
Goode, J. and Maskovsky, J. (Eds.). (2001). New Poverty Studies: The Ethnography of Power, Politics, and Impoverished People in the United States. New York: New York University Press.
Gordon, C. (1991). Governmental rationality: An introduction. In: The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. G. Burchel, C. Gordon, and P. Miller, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 87–104.
Hardt, M. and Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Harvey, D. (1977). Government policies, financial institutions and neighborhood change in United States cities. In: Captive Cities: Studies in the Political Economy of Cities and Regions, ed. M. Harloe, London: Wiley & Sons, pp. 123–139.
Harvey, D. (1989). The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Harvey, D. (2000). Spaces of Hope. California: University of California Press.
Hawley, A. (1981). Urban Society: An Ecological Approach. New York: Wiley.
Hoover, E. and Vernon, R. (1959). Anatomy of a Metropolis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Horowitz, C.F. (1994). Will American cities dismantle suburban boundaries? The Journal of Social, Political & Economic Studies 19(1):45–68.
Hoyt, H. (1959). The movement of residential neighborhoods. In: Readings in Urban Geography, ed. H. Mayer and C. Kohn, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 499–510.
Hunter, A. (1974). Symbolic Communities: The Persistence and Change of Chicago’s Local Communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hyatt, S. (2001). From citizen to volunteer. In: New Poverty Studies: The Ethnography of Power, Politics, and Impoverished People in the United States, ed. J. Goode and J. Maskovsky, New York: New York University Press, pp. 435–469.
Hyman, W.A. and Kingsley, T.G. (1996). Transportation and land use. In: Reality and Research: Social Science and U.S. Urban Policy Since 1960, ed. G. Galster, Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, pp. 113–130.
Jackson, K.T. (1985). Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford.
Jackson, P. (1989). Maps of Meaning: An Introduction to Cultural Geography. London: Unwin/Hyman.
Jargowsky, P.A. (1997). Poverty and Place: Ghettos, Barrios, and the American city. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Katz, M. (2001). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York: Henry Holt.
Lefebvre, H. (1974). The Production of Space. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
Lefebvre, H. (1996). Writings on Cities. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Leon, G. (1985). Ghost Towns, Ghettoes and Gold Coasts: A Sociological Analysis of Housing Abandonment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Temple University.
Liggett, H. and Perry, D. (Eds). (1995). Spatial Practices: Critical Explorations in Spatial Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Low, S. (2001). The edge and the center: Gated communities and the discourse of urban fear. American Anthropologist, 103(1):45–58.
Lowry, I.S. (1960). Filtering and housing standards. Land Economics 36:336–370.
Massey, D. and Denton, N. (1993). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Merry, S.E. (2001). Spatial governmentality and the new urban social order: Controlling gender violence through law. American Anthropologist, 103(1):16–31.
Mueller, K.M. (1977). Analysis of urban blight in a central Texas city. Southwestern Sociological Association Paper 77S06462.
Orum, A. (1996). City Building in America. Boulder CO: Westview.
Paley, J. (2001). Marketing Democracy: Power and Social Movements in Post-Dictatorship Chile. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Park, R.E. (1936). Human ecology. American Journal of Sociology 42(1):1–15.
Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Rifkin, J. (1995). The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era. New York: Tarcher/Putnam.
Rose, N. (1999). The Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rotenberg, R. (2001). Metropolitanism and the transformation of urban space in nineteenth century colonial metropoles. American Anthropologist, 103(1):7–15.
Ruben, M. (2001). Suburbanization and urban poverty under neoliberalism. In: New Poverty Studies: The Ethnography of Power, Politics, and Impoverished People in the United States, ed. J. Goode and J. Maskovsky, New York: New York University Press, pp. 435–469.
Rybczynski, W. (1995). Downsizing cities: To make cities work better, make them smaller. The Atlantic Monthly, 276(4):36–44.
Salamon, L.M. (1995). Partners in Public Service: Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Sampson, R.J. (1999). What ‘community’ supplies. In: Urban problems and Community Development, ed. R. Ferguson and W. Dickens, Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Press, pp.241–292.
Sampson, R.J., Raudenbush, S., and Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multi-level study of collective efficacy. Science 277(5238):918–924.
Sites, W., Chaskin, R., and Parks, V. (2003). Community organizing, planning, and development at SSA: Remapping the community program. Unpublished document.
Smart, A. (2001). Unruly places: Urban governance and the persistence of illegality in Hong Kong’s urban squatter settlements. American Anthropologist, 103(1):32–44.
Smith, N. (1984). Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Smith, N. (1986). Gentrification, the frontier, and the restructuring of urban space. In: Gentrification and the City, ed. N. Smith and P. Williams, Boston: Allen and Unwin, pp. 123–142.
Smith, T.V. and White, L.D. (1929). Chicago: An Experiment in Social Science Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Soja, E. (1989). Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. London: Verso.
Sternlieb, G. and Hughes, J. (1980). The changing demography of the central city. Scientific American 243(2):48–53.
Suttles, G.D. (1972). The Social Construction of Communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Suttles, G.D. (1990). Man-Made City: The Land Use Confidence Game in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Taueber, K. and Taueber, A. (1965). Negroes in Cities: Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Change. Chicago: Aldine.
Valverde, M. (1998). Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Venkatesh, S. (2001). Chicago’s pragmatic planners: American sociology and the myth of community. Social Science History 25(2):276–317.
Wilson, W.J. (1987). The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wilson, W.J. (1996). When Work Disappears: The New World of the Urban Poor. New York: Vintage.
Wolch, J. (1990). The Shadow State: Government and Voluntary Sector in Action. New York: Foundation Center.
Wolch, J. and Geiger, R.K. (1983). The urban distribution of voluntary resources: An exploratory analysis. Environment and Planning 15:1067–1082.
Wolpert, J. (1988). The geography of generosity: Metropolitan disparities in donations and support for amenities. Annals, Association of American Geographers, 78:665–679.
Wolpert, J. (1993). Patterns of Generosity in America: Who’s Holding the Safety Net? New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press.
Wolpert, J. and Reiner, A. (1984). Service provision in the not-for-profit sector: A comparative study. Economic Geography 60:28–37.
Wolpert, J., and Reiner, A. (1985). The not-for-profit sector in stable and growing regions. Urban Affairs Quarterly 20:487–510.
Zukin, S. (1991). Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disneyworld. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fairbanks, R.P. (2008). The Political-Economic Gradient and the Organization of Urban Space. In: Cnaan, R.A., Milofsky, C. (eds) Handbook of Community Movements and Local Organizations. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-32933-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-32933-8_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-75729-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-32933-8
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)