Abstract
Gated and walled cities or residential areas are as old as community building itself. There is little doubt from archeological evidence that early human settlements in the Nile River valleys were walled against the hunter-gather tribes that roamed the deserts foraging for food. Early kingdoms in the Mesopotamian region were known by their walls, and many Greek cites were walled.
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Blakely, E.J. (2008). Frayed Community: The Gated Community Movement. In: Cnaan, R.A., Milofsky, C. (eds) Handbook of Community Movements and Local Organizations. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-32933-8_17
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