Skip to main content

Prevalence of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

  • Chapter
Overweight and the Metabolic Syndrome

Part of the book series: Endocrine Updates ((ENDO,volume 26))

  • 861 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, Vinicor F, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing epidemic of obesity in the United States. JAMA 2001;286:1195–1200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH. Trends in waist circumference among U.S. adults. Obesity Research 2003;11(10):1223–1231.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. World Health Organization. World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  4. National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda, MD: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  5. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC growth charts: United States. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Eckel RH, Krauss RM. American Heart Association Call to Action: Obesity as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Circulation 1998;97:2099–2100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ford ES. Characteristics of survey participants with and without a telephone: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Clin Epidemiol 1998;1:55–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Rowland ML. Self-reported weight and height. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:1125–1133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Palta M, Prineas RJ, Berman R, Hannan P. Comparison of self-reported and measured height and weight. Am J Epidemiol 1982;115:223–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Aday LA. Designing and Conducting Health Surveys: A Comprehensive Guide. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1989;79–80.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999–2002. JAMA 2004;291(23):2847–2850.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles HW, Galuska DA, Serdula MK. Geographic variation in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related behaviors. Obes Res 2005;13(1):118–122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Zephier E, Himes JH, Story M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in American Indian school children and adolescents in the Aberdeen area: A population study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23(Suppl 2):S28–30, S28–S30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Park MK, Menard SW, Schoolfield J. Prevalence of overweight in a triethnic pediatric population of San Antonio, Texas. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25(3):409–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ogden CL, Troiano RP, Briefel RR, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Johnson CL. Prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the United States, 1971 through 1994. Pediatrics 1997;99(4):E1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Melnik TA, Rhoades SJ, Wales KR, Cowell C, Wolfe WS. Overweight school children in New York City: Prevalence estimates and characteristics. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22(1):7–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kitagawa T, Owada M, Urakami T, Yamauchi K. Increased incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among Japanese schoolchildren correlates with an increased intake of animal protein and fat. Clin Pediatr 1998;37(2):111–115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Likitmaskul S, Kiattisathavee P, Chaichanwatanakul K, Punnakanta L, Angsusingha K, Tuchinda C. Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Thai children and adolescents associated with increasing prevalence of obesity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2003;16(1):71–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wei JN, Sung FC, Lin CC, Lin RS, Chiang CC, Chuang LM. National surveillance for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Taiwanese children. JAMA 2003;290(10):1345–1350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ehtisham S, Barrett TG, Shaw NJ. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in UK children—an emerging problem. Diabet Med 2000;17(12):867–871.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity: 2001. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2005. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Available at http://www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidlines.

    Google Scholar 

  23. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), United States Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 5th edn. Washington, DC: USDA, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  24. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. With Understanding and Improving Health, and Objectives for Improving Health, 2nd edn. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Power C, Jefferis BJ. Fetal environment and subsequent obesity: A study of maternal smoking. Int J Epidemiol 2002;31(2):413–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Lindsay RS, et al. Intrauterine exposure to diabetes conveys risk for type 2 diabetes and obesity: Study of discordant sibships. Diabetes 2000;49(12):2208–2211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T, et al. Breast feeding and obesity: Cross sectional study. BMJ 1999;319(7203):147–150.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Harder T, Bergmann R, Kallischnigg G, Plagemann A. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: A meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162(5)397–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Allison D, Fontaine K, Manson J, Stevens J, Vanltallie K. Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA 1999;282:1530–1538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup D, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA 2004;291:1238–1245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA 2005;293(15):1861–1867.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA 1999;282(16):1523–1529.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ford ES, Moriarty DG, Zack MM, Mokdad AH, Chapman DP. Self-reported body mass index and health-related quality of life: Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Obes Res 2001;9:21–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH, Mensah GA. Mean serum total cholesterol concentrations and awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia among US adults: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2000. Circulation 2003;107:2185–2189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hajjar I, Kotchen T. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988–2000. JAMA 2003;290:199–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Finkelstein EA, Ruhm CJ, Kosa KM. Economic causes and consequences of obesity. Annu Rev Public Health 2005;26:239–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sturm R. The effects of obesity, smoking, and problem drinking on chronic medical problems and health care costs. Health Affairs 2002;21(2):245–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Story M, Sherwood NE, Himes JH, et al. An after-school obesity prevention program for African-American girls: The Minnesota GEMS pilot study. Ethn Dis 2003;13(Suppl 1):S54–S64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Baranowski T, Cullen KW, Nicklas T, Thompson D, Baranowski J. School-based obesity prevention: A blueprint for taming the epidemic. Am J Health Behav 2002;26(6):486–493.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Mo-suwan L, Pongprapai S, Junjana C, Puetpaiboon A. Effects of a controlled trial of a school-based exercise program on the obesity indexes of preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(5):1006–1011.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Hannan PJ, Rex J. New moves: A school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent girls. Prev Med 2003;37(1):41–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Stolley MR, Fitzgibbon ML, Dyer A, Van Horn L, KauferChristoffel K, Schiffer L. Hip-Hop to Health Jr., an obesity prevention program for minority preschool children: Baseline characteristics of participants. Prev Med 2003;36(3):320–329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Dyer AR, VanHorn L, KauferChristoffel K. A communitybased obesity prevention program for minority children: Rationale and study design for Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Prev Med 2002;34(2):289–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Davis SM, Going SB, Helitzer DL, et al. Pathways: A culturally appropriate obesityprevention program for American Indian schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69(Suppl 4):796S–802S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gittelsohn J, Evans M, Helitzer D, et al. Formative research in a school-based obesity prevention program for native American school children (pathways). Health Educ Res 1998;13(2):251–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jeffery RW. Community programs for obesity prevention: The Minnesota Heart Health Program. Obes Res 1995;3(Suppl 2):283s–288s.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Jeffery RW, Gray CW, French SA, et al. Evaluation of weight reduction in a community intervention for cardiovascular disease risk: Changes in body mass index in the Minnesota Heart Health Program. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995;19(1):30–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wylie-Rosett J, Swencionis C, Peters MH, et al. A weight reduction intervention that optimizes use of practitioner’s time, lowers glucose level, and raises HDL cholesterol level in older adults. J Am Diet Assoc 1994;94(1):37–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Del Prete L, English C, Caldwell M, Banspach SW, Lefebvre C. Three-year follow-up of Pawtucket Heart Health’s community-based weight loss programs. Am J Health Promot 1993;7(3):182–187.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Taylor CB, Fortmann SP, Flora J, et al. Effect of long-term community health education on body mass index. The Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134(3):235–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kumanyika SK, Obarzanek E, Robinson TN, Beech BM. Phase 1 of the Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS): Conclusion. Ethn Dis 2003;13(Suppl 1):S88–S91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Beech BM, Klesges RC, Kumanyika SK, et al. Child-and parent-targeted interventions: The Memphis GEMS pilot study. Ethn Dis 2003;13(Suppl 1):S40–S53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:e13–e18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106(25):3143–3421.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998;15(7):539–553.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, et al. American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract 2003;9:237–252.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ford ES, Giles WH. A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using two proposed definitions. Diabetes Care 2003;26(3):575–581.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002;287(3):356–359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2001;24(4):683–689.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH. Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2444–2449.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988;37(12):1595–1607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Brotman DJ, Girod JP. The metabolic syndrome: A tug-of-war with no winner. Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69(12):990–994.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bjorntorp P, Rosmond R. The metabolic syndrome—a neuroendocrine disorder? Br J Nutr 2000;83(Suppl 1):S49–S57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kreier F, Yilmaz A, Kalsbeek A, Romijn JA, Sauerwein HP, Fliers E, Buijs RM. Hypothesis: Shifting the equilibrium from activity to food leads to autonomic unbalance and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2003;52(11):2652–2656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI. Chronic activation of the innate immune system may underlie the metabolic syndrome. Sao Paulo Med J 2001;119(3):122–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Frohlich M, Imhof A, Berg G, et al. Association between C-reactive protein and features of the metabolic syndrome: A population-based study. Diabetes Care 2000;23(12):1835–1839.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Festa A, D’Agostino R Jr, Howard G, Mykkanen L, Tracy RP, Haffner SM. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation 2000;102(1):42–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ford ES. The metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and leukocyte count: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Atherosclerosis 2003;168(2):351–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. de Courten M, Zimmet P, Hodge A, et al. Hyperleptinaemia: The missing link in the metabolic syndrome? Diabet Med 1997;14(3):200–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hodge AM, Boyko EJ, de Courten M, et al. Leptin and other components of the metabolic syndrome in Mauritius—a factor analysis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25(1):126–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ford ES. Factor analysis and defining the metabolic syndrome. Ethn Dis 2003;13(4):429–437.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Groop L. Genetics of the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr 2000;83(Suppl 1):S39–S48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ford ES, Khol HW 3rd, Mokdad AH, Ajani UA. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Obes Res 2005;13(3):608–614.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hanson RL, Imperatore G, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Components of the metabolic syndrome and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2002;51(10):3120–3127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Solymoss BC, Bourassa MG, Lesperance J, et al. Incidence and clinical characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis 2003;14(3):207–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ford ES. Risk for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1769–1778.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002;288(21):2709–2716.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Scott CL. Diagnosis, prevention, and intervention for the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2003;92(1A):35i–42i.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Barnard RJ, Wen SJ. Exercise and diet in the prevention and control of the metabolic syndrome. Sports Med 1994;18(4):218–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Riccardi G, Rivellese AA. Dietary treatment of the metabolic syndrome—the optimal diet. Br J Nutr 2000;83(Suppl 1):S143–S148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Marckmann P. Dietary treatment of thrombogenic disorders related to the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr 2000;83(Suppl 1):S121–S126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Steinberger J, Daniels SR. Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in children: An American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Circulation 2003;107(10):1448–1453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Greenberg AS. The expanding scope of the metabolic syndrome and implications for the management of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes with particular focus on the emerging role of the thiazolidinediones. J Diabetes Complicat 2003;17(4):218–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Komers R, Vrana A. Thiazolidinediones—tools for the research of metabolic syndrome X. Physiol Res 1998;47(4):215–225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Amos AF, McCarty DJ, Zimmet P. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: Estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med 1997;15(Suppl 5):S1–S5.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Perdue WC, Stone LA, Gostin LO. The built environment and its relationship to the public’s health: The legal framework. Am J Public Health 2003;93(9):1390–1394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999–2000. JAMA 2002;288(14):1728–1732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Boyle JP, Honeycutt AA, Venkat Narayan KM, et al. Projection of diabetes burden through 2050: Impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2001;24(11):1936–1940.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Flegal KM, Troiano RP. Changes in the distribution of body mass index of adults and children in the US population. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24(7):807–818.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Geiss LS. Diabetes Surveillance, 1999. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United States: Prevalence and trends, 1960–1994. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22(1):39–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Troiano RP, Flegal KM. Overweight children and adolescents: Description, epidemiology, and demographics. Pediatrics 1998;101(3 Pt 2):497–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. California Healthcare Foundation/American Geriatrics Society Panel on Improving Care for Elders with Diabetes. Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51(Suppl 5):S265–S280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Sherwood NE, Morton N, Jeffery RW, French SA, Neumark-Sztainer D, Falkner NH. Consumer preferences in format and type of community-based weight control programs. Am J Health Promot 1998;13(1):12–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Deedwania PC. Metabolic syndrome and vascular disease: Is nature or nurture leading the new epidemic of cardiovascular disease? Circulation 2004;109:2–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mokdad, A.H., Ford, E.S. (2006). Prevalence of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. In: Bray, G.A., Ryan, D.H. (eds) Overweight and the Metabolic Syndrome. Endocrine Updates, vol 26. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-32164-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-32164-6_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-32163-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-32164-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics