Disruptive behaviors—defined here as behaviors that are associated with diagnoses of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD)—are the most common reason for referral to mental health services for children and adolescents (Kazdin, 2003). The behaviors that comprise these diagnoses include argumentativeness, temper tantrums, often being angry or resentful, lying, stealing, hurting or threatening to hurt others, cruelty to animals, setting fires, and destruction of property (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Kazdin (2003) estimates “conservatively” that between 1.4 million to 4.2 million children in the United States meet criteria for CD alone. Conduct problems or other externalizing behavioral difficulties constitute the most common referral issues for children and adolescents for mental health services (Brinkmeyer & Eyberg, 2003). The presence of these symptoms can be detected early in childhood (Webster-Stratton & Reid, 2003), making them amenable to treatment as long as candidates for intervention are identified and followed through with the prescribed treatment recommendations.
ODD and CD encompass a broad array of acts, and young person need not exhibit all, or even most, of the symptoms of ODD and CD to warrant a diagnosis or be a candidate for intervention. Noncompliant behavior is frequently demonstrated in children with ODD or CD; however, many parents whose children do not meet diagnostic criteria for these disorders commonly report seeking outpatient mental health services for noncompliance in their children (McMahon & Forehand, 2003). One of the initial symptoms of conduct problems to emerge in children is lying (Christophersen & Mortweet, 2001). Specific behaviors that are associated with ODD and CD may in and of themselves be reason referring a young person for treatment, including bullying, rigidity/stubbornness, and temper tantrums (Christophersen & Mortweet, 2001; McMahon & Forehand, 2003).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edition, Text Revision). Washington, DC: Author.
Anastopoulos, A. D., & Fairley, S. E. (2003). A cognitive-behavioral training program for parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In A. E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents. (pp. 187–203). New York: Guilford Press.
Anastopolous, A. D., Shelton, T. L., & Barkley, R. A. (2005). Family-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In E. D. Hibbs & P. S. Jensen (Eds.), Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice (pp. 327–350). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Barker, P. (1993). The future of residential treatment for children. In C. E. Schaefer & A. J. Swanson (Eds.), Children in residential care: Critical issues in treatment (pp. 1–16). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Barkley, R. A. (1997). Defiant children: A clinician's manual for assessment and parent training (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Barkley, R.A., Edwards, G. H., & Robins, A. L. (1999). Defiant teens: A clinician's manual for assessment and family intervention. New York: Guilford Press.
Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., DeShazo, T. M., McCoy, M. G., Ellis, M. & Loney, B. R. (2000). The importance of callous-unemotional traits for extending the concept of psychopathy to children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 335–340.
Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., & Killian, A. L. (2003). The relation of narcissism and selfesteem to conduct problems in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 139–152.
Barry, C. T., Grafeman, S. J., Adler, K. K., & Pickard, J. D. (2007). The relations among narcissism, self-esteem, and delinquency in a sample of at-risk adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 933–944.
Beauchaine, T. P., Gartner, J., & Hagen, B. (2000). Comorbid depression and heart rate variability as predictors of aggressive and hyperactive symptom responsiveness during inpatient treatment of conduct-disordered, ADHD boys. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 425–441.
Beauchaine, T. P., Webster-Stratton, C., & Reid, M J. (2005). Mediators, moderators, and predictors of 1-year outcomes among children treated for early-onset conduct problems: A latent growth curve analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 371–388.
Bierman, K. L., Nix, R., Maples, J., & Murphy, S. (2006). Examining clinical judgment in an adaptive intervention design: The fast track program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 468–481.
Borduin, C. M., Mann, B. J., Cone, L. T., Henggeler, S. W., Fucci, B. R., Blaske, D. M., Williams, R. A. (1995). Multisystemic treatment of serious juvenile offenders: Long-term prevention of criminality and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 569–578.
Brestan, E. V., & Eyberg, S. M. (1998). Effective psychosocial treatments of conduct-disordered children and adolescents: 29 years, 82 studies, and 5,272 kids. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 180–189.
Brinkmeyer, M. Y., & Eyberg, S. M. (2003). Parent—child interaction therapy for oppositional children. In A. E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.). Evidence-based psychotherpies for children and adolescents. (pp. 204–223). New York: Guilford Press.
Brunk, M. A., Henggeler, S. W., & Whelan, J. P. (1987). Comparison of multisystemic therapy and parent training in the brief treatment of child abuse and neglect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 171–178.
Centers for Disease Control. (2004). National Service of youth violence prevention: A sourcebook for community action.
Chorpita, B. F. (2003). The frontier of evidence-based practice. In A. E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents. (pp. 42–59). New York: Guilford Press.
Christian, R. E., Frick, P. J., Hill, N. L., Tyler, L., & Frazer, D. R. (1997). Psychopathy and conduct problems in children: II. Implications for subtyping children with conduct problems. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 233–241.
Christophersen, E. R., & Mortweet, S. L. (2001). Treatments that work with children: Empirically-supported strategies for managing childhood behavior problems. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Chronis, A. M., Chacko, A., Fabiano, G. A., Wymbs, B. T., & Pelham, W. E. (2004). Enhancements to the behavioral parent training paradigm for families of children with ADHD: Review and future directions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, 1–27.
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (1992). A developmental and clinical model for the prevention of conduct disorder: The FAST Track Program. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 509–527.
Crick, N.R., & Dodge, K.A. (1996). Social information-processing mechanisms on reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67, 993–1002.
Dadds, M. R. & McHugh, T. A. (1992). Social support and treatment outcome in behavioral family therapy for child conduct problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(2), 252–259.
Dennis, M. L.,Godley, S. H., Diamond, G., Tims, F. M., Babor, T., Donaldson, J., et al. (2004). The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) study: Main findings from two randomized trials. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 197–213.
Dulcan, M. K. (2005). Practitioner perspectives on evidence-based practice. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 225–240.
Dumas, J. E. (1986). Parental perception of treatment outcome in families of aggressive children: A causal model. Behavior Therapy, 17, 420–432.
Farmer, E. M. Z., Compton, S. N., Burns, B. J., & Robertson, E. (2002). Review of the evidence base for treatment of childhood psychopathology: Externalizing problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1267–1302.
Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (1999). Delinquency prevention using family-based interventions. Children and Society, 13, 287–303.
Feindler (1990). Adolescent anger control: Review and critique. In M. Hersen, R.M. Eisler, & P.M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (pp. 11–59). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Feindler, E. L., Ecton, R. B., Kingsley, D., Dubey, D. R. (1986). Group anger-control training for institutionalized psychiatric male adolescents. Behavior Therapy, 17, 109–123.
Feindler, E. L. & Guttman, J. (1994). Cognitive-behavioral anger control training. In C. W. LeCroy (Ed.), Handbook of child and adolescent treatment manuals (pp. 170–199). New York: Simon & Schuster Free Press.
Feindler, E.L., Marriott, S.A., & Iwata, M. (1984). Group anger control training for junior high school delinquents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 299–311.
Forehand, R & Kotchick, B. A. (1996). Cultural diversity: A wake-up call for parent training. Behavior Therapy, 27, 187–206.
Forehand, R. J., & McMahon, R. L. (2003). Helping the noncompliant child: Family-based treatment for oppositional behavior (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Frick, P. J. (1998). Conduct disorders. In T. H. Ollendick & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of child psychopathology, (3rd ed., pp. 213–237). New York: Plenum Press.
Frick, P. J., Bodin, D. S., & Barry, C. T. (2000). Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children: Further development of the psychopathy screening device. Psychological Assessment, 12, 382–393.
Friman, P. C., Toner, C., Soper, S., Sinclair, J., & Shanahan, D. (1996). Maintaining placement for troubled and disruptive adolescents in voluntary residential care: The role of reduced youth-to-staff ratio. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 5, 337–347.
Gardner, F., Burton, J., & Klimes, I. (2006). Randomised controlled trial of a parenting intervention in the voluntary sector for reducing child conduct problems: Outcomes and mechanisms of change. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(11), 1123–1132.
Gardner, F., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Sayal, K. (1999). Parents anticipating misbehaviour: An observational study of strategies parents use to prevent conflict with behaviour problem children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 1185–1196.
Gardner, F., Ward, S., Burton, J., & Wilson, C. (2003). The role of mother-child joint play in the early development of children's conduct problems: A longitudinal observational study. Social Development, 12, 361–379.
Greene, R. W., Ablon, J. S., & Goring, J. C. (2002). Effectiveness of collaborative problem solving in affectively dysregulated children with oppositional-defiant disorder: Initial findings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 1157–1164.
Greene, R. W., Ablon, J. S., & Martin, A. (2006). Use of collaborative problem-solving to reduce seclusion and restraint in child and adolescent inpatient units. Psychiatric Services, 57, 610–612.
Greene, R. W., Ablon, J. S., Monuteaux, M. C., Goring, J. C., Henin, A., Raezer-Blakely, L., Edwards, G., Markey, J., & Rabbitt, S. (2004). Effectiveness of collaborative problem-solving in affectively dysregulated children with oppositional defiant disorder: Initial findings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 1157–1164.
Greene, R. W., Biederman, J., Zerwas, S., Monuteaux, M., Goring, J. C., & Faraone, S. V. (2002). Psychiatric comorbidity, family dysfunction, and social impairment in referred youth with oppositional defiant disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1214–1224.
Hart, K. J., Nelson, III, W., M., & Finch, Jr., A. J. (2006). Comparative treatments of conduct disorder: Summary and conclusions. In W. M. Nelson, III, A. J. Finch, Jr., and K. J. Hart (Eds.), Conduct Disorders: A Practitioner's Guide to Comparative Treatments (pp. 321–343). New York: Springer.
Hawes, D. J., & Dadds, M. R. (2005). The treatment of conduct problems in children with callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 737–741.
Henggeler, S. W., Borduin, C. M., & Melton, G. B. (1991). Effects of multisystemic therapy on drug use and abuse in serious juvenile offenders: A progress report from two outcome studies. Family Dynamics of Addiction Quarterly, 1, 40–51.
Henggeler, S. W., & Lee, T. (2003). Multisystemic treatment of serious clinical problems. In A. E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents. (pp. 301–322). New York: Guilford Press.
Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., & Smith, L. A. (1992). Family preservation using multi-systemic treatment: An effective alternative to incarcerating serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 953–961.
Henggeler, S. W., Pickrel, S. G., Brondino, M. J., & Crouch, J. L. (1996). Eliminating (almost) treatment dropout of substance abusing or dependent delinquents through home-based multisystemic therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 427–428.
Henggeler S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C., Rowland, M. D., & Cunningham, P. B. (1998). Multisystemic treatment of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.
Hobbs, N. (1966). Helping disturbed children: Psychological and ecological strategies. American Psychologist, 21, 1105–1151.
Hogue, A., Dauber, S., Samuolis, J., Liddle, H. (2006). Treatment techniques and outcomes in multidimensional family therapy for adolescent behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 535–543.
Hussey, D. L., & Guo, S. (2002). Profile characteristics and behavioral change trajectories of young residential children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11, 401–410.
Hutchings, J., Lane, E., & Gardner, F. (2004). Making evidence-based interventions work. In D. Farrington, C. Sutton, & D. Utting (Eds.), Support from the start: Working with young children and families to reduce risks of crime and antisocial behaviour. London: DFES.
Kazdin, A. E. (1987). Treatment of antisocial behavior in children: Current status and future directions. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 187–203.
Kazdin, A. E. (1996). Dropping out of child therapy: Issues for research and implications for practice. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1, 133–156.
Kazdin, A. E. (2003). Problem-solving skills training and parent management training for conduct disorder. In A. E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.). Evidence-based psycho-therapies for children and adolescents. (pp. 241–262). New York: Guilford Press.
Kazdin, A. E., & Nock, M. K. (2003). Delineating mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy: Methodological issues and research recommendations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1116–1129.
Kazdin, A. E., & Wassell, G. (2000). Therapeutic changes in children, parents, and families resulting from treatment of children with conduct problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 414–420.
Kazdin, A. E., & Weisz, J. R. (1998). Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 19–36.
Kazdin, A. E. & Whitley, M. K. (2006). Comorbidity, case complexity, and effects of evidence-based treatment for children referred for disruptive behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 455–467.
Liberman, D. M. (2006). The psychoanalytic approach to the treatment of conduct disorder. In W. M. Nelson, III, A. J. Finch, Jr., and K. J. Hart (Eds.), Conduct disorders: A practitioner's guide to comparative treatments (pp. 27–47). New York: Springer.
Liddle, H. A. (2002). Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent cannabis users (Cannabis Youth Treatment Series, Vol. 5; DHHS Publication No. 02-3660). Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, SAMHSA.
Liddle, H. A., Rodriguez, R. A., Dakof, G. A., Kanzki, E., & Marvel, F. A. (2005). Multidimensional family therapy: A science-based treatment for adolescent drug abuse. In J. Lebow (Ed.), Handbook of clinical family therapy (pp.128–163). New York: Wiley.
Liddle, H. A., Rowe, C. L., Dakof, G. A., Ungaro, R. A., & Henderson, C. (2004). Early intervention for adolescent substance abuse: Pretreatment to posttreatment outcomes of a randomized controlled trial comparing multidimensional family therapy and peer group treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 36, 49–63.
Lochman, J. E. (1990). Modification of childhood aggression. In M. Hersen, M. Eisler & P. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 25). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Lochman, J. E., Barry, T. D., & Pardini, D. A. (2003). Anger control training for aggressive youth. In A. E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents. (pp. 263–281). New York: Guilford Press.
Lochman, J. E., & Lampron, L. B. (1988). Cognitive behavioral intervention for aggressive boys: Seven month follow-up effects. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 5, 15–23.
Lochman, J. E., Lampron, L. B., Gemmer, T. C., & Harris, S. R. (1987). Anger coping intervention with aggressive children: A guide to implementation in school settings. In P. A. Keller & S. R. Heyman (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice: A source book (Vol. 6, pp. 339–356). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (1996). A social cognitive intervention with aggressive children: Prevention effects and contextual implementation issues. In R. Dev. Peters & R. J. McMahon (Eds.), Preventing childhood disorders, substance abuse, and delinquency (pp. 111–143). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Lahey, B. B., Christ, M. A. G., & Frick, P. J. (1992). Developmental sequences in the age of onset of disruptive child behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1, 21–41.
Loeber, R., Wung, P., Keenan, K., Giroux, B., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W. B., Maughan, B. (1993). Developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 101–131.
Lyman, R. D., & Barry, C. T. (2006). The continuum of residential treatment care for conduct-disordered youth. In W. M. Nelson, III, A. J. Finch, Jr., and K. J. Hart (Eds.), Conduct disorders: A practitioner's guide to comparative treatments (pp. 259–297). New York: Springer.
Lynam, D. R., & Henry, R. (2001). The role of neuropsychological deficits in conduct disorders. In J. Hill & B. Maughan (Eds.), Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence (pp. 235–263). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, Inc.
McMahon, R. J., & Forehand, R. (2003). Helping the noncompliant child: A clinician's guide to parent training (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
McMahon, R. J. & Frick, P. J. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of conduct problems in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 477–505.
McMahon, R. J., & Wells, K. C. (1998). Conduct problems. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Treatment of childhood disorders (2nd ed., pp.111–210). New York: Guilford Press.
Miller, G. E., & Prinz, R. J. (1990). Ehancement of social learning family interventions for childhood conduct disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 291–307.
Minuchin, S., Montvalo, B., Guerney, B. G., Rosman, B. L., & Schumer, F. (1967). Families of the slums. New York: Basic Books.
Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Life-course-persistent versus adolescence-limited antisocial behavior. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental Psychopathology (Vol. 3) (2nd ed., pp. 570–598). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Nock, M. K. (2003). Progress review of the psychosocial treatment of child conduct problems. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 10, 1–28.
O'Brien, B. S., & Frick, P. J. (1996). Reward dominance: Associations with anxiety, conduct problems, and psychopathy in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 223–239.
Oxford, M., Cavell, T. A., & Hughes, J. N. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits moderate the relation between ineffective parenting and child externalizing problems: A partial replication and extension. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 577–585.
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
Patterson, G. R., & Guillion, M. E. (1968). Living with children: New methods for parents and teachers. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Reyno, S. M. & McGrath, P. J. (2006). Predictors of parent training efficacy for child externalizing behavior problems — A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 99–111.
Santisteban, D., Coatsworth, J. D., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W., Schwartz, S., LaPerriere, A., & Szapocznik, J. (2003). Efficacy of brief strategic family therapy in modifying Hispanic adolescent behavior problems and substance use. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(1), 121–133.
Schmidt, S. E., Liddle, H. A., & Dakof, G. A. (1996). Changes in parenting practices and adolescent drug abuse during multidimensional family therapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 12–27.
Schoenwald, S. K., Henggeler, S. W., Brondino, M. J., & Rowland, M. D. (2000). Multi-systemic therapy: Monitoring treatment fidelity. Family Process, 39, 83–103.
Sonderegger, R. & Barrett, P. M. (2004). Assessment and treatment of ethnically diverse children and adolescents. In P. M. Barrett & T. H. Ollendick (Eds.). Handbook of interventions that work with children and adolescents: Prevention and treatment (pp. 89–111). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., Calderon, R., Greenberg, M. T., & Fisher, P. A. (1999). Neuro psychological characteristics and test behaviors of boys with early onset conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 315–325.
Stanton, M. D., & Shadish, W. R. (1997). Outcome, attrition, and family-couples treatment for drug abuse: A meta-analysis and review of the controlled, comparative studies. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 170–191.
Stewart-Brown, S., Patterson, J., Mockford, C., Barlow, J., Klimes, I., & Pyper, C. (2004). Impact of a general practice-based group parenting programme: Quantitative and qualitative results from a controlled trial at 12 months. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 89, 519–525.
Webster-Stratton, C. (1985). Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System—Revised (DPICS—R): Manual. Seattle: School of Nursing, University of Washington.
Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1997). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: A comparison of child and parent training interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 93–109.
Webster-Stratton, C., & Reid, J. (2003). The incredible years parents, teachers, and children training series: A multi-faceted treatment approach for young children with conduct problems. In A. E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.). Evidence-based psy-chotherapies for children and adolescents. (pp. 224–240). New York: Guilford Press.
Weisz, J. R., Jensen-Doss, A., & Hawley, K. M. (2006). Evidence-based youth psycho-therapies versus usual clinical care: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons. American Psychologist, 61, 671–689.
Westen, D., Novotny, C. M., & Thompson-Brenner, H. (2004). The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: Assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 631–663.
Wilson, D. R., & Lyman, R. D. (1982). Time-out in the treatment of childhood behavior problems: Implementation and research issues. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 4, 5–20.
Wootton, J. M., Frick, P. J., Shelton, K. K., & Silverthorn, P. (1997). Ineffective parenting and childhood conduct problems: The moderating role of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 301–308.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Barry, C.T., Ansel, L.L., Pickard, J.D., Harrison, H.L. (2009). Conduct Disorders. In: Matson, J.L., Andrasik, F., Matson, M.L. (eds) Treating Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09530-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09530-1_5
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09529-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09530-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)