The interview is a critical component of the psychological assessment of a child. In addition to the standard unstructured interview, several structured interviews have been developed for use with children and their parents/caregivers.1 This chapter is designed to introduce and familiarize the reader with not only which interviews are available for use when assessing children, but also with techniques appropriate and effective for use during interviews when a child is the identified client. We discuss considerations in using interview procedures with children who have disabilities as well as other factors related to the use of interviews, such as language dominance. Considerations for basic report writing are also described.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achenbach, T. (2005). Advancing assessment of children and adolescents: Commentary on evidence-based assessment of child and adolescent disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 541–547.
Achenbach, T. H. (2001). Manuals for the Child Behavior Checklist and Caregiver/ Teacher Report Forms/1½–5, 6–18. Burlington, VT: ASEBA.
Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L. A. (2002). Ten-Year comparisons of problems and competencies for national samples of youth: Self, parent and teacher reports. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 194–203.
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situ-ational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.
Albano, A. M., & Silverman, W. K. (1996). The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children for DSM—IV: Clinician manual (child and parent versions). New York: Oxford Press.
Ambrosini, P. J. (2000). Historical development and present status of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 49–58.
Ambrosini, P. J., & Dixon, J. F. (1996). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K—SADS—IVR)-Present State and Epidemiological Version. Medical College of Pennsylvania and Hahneman University.
American Association on Mental Retardation (2002). Mental retardation: Definition, classification, and systems of support (10th ed.). Washington DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Allen Frances.
Angold, A. (2002). Diagnostic interviews with parents and children. In M. Rutter & E. Taylor (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches (4th ed., 32–51). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Angold, A., & Costello, E. (2000). The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 39–48.
Angold, A., & Fisher, P. (1999). Interviewer-based interviews. Diagnostic assessment in child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 34–64). New York: Guilford Press.
Angold, A., Prendergast, M., Cox, A., & Harrington, R. (1995). The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). Psychological Medicine, 25, 739–753.
Aronen, E., Noam, G., & Weinstein, S. (1993). Structured diagnostic interviews and clinicians' discharge diagnoses in hospitalized adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 674–681.
Bierman, K., & Schwartz, L. (1986). Clinical child interviews: Approaches and developmental considerations. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychotherapy, 3, 267–278.
Boyle, M. H., Offord, D. R., Racine, Y. A., Szatmari, P., Sanford, M., & Fleming, J. E. (1996). Interviews versus checklists: Adequacy for classifying childhood psychiatric disorder based on adolescent reports. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 6, 309–319.
Breton, J., Bergeron, L., Valla, J., Lepine, S., Houde, L., & Gaudet, N. (1995). Do children aged 9 through 11 Years understand the DISC version 2.25 questions? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 946–956.
Bruininks, R., Woodcock, R., Weatherman, R. & Hill, B. (1996). Scales of Independent Behavior—Revised. Itasca, IL: Riverside.
Brunshaw, J. M., & Szatmari, P. (1988). The agreement between behaviour checklists and structured psychiatric interviews for children. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 474–481.
Chambers, W. J., Puig-Antich, J., Hirsch, M., Paez, P., Ambrosini, P. J., Tabrizi, M. A., & Davies, M. (1985). The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semistructured interview: Test-retest reliability of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children, present episode version. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 696–702.
Chorpita, B. F. (2007). Modular cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
Cohen, P., O'Connor, P., Lewis, S., Velez, C. N., & Malachowski, B. (1987). Comparison of DISC and K—SADS—P interviews of an epidemiological sample of children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 662–667.
Costello, E., Edelbrock, C., & Costello, A. (1985). Validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children: A comparison between psychiatric and pediatric referrals. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 579–595.
De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 483–509.
DiBartolo, P., & Grills, A. (2006). Who is best at predicting children's anxiety in response to a social evaluative task? A comparison of child, parent, and teacher reports. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 630–645.
Edelbrock, C., & Costello, A. J. (1990). Structured interviews for children and adolescents. In G. Goldstein & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of psychological assessment. Pergamon general psychology series (Vol. 131, pp. 308–323). New York: Pergamon Press.
Edelbrock, C., Costello, A. J., Dulcan, M. K., Kalas, R., & Conover, N. C. (1985). Age differences in the reliability of the psychiatric interview of the child. Child Development, 56, 265–275.
Eisen, A.R., & Silverman, W.K. (1993). Should I relax or change my thoughts? A preliminary study of the treatment of Overanxious Disorder in children. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 7, 265–280.
Eisen, A. R., & Silverman, W. K. (1998). Prescriptive treatment for generalized anxiety disorder in children. Behavior Therapy, 29, 105–121.
Ezpeleta, L., de la Osa, N., Doménech, J. M., Navarro, J. B., & Losilla, J. M. (1997). Diagnostic agreement between clinicians and the diagnostic interview for children and adolescents—DICA—R—in an outpatient sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 38, 431–440.
Fristad, M. A., Cummins, J., Verducci, J. S., Teare, M., Weller, E. B., & Weller, R. A. (1998a). Study IV: Concurrent validity of the DSM—IV revised Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS). Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharma-cology, 8, 227–236.
Fristad, M. A., Glickman, A. R., Verducci, J. S., Teare, M., Weller, E. B., & Weller, R. A. (1998b). Study V: Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS): Psycho-metrics in two community samples. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharma-cology, 8, 237–245.
Fristad, M. A., Teare, M., Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A., & Salmon, P. (1998c). Study III: Development and concurrent validity of the Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS). Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 8, 221–226.
Greenspan, S., & Greenspan, N. (2003). The clinical interview of the child (3rd ed). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Grills-Taquechel, A. E., & Ollendick, T. H. (2007). Diagnostic interviewing. In M. Hersen and A. M. Gross (Eds.)Handbook of clinical psychology (Volume 2): Children and adolescents. New York: John Wiley & Sons
Grills, A. E., & Ollendick, T. H. (2002). Issues in parent-child agreement: The case of structured diagnostic interviews.Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 5, 57–83.
Harrison, P. L., & Oakland, T. (2003).Adaptive behavior assessment system (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: PsychCorp.
Herba, C., Landau, S., Russell, T., Ecker, C., & Phillips, M. (2006). The development of emotion-processing in children: Effects of age, emotion, and intensity.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47, 1098–1106.
Herjanic, B., Herjanic, M., Brown, F., & Wheatt, T. (1975). Are children reliable reporters?Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 3, 41–48.
Herjanic, B., & Reich, W. (1982). Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: Agreement between child and parent on individual symptoms.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 10, 307–324.
Hodges, K. (1994). Debate and argument: Reply to David Shaffer: Structured interviews for assessing children.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 35, 785–787.
Hodges, K., Kline, J., Stern, L., Cytryn, L., & McKnew, D. (1982). The development of a child assessment interview for research and clinical use.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 10, 173–189.
Hodges, K., McKnew, D., Burbach, D.J., & Roebuck, L. (1987). Diagnostic concordance between the Child Assessment Schedule (CAS) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS) in an outpatient sample using lay interviewers.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 26, 654–661.
Jensen, P. S., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., Bird, H. R., Dulcan, M. K., Schwab-Stone, M. E., & Lahey, B. B. (1999). Parent and child contributions to diagnosis of mental disorder: Are both informants always necessary?Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38, 1569–1579.
Jensen, A., & Weisz, J. (2002). Assessing match and mismatch between practitioner- generated and standardized interview-generated diagnoses for clinic-referred children and adolescents.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70, 158–168.
Jewell, J., Handwerk, M., Almquist, J., & Lucas, C. (2004). Comparing the validity of clinician-generated diagnosis of conduct disorder to the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children.Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 33, 536–546.
Karver, M. S. (2006). Determinants of multipleinformant agreement on child and adolescent behavior.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 34, 251–262.
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., Williamson, D., & Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K—SADS—PL): Initial reliability and validity data.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 980–988.
Kazdin, A. E., French, N. H., & Unis, A. S. (1983). Child, mother, and father evaluations of depression in psychiatric inpatient children.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 11, 167–180.
Kovacs, M. (1997). The Interview Schedule for Children and Adolescents (ISCA); Current and Lifetime (ISCA—C & L) and Current and Interim (ISCA—C & I) Versions. Pittsburgh, PA: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic.
LaGreca, A. M. (1990).Through the eyes of the child: Obtaining self-reports from children and adolescents. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
LaGreca, A. M., & Stone, W. L. (1992). Assessing children through interviews and behavioral observations. In C. E. Walker and M. C. Roberts (Eds.)Handbook of clinical child psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63–83). New York: Wiley Interscience.
Lapouse, R., & Monk, M. A. (1958). An epidemiologic study of behavior characteristics of children.American Journal of Public Health, 48, 1134–1144.
Lewczyk, C., Garland, A., Hurlburt, M., Gearity, J., & Hough, R. (2003). Comparing DISC-IV and clinician diagnoses among youths receiving public mental health services.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 42, 349–356.
Matson, J., Bamburg, J., Cherry, K., & Paclawskyj, T. (1999). A validity study on the Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF) scale: Predicting treatment success for self-injury, aggression, and stereotypies.Research in Developmental Disabilities 20, 163–175.
Moretti, M. M., Fine, S., Haley, G., & Marriage, K. (1985). Childhood and adolescent depression: Child-report versus parent-report information.Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 24, 298–302.
Ollendick, T. (1995). Cognitive behavioral treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia in adolescents: A multiple baseline design analysis.Behavior Therapy 26, 517–531.
Ollendick, T. H., & Hersen, M. (1993). (Eds.)Handbook of child and adolescent assessment. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Ollendick, T., Hagopian, L., & Huntzinger, R. (1991). Cognitive-behavior therapy with nighttime fearful children.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 22, 113–121.
Ollendick, T., King, N., & Yule, W. (1994).International handbook of phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. New York: Plenum Press.
Orvaschel, H. (1995).Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Epidemiologic Version-5. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Center for Psychological Studies, Nova Southeastern University.
Pellegrino, J., Singh, N., & Carmanico, S. (1999). Concordance among three diagnostic procedures for identifying depression in children and adolescents with EBD.Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 7, 118–127.
Piacentini, J., Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Schwab-Stone, M., Davies, M., & Gioia, P. (1993). The diagnostic interview schedule for children-revised version (DISC—R): III. Concurrent Criterion Validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32, 658–665.
Priestley, G., & Pipe, M. E. (1997). Using toys and models in interviews with young children.Applied Cognitive Psychology 11, 69–87.
Reich, W. (1998).The Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA): DSM—IV version. St. Louis, MO: Washington University School of Medicine.
Reich, W. (2000). Diagnostic interview for children and adolescents (DICA).Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 59–66.
Rutter, M., & Graham, P. (1968). The reliability and validity of the psychiatric assessment of the child: I. Interview with the child.British Journal of Psychiatry 114, 563–579.
Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970).Education, health, and behavior. London, England: Longmans.
Rutter, M., Tizard, J., Yule, W., Graham, P., & Whitmore, K. (1976). Isle of Wright studies 1964–1974.Psychological Medicine 6, 313–332.
Rutter, M., Tizard, J., Yule, W., Graham, P., & Whitmore, K. (1977). Isle of Wright studies 1964–1974. In S. Chess, & A. Thomas (Eds.), Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development (pp. 359–392). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Salmon, K. (2006). Toys in clinical interviews with children: Review and implications for practice. Clinical Psychologist, 10, 54–59.
Sattler, J. (2002). Assessment of children: Behavioral and clinical applications (4th ed.). San Diego, CA: Author.
Sattler, J. M., & Hoge, R. (2006). Assessment of children: Behavioral and clinical applications (5th ed.). San Diego, CA: Author.
Schwab—Stone, M., Fallon, T., Briggs, M., & Crowther, B. (1994). Reliability of diagnostic reporting for children aged 6–11 years: A test-retest study of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1048–1054.
Schwab—Stone, M. E., Shaffer, D., Dulcan, M. K., Jensen, P. S., Fisher, P., Bird, H. R., Goodman, S. H., Lahey, B. B., Lichtman, J. H., Canino, G., Rubio—Stipec, M., & Rae, D. S. (1996). Criterion validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC—2.3). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 878–888.
Scott, T., Short, E., Singer, L., Russ, S., & Minnes, S. (2006). Psychometric properties of the dominic interactive assessment: A computerized self-report for children. Assessment, 13, 16–26.
Scotti, J., Morris, T., McNeil, C., & Hawkins, R. (1996). DSM—IV and disorders of childhood and adolescence: Can structural criteria be functional?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1177–1191.
Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C.P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab—Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC—IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38.
Sherrill, J., & Kovacs, M. (2000). Interview Schedule for Children and Adolescents (ISCA). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 67–75.
Silverman, W. (1994). Structured diagnostic interviews. International handbook of phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 293–315). New York: Plenum Press.
Silverman, W. K. & Albano, A. M. (1996). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule, Parent/ Child Version. New York: Oxford University Press.
Silverman, W. K., & Nelles, W. B. (1988). The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 772–778.
Silverman, W. K., & Ollendick, T. H. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of anxiety and its disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 380–411.
Silverman, W. K., & Ollendick, T. H. (2008). Assessment of child and adolescent anxiety disorders. In J. Hunsley & E. Mash (Eds.), A guide to assessments that work. NewYork: Oxford University Press.
Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A. (2005). Vineland—II: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (2nd ed.). Circle Pines, MN: AGS.
Swanson, J. M., Kraemer, H. C., Hinshaw, S. P., Arnold, L. E., Conners, C. K., Abikoff, H. B., et al. (2001). Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: Success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 168–179.
Teare, M., Fristad, M. A., Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A., & Salmon, P. (1998a). Study I: Development and criterion validity of the Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 8, 205–211.
Teare, M., Fristad, M. A., Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A., & Salmon, P. (1998b). Study II: Concurrent validity of the DSM—III—R Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 8, 213–219.
Thompson, C. L. & Rudolph, L. B. (2000). Counseling children (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.
Tripp, G., Schaughency, E., & Clarke, B. (2006). Parent and teacher rating scales in the evaluation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Contribution to diagnosis and differential diagnosis in clinically referred children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 27, 209–218.
Valla, J. P., Bergeron, L., Berube, H., Gaudet, N., & St Georges, M. (1994). A structured pictoral questionnaire to assess DSM—III—R based diagnoses in children (6–11 years): Development, validity, and reliability. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 403–423.
Valla, J., Bergeron, L., & Smolla, N. (2000). The Dominic-R: A pictorial interview for 6— to 11-year-old children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 85–93.
Verhulst, F. C., Althaus, M., & Berden, G.F. (1987). The Child Assessment Schedule: Parent-child agreement and validity measures. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 28, 455–466.
Vitiello, B., Malone, R., Buschle, P., & Delaney, M. (1990). Reliability of DSM—III diagnoses of hospitalized children. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 41, 63–67.
Wareham, P., & Salmon, K. (2006). Mother-child reminiscing about everyday experiences: Implications for psychological interventions in the preschool years. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 535–554.
Weems, C., Silverman, W., Saavedra, L., Pina, A., & Lumpkin, P. (1999). The discrimination of children's phobias using the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 941–952.
Weinstein, S., Stone, K., Noam, G., & Grimes, K. (1989). Comparison of DISC with clinicians' DSM—III diagnoses in psychiatric inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 53–60.
Weiss, D.S. (1993). Structured clinical interview techniques. In J. P. Wilson, & R. Beverley (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 179– 187). New York: Plenum Press.
Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A., Fristad, M. A., Rooney, M. T., & Schecter, J. (2000). Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 76–84.
Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A., Teare, M., & Fristad, M. A. (1999). Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Welner, Z., Reich, W., Herjanic, B., Jung, K. G., & Amado, H. (1987). Reliability, validity, and parent child agreement studies of the diagnostic interview for children and adolescents (DICA). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 649–653.
Wesson, M., & Salmon, K. (2001). Drawing and showing: Helping children to report emotionally laden events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 301–320
Wood, J., Piacentini, J., Bergman, R., McCracken, J., & Barrios, V. (2002). Concurrent validity of the anxiety disorders section of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM—IV: Child and Parent Versions. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 335–342.
Young, J. G., O'Brien, J. D., Gutterman, E. M., & Cohen, P. (1987). Research on the clinical interview. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 613–620.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Grills-Taquechel, A.E., Polifroni, R., Fletcher, J.M. (2009). Interview and Report Writing. In: Matson, J.L., Andrasik, F., Matson, M.L. (eds) Assessing Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09528-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09528-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09527-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09528-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)