Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agnew, W. F., T. G. H. Yuen and D. B. McCreery. 1983. Morphological changes after prolonged electrical stimulation of the cats cortex at defined charge densities. Experimental Neurology 79: 397–411.
Aran, J. M. 1981. Electrical stimulation of the auditory system and tinnitus control. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 95(suppl 4): 153–161.
Arndt, P., S. Staller, J. Arcaroli, A. Hines and K. Ebinger. 1999. Within-subject comparison of advanced coding strategies in the Nucleus 24 cochlear implant. Cochlear Corporation Report.
Bagger-Sjoback, D. 1991. Sodium hyaluronate application to the open inner ear: an ultrastructural investigation. American Journal of Otology 12: 35–39.
Banfai, P. 1987. Cochlear Implant: current situation. International Cochlear Implant Symposium, Duren.
Banfai, P., G. Hortmann and S. Kubik. 1985. Extracochlear eight-channel electrode system. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 99(6): 549–553.
Banfai, P., A. Karczag and P. Luers. 1984a. Cochlear implants. Clinical results: the rehabilitation. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (suppl 411): 183–194.
Banfai, P., S. Kubik and G. Hortmann. 1984b. Our extra-scalar operating method of cochlear implantation. Experience with 46 cases. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (suppl 411): 9–12.
Battmer, R.-D., D. Gnadeberg, D. J. Allum-Mecklenberg and T. Lenarz. 1994. Matched-pair comparisons for adults using the Clarion or Nucleus devices. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 104: 251–254.
Bertram, R., V. Meyer, I. Maneke, et al. 2001. Cochlear implant re-implantation: a parent’s perspective. Poster presented by the House Institute at 8th Symposium Cochlear Implants in Children, February 28–March 3.
Black, R. C. and G. M. Clark. 1977. Electrical transmission line properties of the cat cochlea. Proceedings of the Australian Physiological and Pharmacological Society 8: 137.
Black, R. C. and G. M. Clark. 1978. Electrical network properties and distribution of potentials in the cat cochlea. Proceedings of the Australian Physiological and Pharmacological Society 9: 71P.
Black, R. C. and G. M. Clark. 1980. Differential electrical excitation of the auditory nerve. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 67(3): 868–874.
Blamey, P. J., R. C. Dowell, Y. C. Tong, A. M. Brown, S. M. Luscombe and G. M. Clark. 1984a. Speech processing studies using an acoustic model of a multiple-channel cochlear implant. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 76: 104–110.
Blamey, P. J., R. C. Dowell, Y. C. Tong and G. M. Clark. 1984b. An acoustic model of a multiple-channel cochlear implant. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 76: 97–103.
Blamey, P. J., L. F. Martin and G. M. Clark. 1985. A comparison of three speech coding strategies using an acoustic model of a cochlear implant. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77: 209–217.
Blamey, P. J., B. C. Pyman, M. Gordon, et al. 1992. Factors predicting postoperative sentence scores in postlinguistically deaf adult cochlear implant patients. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 101: 342–348.
Bredberg, G. 1968. Cellular pattern and nerve supply of the human organ of Corti. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (suppl 236): 1–138.
Bredberg, G. and B. Lindstrom. 1997. A new approach for the treatment of ossified cochleas. Vth International Cochlear Implant Conference, New York.
Bredberg, G., B. Lindstrom, H. Lopponen, M. A. Beltrame, W. Gstoettner and H. Skarzynski. 2000. A new approach for the treatment of ossified cochleas. In: Waltzman, S. and N. Cohen, eds. Cochlear implants. New York, Thieme Medical Publishers. 159–160.
Brindley, G. S. and W. S. Lewin. 1968. The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. Journal of Physiology 196: 479–493.
Brummer, S. B. and M. J. Turner. 1977a. Electrical stimulation with Pt electrodes: I. A method for determination of ‘real’ electrode areas. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 24: 436–439.
Brummer, S. B. and M. J. Turner. 1977b. Electrical stimulation with Pt electrodes: II. Estimation of maximum surface redox (theoretical non-gassing) limits. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 24: 440–443.
Brummer, S. B. and M. J. Turner. 1977c. Electrochemical considerations for safe electrical stimulation of the nervous system with platinum electrodes. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 24: 59–63.
Burian, K., E. Hochmair, I. Hochmair-Desoyer and M. R. Lessel. 1980. Electrical stimulation with multichannel electrodes in deaf patients. Audiology 19: 128–136.
Burns, S. G. and P. R. Bond. 1997. Principles of electronic circuits. 2nd ed. Boston, PWS Publishing.
Burton, M. J., R. K. Shepherd, J. Xu and G. M. Clark. 1992. Cochlear implantation in young children: long term effects of implantation on the skull and underlying central nervous system tissues in a primate model. Otolaryngology Research Meeting, London: 1.
Busby, P. A., Y C. Tong and G. M. Clark. 1993. The perception of temporal modulations by cochlear implant patients. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94: 124–131.
Busby, P. A., L. A. Whitford, P. J. Blamey, L. M. Richardson and G. M. Clark. 1994. Pitch perception for different modes of stimulation using the Cochlear multiple-electrode prosthesis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95: 2658–2669.
Chen, B. K., G. M. Clark and R. Jones. 2003. Evaluation of trajectories, and contact pressures for the straight Nucleus cochlear implant electrode array—a two-dimensional application of finite element analysis. Medical Engineering and Physics. 25(2): 141–147.
Chouard, C. H. 1978. Multiple intracochlear electrodes for rehabilitation in total deafness. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 11: 217–233.
Chouard, C. H. 1980. The surgical rehabilitation of total deafness with the multichannel cochlear implant. Indications and results. Audiology 19: 137–145.
Chouard, C. H., C. Fugain, B. Meyer and H. Lacombe. 1983. Long-term results of the multichannel cochlear implant. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 405: 387–411.
Chouard, C. H. and P. MacLeod. 1976. Implantation of multiple intracochlear electrodes for rehabilitation of total deafness: preliminary report. Laryngoscope 86: 1743–1751.
Clark, G. M. 1969a. Middle ear and neural mechanisms in hearing and the management of deafness. PhD thesis.
Clark, G. M. 1969b. Responses of cells in the superior olivary complex of the cat to electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. Experimental Neurology 24: 124–136.
Clark, G. M. 1973. A hearing prosthesis for severe perceptive deafness-experimental studies. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 87: 929–945.
Clark, G. M. 1975. A surgical approach for a cochlear implant. An anatomical study. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 89: 9–15.
Clark, G. M. 1977. An evaluation of per-scalar cochlear electrode implantation techniques. An histopathogical study in cats. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 91: 185–199.
Clark, G. M. 1987. The University of Melbourne-Nucleus multi-electrode cochlear implant. Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. Vol 38. Basel, Karger.
Clark, G. M. 1996. Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve: the coding of frequency, the perception of pitch and the development of cochlear implant speech processing strategies for profoundly deaf people. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 23: 766–776.
Clark, G. M. 1998. Cochlear implants. In: Wright, A. and H. Ludman, eds. Diseases of the ear. London, Edward Arnold: 149–163.
Clark, G. M., R. C. Black, D. J. Dewhurst, I. C. Forster, J. F. Patrick and Y. C. Tong. 1977. A multiple-electrode hearing prosthesis for cochlear implantation in deaf patients. Medical Progress Through Technology 5: 127–140.
Clark, G. M., R. C. Black, I. C. Forster, J. F. Patrick and Y. C. Tong. 1978. Design criteria of a multiple-electrode cochlear implant hearing prosthesis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 63: 631–633.
Clark, G. M. and R. J. Hallworth. 1976. A multiple-electrode array for a cochlear implant. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 90: 623–627.
Clark, G. M., R. J. Hallworth and K. Zdanius. 1975. A cochlear implant electrode. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 89: 787–792.
Clark, G. M., H. G. Kranz and H. Minas. 1973. Behavioral thresholds in the cat to frequency modulated sound and electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. Experimental Neurology 41: 190–200.
Clark, G. M., H. G. Kranz, H. J. Minas and J. M. Nathar. 1975. Histopathological findings in cochlear implants in cats. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 89: 495–504.
Clark, G. M. and D. Lawrence. 2000. Technical features of the Nucleus, Med-El and Clarion cochlear implants. Australian Journal of Oto-Laryngology 3: 516–522.
Clark, G. M., J. F. Patrick and Q. R. Bailey. 1979. A cochlear implant round window electrode array. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 93: 107–109.
Clark, G. M. and B. C. Pyman. 1995. Surgical considerations for the placement of the new Cochlear Pty Limited micro-multiple-channel cochlear implant for research studies. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 104(suppl 166): 408–409.
Clark, G. M., B. C. Pyman and Q. R. Bailey. 1979. The surgery for multiple-electrode cochlear implantations. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 93: 215–223.
Clark, G. M., B. C. Pyman, R. L. Webb, Q. E. Bailey and R. K. Shepherd. 1984. Surgery for an improved multiple-channel cochlear implant. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 93(3 Pt 1): 204–207.
Clark, G. M., B. C. Pyman, R. L. Webb, B. K.-H. G. Franz, T. J. Redhead and R. K. Shepherd. 1987. Surgery for safe the insertion and reinsertion of the banded electrode array. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 96(suppl 128): 10–12.
Clark, G. M., R. K. Shepherd, B. K.-H. G. Franz, et al. 1988. The histopathology of the human temporal bone and auditory central nervous system following cochlear implantation in a patient. Correlation with psychophysics and speech perception results. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (suppl 448): 1–65.
Clark, G. M., R. K. Shepherd, B. K.-H. G. Franz and D. Bloom. 1984. Intracochlear electrode implantation. Round window membrane sealing procedures and permeability studies. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (suppl 410): 5–15.
Clark, G. M., R. K. Shepherd, J. F. Patrick, R. C. Black and Y. C. Tong. 1983. Design and fabrication of the banded electrode array. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 405: 191–201.
Clark, G. M. and Y C. Tong. 1981. Multiple-electrode cochlear implant for profound or total hearing loss: a review. Medical Journal of Australia 1: 428–429.
Clark, G. M. and Y C. Tong. 1985. The engineering of future cochlear implants. In: Gray, R. F., ed. Cochlear implants. London, Croom Helm: 211–228.
Clark, G. M., Y C. Tong, Q. R. Bailey, et al. 1978. A multiple-electrode cochlear implant. Journal of the Oto-Laryngological Society of Australia 4: 208–212.
Clark, G. M., Y C. Tong, R. C. Black, I. C. Forster, J. F. Patrick and D. J. Dewhurst. 1977. A multiple electrode cochlear implant. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 91: 935–945.
Clark, G. M., Y C. Tong and L. F. Martin. 1981a. A multiple-channel cochlear implant. An evaluation using open-set CID sentences. Laryngoscope 91:628–634.
Clark, G. M., Y C. Tong, L. F. A. Martin, et al. 1981b. A multiple-channel cochlear implant: an evaluation using nonsense syllables. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 90: 227–230.
Clark, G. M., Y C. Tong, L. F. Martin and P. A. Busby. 1981c. A multiple-channel cochlear implant. An evaluation using an open-set word test. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 91: 173–175.
Clark, G. M., Y C. Tong, J. F. Patrick, P. M. Seligman, P. A. Crosby and J. A. Kuzma. 1984. A multi-channel cochlear prosthesis for profound-to-total hearing loss. Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Australia 4: 111–117.
Clifford, A. R. and W. P. R. Gibson. 1987. Anatomy of the round window with respect to cochlear implant surgery. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 96(suppl 128): 17–19.
Cohen, L. T., E. Saunders and G. M. Clark. 2001. Psychophysics of a prototype perimodiolar cochlear implant electrode array. Hearing Research 155: 63–81.
Cranswick, N. E., B. K.-H. G. Franz, G. M. Clark and R. K. Shepherd. 1987. Middle ear infection postimplantation: response of the round window membrane to streptococcus pyogenes. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 96(suppl 128): 53–54.
Dahm, M., R. K. Shepherd and G. M. Clark. 1993. The postnatal growth of the temporal bone and its implications for cochlear implantation in children. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (suppl 505): 1–39.
Dahm, M., J. Xu, M. Tykocinski, R. K. Shepherd and G. M. Clark. 2000. Intracochlear damage following insertion of the Nucleus 22 standard electrode array: a post mortem study of 14 implant patients. CI 2000 The 6th International Cochlear Implant Conference, Miami Beach, Florida: 149.
Dillier, N. 1998. Intracochlear recordings of electrically evoked compound action potentials. First International Symposium and Workshop on Objective Measures in Cochlear Implantation, Nottingham: 54.
Dillier, N., W. K. Lai, B. Almquist, et al. 2002. Measurement of the electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) via a neural response telemetry (NRT) system. Annals of Otology Rhinology and Laryngology 111(5 pt 1): 407–414.
Dillier, N., W. K. Lai, D. Cafarelli-Dees and E. von Wallenberg. 2000. Post-operative neural response telemetry findings in adults submitted for publication. Neural esponse telemetry: results from a European field trial, 12th AAA Convention, Chicago: 137.
Dillier, N., T. Spillman and J. Guntensperger. 1983. Computerized testing of signal encoding strategies with round window implants. In: Parkins, C. and J. Anderson, eds. Cochlear prostheses: an international symposium. New York, New York Academy of Sciences: 360–369.
Djourno, A. and C. Eyriès. 1957. Prosthese auditive par excitation electrique a distance du nerf sensoriel a l’aide d’un bobinage includ a demeure. Presse Medicale 35: 14–17.
Dobelle, W H., M. G. Mladejovsky, J. R. Evans, T. S. Roberts and J. P. Girvin. 1976. “Braille” reading by a blind volunteer by visual cortex stimulation. Nature 259: 111–112.
Dobelle, W H., J. N. Fordemwald, J. W Hanson, et al. 1974. Data processing LSI will help bring sight to the blind. Electronics 47: 81–86.
Dorman, M. F., K. Dankowski and G. McCandless. 1989. Consonant recognition as a function of the number of channels of stimulation by patients who use the Symbion cochlear implant. Ear and Hearing 10: 288–291.
Dormer, K. J., G. Richard, P. E. Hough and J. V. D. Hough. 1980. The cochlear implant (auditory prosthesis) utilizing rare earth magnets. American Journal of Otology 2(1): 22–27.
Dormer, K. J., G. L. Richard and J. V. D. Hough. 1981. The use of rare-earth magnet couplers in cochlear implants. Laryngoscope 91(11): 1812–1820.
Douek, E., A. J. Fourcin, B. C. J. Moore and G. P. Clarke. 1977. A new approach to the cochlear implant. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 70: 379–383.
Dowell, R. C., P. M. Seligman, P. J. Blamey and G. M. Clark. 1987. Speech perception using a two-formant 22-electrode cochlear prosthesis in quiet and in noise. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 104(5–6): 439–446.
Dymond, A. M., L. E. Kaechele, J. M. Jurist and P. H. Crandall. 1970. Brain tissue reaction to some chronically implanted metals. Journal of Neurosurgery 33: 574–580.
Eddington, D. K. 1980. Speech discrimination in deaf subjects with cochlear implants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68: 885–891.
Eddington, D. K. 1983. Speech recognition in deaf subjects with multichannel intracochlear electrodes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 405: 241–258.
Eddington, D. K., W. H. Dobelle and D. E. Brackmann. 1978. Auditory prostheses research with multiple channel intracochlear stimulation in man. Annals of Otology 87: 1–39.
Fant, G. 1959. Acoustic analysis and synthesis of speech with applications to Swedish. Ericsson Technics 15: 3–108.
Fishman, K. E., R. V. Shannon and W. H. Slattery. 1997. Speech recognition as a function of electrodes used in the SPEAK cochlear implant processor. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 40: 1201–1215.
Forster, I. C. 1978. The bioengineering development of a multi-channel, implantable hearing prosthesis for the profoundly deaf. PhD thesis. University of Melbourne Department of Electrical Engineering.
Forster, I. C. 1981. Theoretical design and implementation of a transcutaneous, multichannel stimulator for neural prosthesis application. Journal of Biomedical Engineering 3: 107–120.
Fourcin, A. J., S. M. Rosen, B. C. Moore, et al. 1979. External electrical stimulation of the cochlea: clinical, psychophysical, speech-perceptual and histological findings. British Journal of Audiology 13(3): 85–107.
Franz, B. K.-H. G. and G. M. Clark. 1987. Refined surgical technique for insertion of banded electrode array. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 96(Suppl 128): 15–16.
Franz, B. K.-H. G., G. M. Clark and D. Bloom. 1984. Permeability of the implanted round window membrane in the cat-an investigation using horseradish peroxidase. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: 17–23.
Fry, D. B. 1979. The physics of speech. Cambridge textbooks in linguistics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Fugain, C., B. Meyer, F. Chabolle and C. H. Chouard. 1984. Clinical results of the French multichannel cochlear implant. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (suppl 411): 237–246.
Galey, F. R. 1984. Initial observations of a human temporal bone with a multi-channel implant. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (suppl 411): 38–44.
Garcia, N., A. Damask and S. Schwarz. 1998. Physics for computer science students with emphasis on atomic and semiconductor physics. 2nd ed. New York, Wiley.
Gheewala, T. R., R. D. Melen and R. L. White. 1975. A CMOS implantable multielectrode auditory stimulation for the deaf. IEEE Journal Solid State Circuits 10: 472–479.
Goycoolea, M. V., D. C. Muchow, C. M. Schirber, H. G. Goycoolea and K. Schellhas. 1990. Anatomical perspective, approach, and experience with multichannel intracochlear implantation. Laryngoscope 100(2 pt 2 suppl 50): 1–18.
Gray, R. F., D. M. Baguley, M. L. Harries, I. Court and C. Lynch. 1993. Profound deafness treated by the Ineraid multichannel intracochlear implant. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 107(8): 673–680.
Greenwood, D. D. 1961. Critical bandwidth and the frequency coordinates of the basilar membrane. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 33: 1344–1356.
Gstoettner, W., W. D. Baumgartner, J. Hamzavi and P. Franz. 1997. Surgical experience with the Combi 40 cochlear implant. Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 52: 143–146.
Hallworth, R. 1976. An implantable multi-micro-electrode array fabricated by thin film methods. M. Eng. Sc. thesis. University of Melbourne.
Hansen, C. 1981. Electrode for implantation into cochlea. US patent 4,261,372.
Hatsushika, S., R. K. Shepherd, Y. C. Tong and G. M. Clark. 1990. Dimensions of the scala tympani in the human and cat with reference to cochlear implants. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 99: 871–876.
Heinemann, U. and H. D. Lux. 1977. Ceiling of stimulus induced rises in extracellular potassium concentration in the cerebral cortex of the cat. Brain Research 120: 231–249.
Hochmair, E. S. and I. J. Hochmair-Desoyer. 1983. Percepts elicited by different speech coding strategies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 405: 268–279.
Holmes, A. E., F. J. Kemler and G. E. Merwin. 1987. The effects of varying the number of cochlear implant electrodes on speech perception. American Journal of Otology 8: 240–246.
Hong, R. S., J. T. Rubinstein, D. Wehner and D. Horn. Submitted. Dynamic range enhancement for cochlear implants. Otology and Neuro-Otology.
House, W. F. 1976. Cochlear implants. Annals of Otology Rhinology and Laryngology 85: 1–93.
House, W. F. 1984. Artificial hearing: an implanted auditory prosthesis for treatment of total binaural deafness. Transactions of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 30: 11–14.
House, W. F. and B. J. Edgerton. 1982. A multiple-electrode cochlear implant. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology-supplement 91(2 pt 3): 104–116.
House, W. F., W. M. Luxford and B. Courtney. 1985. Otitis media in children following the cochlear implant. Ear and Hearing 6(suppl 3): 24–26.
House, W.F. and J. Urban. 1973. Long term results of electrode implantation and electronic stimulation of the cochlea in man. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 82: 504–517.
Huang, C. Q., R. K. Shepherd, P. M. Seligman and G. M. Clark. 1996. Reduction in excitability of the auditory nerve in guinea pigs following acute high rate electrical stimulation. Proceedings of the Australian Neuroscience Society 7: 227.
Huang, C. Q., R. K. Shepherd, P. M. Seligman and G. M. Clark. 1998a. Reduction in excitability of the auditory nerve following electrical stimulation at high stimulus rates. III. Capacitive versus non-capacitive coupling of the stimulating electrodes. Hearing Research 116: 55–64.
Huang, C. Q., R. K. Shepherd, P. M. Seligman, B. Tabor and G. M. Clark. 1998b. Changes in excitability of the auditory nerve following electrical stimulation using large surface area electrodes. Proceedings of the Australian Neuroscience Society 9.
Igarashi, M., R. C. Mahon and S. Konishi. 1968. Comparative measurements of cochlear apparatus. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 11: 229–235.
Igarashi, M., M. Takahashi and B. R. Alford. 1976. Cross-sectional area of scala tympani in human and cat. Archives of Otolaryngology 102: 428–429.
Johnson, C. C. and A. W. Guy. 1972. Nonionizing electromagnetic wave effects in biological materials and systems. Proceedings of the IEEE 60: 692–718.
Johnsson, L.-G., W. F. House and F. H. Linthicum. 1982. Otopathological findings in a patient with bilateral cochlear implants. Annals of Otology Rhinology and Laryngology-supplement 91(2 pt 3): 74–89.
Kawano, A., H. L. Seldon and G. M. Clark. 1996. Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction in human cochlear maps: measurement of the lengths of organ of corti, outer wall, inner wall, and Rosenthal’s canal. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 105: 701–709.
Kawano, A., H. L. Seldon, G. M. Clark and R. Ramsden. 1998. Intracochlear factors contributing to psychophysical percepts following cochlear implantation. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 118: 313–326.
Kawano, A. S., H. L. Seldon, G. M. Clark, R. Madsen and C. Raine. 1995. Intracochlear factors contributing to psychophysical percepts following cochlear implantation: a case study. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 104: 54–57.
Kennedy, D. W. 1987. Multichannel intracochlear electrodes: mechanism of insertion trauma. Laryngoscope 9: 42–49.
Laird, R. K. 1979. The Bioengineering development of a sound encoder for an implantable hearing prosthesis for the profoundly deaf. Master of Engineering Science Thesis. University of Melbourne.
Lawson, D. T., B. S. Wilson, M. Zerbi and C. C. Finley. 1996. Speech processors for auditory prostheses. Third quarterly progress report. NIH contract No. 1-DC-5-2103.
Leake-Jones, P. A. and S. J. Rebscher. 1983. Cochlear pathology with chronically implanted scala tympani electrodes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 405: 203–223.
Leake-Jones, P. A., S. J. Rebscher and D. W. Aird. 1985. Histopathology of cochlear implants: safety considerations. In: Schindler, R. A. and M. M. Merzenich, eds. Cochlear implants. New York, Raven Press.
Leake-Jones, P. A., S. J. Rebscher and C. L. Byers. 1981a. Development of multichannel electrodes for an auditory prosthesis. Progress report NIH Contract No. 1-NS-7-2367. 1–23.
Leake-Jones, P. A., S. M. Walsh and M. M. Merzenich. 1981b. Cochlear pathology following chronic intracochlear electrical stimulation. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology-supplement 90(2 pt 3): 6–8.
Liboff, A. R., R. A. Rinaldi, L. S. Lavine and M. H. Shamos. 1975. On electrical conduction in living bone. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 106: 330–335.
Luxford, W. M. and W. F. House. 1985. Cochlear implants in children: medical and surgical considerations. Ear and Hearing 6(3 suppl): 20S–23S.
Luxford, W. M. and W. F. House. 1987. House 3M cochlear implant: surgical considerations. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 96(suppl 128): 12–14.
Marangos, N., J. Maurer and W. Mann. 2001. Device failure and reimplantation. 6th European Symposium on Paediatric Cochlear Implantation. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain, February 24–27.
Marsh, M. A., J. Xu, P. J. Blamey, et al. 1993. Radiologic evaluation of multichannel intracochlear implant insertion depth [published erratum appears in Am J Otol 1993 Nov;14(6):627]. American Journal of Otology 14(4): 386–391.
Marzella, P. L. and G. M. Clark. 1999. Growth factors, auditory neurones and cochlear implants: a review. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 119(4): 407–412.
Matsushima, J., R. K. Shepherd, H. L. Seldon, S. Xu and G. M. Clark. 1990. Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in deaf kittens: effects on cochlear nuclei. Proceedings of the Australian Physiological and Pharmacological Society 21: 43P.
Matsushima, J., R. K. Shepherd, H. L. Seldon, S. Xu and G. M. Clark. 1991. Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in deaf kittens: effects on cochlear nucleus morphology. Hearing Research 56: 133–142.
McCreery, D. B. and W. F. Agnew. 1983. Changes in extracellular potassium and calcium concentration and neural activity during prolonged electrical stimulation of the cat cerebral cortex at defined charge densities. Experimental Neurology 79: 371–396.
McCreery, D. B., W. F. Agnew, T. G. Yuen and L. A. Bullara. 1988. Comparison of neural damage induced by electrical stimulation with faradaic and capacitor electrodes. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 16: 463–481.
McCreery, D. B., W F. Agnew, T. G. H. Yuen and L. Bullara. 1990. Charge density and charge per phase as cofactors in neural injury by electrical stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 537: 996–1001.
McCreery, D. B., T. G. Yuen, W. F. Agnew and L. A. Bullara. 1994. Stimulus parameters affecting tissue injury during microstimulation in the cochlear nucleus of the cat. Hearing Research 77(1–2): 105–115.
McDermott, H. J. 1989. An advanced multiple-channel cochlear implant. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 36: 789–797.
McFadden, J. T. 1969. Metallurgical principles in neurosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery 31:373–385.
McKay, C. M., H. J. McDermott, A. Vandali and G. M. Clark. 1992. A comparison of speech perception of cochlear implantees using the Spectral Maxima Sound Processor (SMSP) and the MSP (Multipeak) processor. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 112: 752–761.
Merzenich, M. M. 1975. Studies on electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in animals and man: cochlear implants. In: D. B. Tower, ed. The Nervous System Vol 3, Human Communication and its disorders. New York, Raven Press. 537–548.
Merzenich, M., C. Byers and M. White. 1984. Scala tympani electrode arrays. Fifth quarterly progress report. NIH contract No. 1-NS9-2353: 1–11.
Merzenich, M. M. and M. D. Reid. 1974. Representation of the cochlea within the inferior colliculus. Brain Research 77: 397–415.
Merzenich, M. M. and M. White. 1980. Coding considerations in design of cochlear prostheses. Annals of Otology 89: 84–87.
Merzenich, M. M., M. W. White and R. V. Shannon. 1981. Development of multichannel electrodes for an auditory prosthesis. Proress report NIH Contract No. 1-NS-7-2367. 1–7.
Michelson, R. P. 1971. Electrical stimulation of the human cochlea—a preliminary report. Archives of Otolaryngology 93: 317–323.
Michelson, R. P. and R. A. Schindler. 1981. Multichannel cochlear implant preliminary results in man. Laryngoscope 91(1): 38–42.
Nelson, D. A., D. J. Van Tasell, A. C. Schroder, S. Soli and S. Levine. 1995. Electrode ranking of “place pitch” and speech recognition in electrical hearing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 98: 1987–1999.
Ni, D., R. K. Shepherd, H. L. Seldon, S. Xu and G. M. Clark. 1992. Cochlear pathology following chronic electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. I: Normal hearing kittens. Hearing Research 62: 63–81.
Nicholson, C., G. Ten Bruggencate, G. Stochle and R. Steinberg. 1978. Calcium and potassium changes in the extracellular microenvironment of cat cerebellar cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 41: 1026–1038.
Paolini, A. G. and G. M. Clark. 1997. The effect of pulsatile intracochlear electrical stimulation on intracellularly recorded cochlear nucleus neurons. In: Clark, G. M., ed. Cochlear implants. XVI World Congress of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Bologna, Monduzzi Editore: 119–124.
Patrick, J. F. and J. C. Macfarlane. 1987. Characterisation of mechanical properties of single electrodes and multielectrodes. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 96(suppl 128): 46–48.
Patrick, J. F., P. M. Seligman and G. M. Clark. 1997. Engineering. In: Clark, G. M., R. S. C. Cowan and R. C. Dowell, eds. Cochlear implantation for infants and children. Advances. San Diego, Singular Publishing Group: 125–145.
Peterson, G. E. and H. L. Barney. 1952. Control methods used in a study of the vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 24: 175–184.
Pialoux, P., C. H. Chouard and P. MacLeod. 1976. Physiological and clinical aspects of the rehabilitation of total deafness by implantation of multiple intracochlear electrodes. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 81: 436–441.
Pialoux, P., C. H. Chouard and B. Meyer. 1979. Indications and results of the multichannel cochlear implant. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 87: 185–189.
Plomp, R. 1976. Aspects of tone sensation: a psychophysical study. London, Academic Press.
Pudenz, R. H. 1942. The use of tantalum clips the hemostasis in neurosurgery. Surgery 12: 791–797.
Purser, S., R. K. Shepherd and G. M. Clark. 1991. Evaluation of a sealing device for the intracochlear electrode entry point. Journal of the Oto-Laryngological Society of Australia 6: 472–480.
Rasmussen, G. L. 1960. Efferent fibres of the cochlear nerve and cochlear nucleus. In: Rasmussen, G. L. and W. F. Windle, eds. Neural mechanisms of the auditory and vestibular systems. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois: 105–115.
Rebscher, S. J., C. L. Byers, R. F. Gray and M. M. Merzenich. 1981. Development of multichannel electrodes for an auditory prosthesis. Quarterly Progress Report March 1. NIH Contract NS-7-2367. Coleman Memorial Laboratory. University of California, San Francisco.
Reddy, G. N. and S. Saha. 1984. Electrical and dielectric properties of wet bone as a function of frequency. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 31(3): 296–303.
Reliability update 2002. Nucleus Report Sep/Oct. Sydney, Cochlear Ltd.: 6.
Richter, B., A. Aschendorff, P. Lohnstein, H. Husstedt, H. Nagursky and R. Laszig. 2002. Clarion 1.2 standard electrode array with partial space filling positioner: radiological and histological evaluation in human temporal bones. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 116:507–513.
Roland, J. T., A. J. Fishman, G. Alexiades and N. L. Cohen. 2000. Electrode to modiolus proximity: a fluoroscopic and histologic analysis. American Journal of Otology 21: 218–225.
Roland, J. T., T. M. Magardino, J. T. Go and D. E. Hillman. 1995. Effects of glycerine, hyaluronic acid and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose on the spiral ganglion of the guinea pig cochlea. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 104: 64–68.
Rubinstein, J. T., B. S. Wilson, C. C. Finley and P. J. Abbas. 1999. Pseudospontaneous activity: stochastic independence of auditory nerve fibers with electrical stimulation. Hearing Research 127: 108–118.
Saunders, E., L. T. Cohen, W. Aschendorff, et al. 2000. Psychophysical measures and NRT thresholds as a function of electrode position in the cochlea: results of a multi-centre study using the Contour electrode array. 5th European Symposium on Paediatric Cochlear Implantation. Antwerp, Belgium, June 4–7.
Saunders, E., L. Cohen, A. Aschendorff, et al. 2002. Threshold, comfortable level and impedance changes as a function of electrode-modiolar distance. Ear and Hearing 23(1 Suppl): 28S–40S.
Schindler, R. A. and B. Bjorkroth. 1979. Traumatic intracochlear electrode implantation. Laryngoscope 89: 752–758.
Schindler, R. A., D. K. Kessler and H. S. Haggerty. 1993. Clarion cochlear implant: phase I investigational results [published erratum appears in Am J Otol 1993 Nov;14(6):627] [see comments]. American Journal of Otology 14(3): 263–72.
Schindler, R. A., D. K. Kessler, S. J. Rebscher, R. K. Jackler and M. M. Merzenich. 1987. Surgical considerations and hearing results with the UCSF/Storz cochlear implant. Laryngoscope 97(1): 50–56.
Schindler, R. A. and M. M. Merzenich. 1974. Chronic intracochlear electrode implantation: cochlear pathology and acoustic nerve survival. Annals of Otolaryngology 83: 202–215.
Schindler, R. A., M. M. Merzenich, M. W. White and B. Bjorkroth. 1977. Multi electrode intracochlear implants—nerve survival and stimulation patterns. Archives of Otolaryngology 103: 691–699.
Schuder, J. C., J. H. Stephenson and J. F. Townsend. 1961. High level electromagnetic energy transfer through a closed chest wall. IRE International Conference Record 9: 119–126.
Schuknecht, H. 1953. Techniques for study of cochlear function and pathology in experimental animals. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 58: 377.
Schulman, J.H., J.C. Gord, P. Strojnik, D.L. Whitmoyer, J.H. Wolfe. 1996. Voltage/current control system for a human tissue stimulator. US Patent 5,522,865.
Seligman, P. M. 1987. Speech-processing strategies and their implementation. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 96(suppl 128): 71–74.
Seligman, P. M. and H. J. McDermott. 1995. Architecture of the SPECTRA 22 speech processor. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 104(suppl 166): 139–141.
Shannon, R. V. 1983. Multichannel electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in man. II. Channel interaction. Hearing Research 12: 1–16.
Shannon, R. V. 1992. Temporal modulation transfer functions in patients with cochlear implants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91: 2156–2164.
Shepherd, R. K., G. M. Clark and R. C. Black. 1983. Chronic electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in cats. Physiological and histopathological results. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (suppl 399): 19–31.
Shepherd, R. K., G. M. Clark, B. C. Pyman and R. L. Webb. 1985a. Banded intracochlear electrode insertion trauma in human temporal bones. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 94: 55–59.
Shepherd, R. K., G. M. Clark, B. C. Pyman, R. L. Webb, M. T. Murray and M. E. Houghton. 1985b. Histopathology following electrode insertion and chronic electrical stimulation. In: Schindler, R. A. and M. M. Merzenich, eds. Cochlear implants. New York, Raven Press: 65–81.
Shepherd, R. K., S. Hatsushika and G. M. Clark. 1990. The effect of position of the scala tympani electrode array on auditory nerve excitation. Proceedings of the Australian Physiological and Pharmacological Society 21: 42P.
Shepherd, R. K., S. Hatsushika and G. M. Clark. 1993. Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve: the effect of electrode position on neural excitation. Hearing Research 66: 108–120.
Shepherd, R. K., D. Ni, H. L. Seldon, S. A. Xu and G. M. Clark. 1991. Chronic electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in normal hearing kittens. Proceedings of the Australian Physiological and Pharmacological Society 22: 121P.
Simmons, F. B. 1966. Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in man. Archives of Otolaryngology 84: 2–54.
Simmons, F. B. 1967. Permanent intracochlear electrodes in cats. Tissue tolerance and cochlear microphonics. Laryngoscope 77: 171–186.
Simmons, F. B. and T. J. Glattke. 1970. Comparison of electrical and acoustical stimulation of the cat ear. Annals of Otology Rhinology and Laryngology 81: 731–738.
Skinner, M. W., G. M. Clark, L. A. Whitford, et al. 1994. Evaluation of a new spectral peak coding strategy for the Nucleus 22 channels cochlear implant system. American Journal of Otology 15: 15–27.
Stark, H. and F. B. Tuteur. 1979. Modern electrical communications. Theory and systems. London, Prentice Hall International.
Stevens, S. S. 1975. Psychophysics. New York, John Wiley and Sons.
Stockle, H. and G. Ten Bruggencate. 1980. Fluctuation of extracellular potassium and calcium in the cerebellar cortex related to climbing fibre activity. Neuroscience 5: 893–901.
Sutton, D., J. M. Miller and B. E. Pfingst. 1980. Comparison of cochlear histopathology following two implant designs for use in scala tympani. Annals of Otology Rhinology and Laryngology 89: 11–14.
Tong, Y. C., R. C. Black, G. M. Clark, et al. 1979. A preliminary report on a multiple-channel cochlear implant operation. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 93: 679–695.
Tong, Y. C., P. J. Blamey, R. C. Dowell and G. M. Clark. 1983a. Psychophysical studies evaluating the feasibility of a speech processing strategy for a multiple-channel cochlear implant. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 74: 73–80.
Tong, Y C, P. A. Busby and G. M. Clark. 1988. Perceptual studies on cochlear implant patients with early onset of profound hearing impairment prior to normal development of auditory, speech, and language skills. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84: 951–962.
Tong, Y C. and G. M. Clark. 1986. Loudness summation, masking, and temporal interaction for sensations by electric stimulation of two sites in the human cochlea. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79: 1958–1966.
Tong, Y C, G. M. Clark, P. M. Seligman and J. F. Patrick. 1980. Speech processing for a multiple-electrode cochlear implant hearing prosthesis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68: 1897–1899.
Tong, Y C, R. C. Dowell, P. J. Blamey and G. M. Clark. 1983b. Two-component hearing sensations produced by two-electrode stimulation in the cochlea of a deaf patient. Science 219: 993–994.
Tykocinski, M., R. K. Shepherd and G. M. Clark. 1997. Reduction in excitability of the auditory nerve following electrical stimulation at high stimulus rates. II. Comparison of fixed amplitude with amplitude modulated stimuli. Hearing Research 112: 147–157.
Urbanics, R., E. Leninger-Follert and W. Lubbers. 1978. Time course of changes of extracellular H + and K + activities during and after direct stimulation of the brain cortex. Pflugers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology 378: 47–53.
Vandali, A. E., L. A. Whitford, K. L. Plant and G. M. Clark. 2000. Speech perception as a function of electrical stimulation rate: using the Nucleus 24 cochlear implant system. Ear and Hearing 21: 608–624.
Vaudaux, P. E., D. P. Lew and F. A. Waldvogel. 1994. Host factors predisposing to and influencing therapy of forming body infections. In: Bisno, A. L. and F. A. Waldvogel, eds. Infections associated with indwelling medical devices. 2nd ed. Washington, DC, ASM Press.
Viemeister, N. F. 1979. Temporal modulation transfer functions based on modulation thresholds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 66: 1364–1380.
von Békésy, G. 1960. Experiments in hearing. New York, McGraw Hill.
von Wallenberg, E., R. Leigh, B. O’Connor and C. Gillman 2002. Reliability of Nucleus cochlear implants. 6th European Symposium on Paediatric Cochlear Implantation. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, 24–27 February 2002.
Wakerly, J. F. 1994. Digital design: principles and practice. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.
White, R. L. 1974. Integrated circuits and multiple electrode arrays. In: Merzenich, M., R. Schindler and F. Sooy, eds. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Electrical Stimulation of the Acoustic Nerve as a Treatment for Profound Sensorineural Deafness in Man. San Francisco, Velo-Bind: 199–209.
Wilson, B. S. 1997. The future of cochlear implants. British Journal of Audiology 31: 205–225.
Wilson, B. S. 2000. Strategies for representing speech information with cochlear implants. In: Niparko, J. K., ed. Cochlear implants: principles and practice. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Wilson, B. S., C. C. Finley and D. T. Lawson. 1988. Speech processors for cochlear prostheses. Proceedings IEEE 76: 1143–1153.
Wilson, B. S., D. T. Lawson, M. Zerbi and C. C. Finley. 1992. Speech processors for auditory prostheses. Twelfth quarterly progress report, April. 1992. NIH contract No. 1-DC-9-2401. Research Triangle Institute.
Wilson, B. S., D. T. Lawson, M. Zerbi and C. C. Finley. 1993. Speech processors for auditory prostheses. Fifth quarterly progress report, Oct 1993. NIH contract No. 1-DC-2-2401. Research Triangle Institute.
Xu, J., R. K. Shepherd, R. E. Millard and G. M. Clark. 1997. Chronic electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve at high stimulus rates: a physiological and histopathological study. Hearing Research 105: 1–29.
Xu, J., R. K. Shepherd, S. A. Xu, H. L. Seldon and G. M. Clark. 1993. Pediatric cochlear implantation: radiological observations of skull growth. Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 119: 525–534.
Zienkiewicz, O. C. 1977. The finite element method. 3rd ed. United Kingdom, McGraw-Hill.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2003). Engineering. In: Clark, G. (eds) Cochlear Implants. Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21550-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21550-6_8
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95583-4
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-21550-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive