Introduction
COVID-19-Related Changes in Mental Health Problems
COVID-19-Related Changes in Parent-Adolescent Relationships
Changes in COVID-19-Health-Related Stress
Associations between Changes in Health-Related Stress, Parent-Adolescent Relationships, and Mental Health Problems
The Role of Personality in the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Current Study
Methods
Participants
Procedure
Measures
Parent-adolescent relationship quality
Mental health problems
COVID-19-health-related stress
Personality
Analytic Plan
Deviations from the Pre-Registered Analytic Plan
Results
Preliminary Analyses
Latent Change Score Models
Variable | W | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Negative interaction | 1 | 2.16 | 0.66 | |||||||||||||||
2. Negative interaction | 2 | 1.44 | 0.57 | .37 | ||||||||||||||
3. Negative interaction | 3 | 1.46 | 0.53 | .44 | .68 | |||||||||||||
4. Negative interaction | 4 | 1.49 | 0.56 | .41 | .52 | .61 | ||||||||||||
5. Mental health problems | 1 | 1.49 | 0.35 | .33 | .11 | .17 | .14 | |||||||||||
6. Mental health problems | 2 | 1.48 | 0.36 | .33 | .32 | .34 | .20 | .59 | ||||||||||
7. Mental health problems | 3 | 1.50 | 0.42 | .30 | .35 | .39 | .29 | .50 | .63 | |||||||||
8. Mental health problems | 4 | 1.53 | 0.42 | .20 | .21 | .23 | .30 | .48 | .54 | .57 | ||||||||
9. Stress | 2 | 1.70 | 0.72 | −.04 | −.03 | .01 | .04 | .22 | .25 | .23 | .18 | |||||||
10. Stress | 3 | 1.75 | 0.77 | .02 | .01 | .10 | −.03 | .15 | .11 | .33 | .18 | .35 | ||||||
11. Stress | 4 | 1.64 | 0.78 | .07 | .01 | .11 | .11 | .12 | .12 | .21 | .23 | .27 | .50 | |||||
12. Extraversion | 1 | 5.00 | 1.07 | −.05 | .09 | −.01 | −.04 | −.17 | −.12 | −.19 | −.19 | −.12 | .04 | −.06 | ||||
13. Agreeableness | 1 | 5.89 | 0.62 | −.17 | −.12 | −.17 | −.27 | −.08 | −.11 | −.09 | −.04 | .10 | .09 | −.13 | .23 | |||
14. Conscientiousness | 1 | 4.56 | 1.06 | −.21 | −.26 | −.18 | −.22 | −.05 | −.10 | −.10 | −.04 | .16 | .03 | −.11 | −.06 | .33 | ||
15. Emotional stability | 1 | 4.24 | 1.12 | −.13 | .03 | −.07 | −.02 | −.36 | −.24 | −.34 | −.38 | −.22 | −.11 | −.19 | .44 | .02 | −.04 | |
16. Openness | 1 | 5.25 | 0.81 | −.03 | −.12 | −.03 | −.09 | −.01 | −.06 | .04 | .03 | .04 | .12 | −.00 | .18 | .43 | .19 | .04 |
Model Number | χ2 | df | p | CFI | TLI | RMSEA [90%CI] | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate Modeling | |||||||
1. Negative interaction | 2.74 | 2 | .254 | .997 | .991 | .044 [.000–.227] | .028 |
2. Mental health problems | 4.40 | 2 | .111 | .990 | .971 | .086 [.000–.219] | .023 |
3. Stress | 0.55 | 1 | .457 | 1.00 | 1.04 | .000 [.000–.243] | .023 |
Multivariate Modeling | |||||||
4. All | 30.16 | 35 | .701 | 1.00 | 1.01 | .000 [.000–.050] | .036 |
Personality Effects | |||||||
5. All Big Five - Multivariate LCS | 109.78 | 59 | .000 | .938 | .851 | .066 [.041–.088] | .069 |
6. Openness - Multivariate LCS | 64.09 | 47 | .008 | .976 | .949 | .045 [.000–.074] | .052 |
7. Conscientiousness - Multivariate LCS | 77.42 | 47 | .003 | .960 | .917 | .058 [.026–.085] | .059 |
8. Extraversion - Multivariate LCS | 67.24 | 47 | .028 | .973 | .942 | .048 [.000–.077] | .057 |
9. Agreeableness - Multivariate LCS | 73.82 | 47 | .008 | .965 | .926 | .055 [.020–.082] | .056 |
10. Emotional stability - Multivariate LCS | 92.18 | 47 | .000 | .945 | .885 | .069 [.042–.094] | .073 |
Standardized Covariances | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Period | Intercept | Variance | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
1. Negative interaction | W1-W2 | 0.605*** | 0.585* | .716* | ||||
2. Negative interaction | W2-W3 | 0.239^ | 0.876^ | .422^ | .216 | |||
3. Negative interaction | W3-W4 | 0.230 | 0.969* | .480* | .214 | |||
4. Mental health problems | W1-W2 | −0.046 | 0.997 | |||||
5. Mental health problems | W2-W3 | 0.002 | 0.999^ | .641** | ||||
6. Mental health problems | W3-W4 | 0.253 | 0.947** | .218 | ||||
7. Stress | W2-W3 | 0.658* | 0.885* | |||||
8. Stress | W3-W4 | 0.512^ | 0.796 |
Frequentist | Bayesian | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Change | β | Estimate | Posterior S.D. | Lower CI | Higher CI | β | PSRF (Ȓ) | ESS | Probabilitya |
Openness | ||||||||||
Negative interaction | W1-W2 | −.086 | −0.064 | 0.048 | −0.161 | 0.032 | −.088 | 1.001 | 2841 | .87 |
Negative interaction | W2-W3 | .019 | 0.010 | 0.041 | −0.070 | 0.091 | .042 | 1.001 | 2187 | .51 |
Negative interaction | W3-W4 | −.103 | −0.042 | 0.048 | −0.132 | 0.055 | −.106 | 1.000 | 2691 | .75 |
Mental health problems | W1-W2 | −.069 | −0.014 | 0.027 | −0.068 | 0.040 | −.077 | 1.001 | 2966 | .56 |
Mental health problems | W2-W3 | .201 | 0.046 | 0.034 | −0.024 | 0.114 | .230 | 1.000 | 2356 | .86 |
Mental health problems | W3-W4 | .002 | 0.001 | 0.035 | −0.070 | 0.069 | .003 | 1.000 | 3352 | .38 |
Stress | W2-W3 | .151^ | 0.119 | 0.071 | −0.019 | 0.260 | .190 | 1.000 | 2642 | .94 |
Stress | W3-W4 | −.111 | −0.103 | 0.077 | −0.258 | 0.042 | −.238 | 1.001 | 2516 | .89 |
Conscientiousness | ||||||||||
Negative interaction | W1-W2 | −.163 | −0.095 | 0.036 | −0.169 | −0.023 | −.158 | 1.001 | 3883 | .99 |
Negative interaction | W2-W3 | −.082 | −0.010 | 0.032 | −0.071 | 0.057 | −.054 | 1.000 | 2611 | .50 |
Negative interaction | W3-W4 | −.097 | −0.027 | 0.036 | −0.099 | 0.043 | −.089 | 0.999 | 3584 | .69 |
Mental health problems | W1-W2 | −.166 | −0.024 | 0.021 | −0.064 | 0.017 | −.171 | 1.001 | 3729 | .75 |
Mental health problems | W2-W3 | .019 | 0.005 | 0.025 | −0.044 | 0.055 | .036 | 1.000 | 3234 | .43 |
Mental health problems | W3-W4 | .085 | 0.020 | 0.026 | −0.028 | 0.071 | .091 | 0.999 | 3896 | .66 |
Stress | W2-W3 | −.088 | −0.041 | 0.056 | −0.151 | 0.071 | −.087 | 1.001 | 3453 | .71 |
Stress | W3-W4 | −.156 | −0.080 | 0.056 | −0.190 | 0.031 | −.256 | 1.000 | 3451 | .89 |
Extraversion | ||||||||||
Negative interaction | W1-W2 | .091 | 0.053 | 0.036 | −0.017 | 0.123 | .098 | 0.999 | 3833 | .89 |
Negative interaction | W2-W3 | −.043 | −0.015 | 0.031 | −0.075 | 0.047 | −.079 | 1.000 | 3355 | .56 |
Negative interaction | W3-W4 | −.098 | −0.032 | 0.037 | −0.104 | 0.041 | −.107 | 0.999 | 4288 | .72 |
Mental health problems | W1-W2 | −.079 | −0.011 | 0.022 | −0.055 | 0.032 | −.082 | 0.999 | 3679 | .54 |
Mental health problems | W2-W3 | −.096 | −0.016 | 0.026 | −0.066 | 0.036 | −.104 | 1.000 | 3244 | .59 |
Mental health problems | W3-W4 | −.091 | −0.019 | 0.027 | −0.071 | 0.034 | −.085 | 0.999 | 3777 | .64 |
Stress | W2-W3 | .154* | 0.091 | 0.054 | −0.019 | 0.198 | .191 | 0.999 | 4269 | .93 |
Stress | W3-W4 | −.094 | −0.064 | 0.056 | −0.178 | 0.040 | −.190 | 0.999 | 3559 | .84 |
Agreeableness | ||||||||||
Negative interaction | W1-W2 | −.016 | −0.016 | 0.063 | −0.138 | 0.102 | −.018 | 0.999 | 2069 | .54 |
Negative interaction | W2-W3 | −.212 | −0.088 | 0.049 | −0.183 | 0.006 | −.273 | 1.000 | 1968 | .94 |
Negative interaction | W3-W4 | −.171 | −0.085 | 0.060 | −0.199 | 0.032 | −.167 | 1.001 | 1790 | .90 |
Mental health problems | W1-W2 | −.123 | −0.030 | 0.036 | −0.102 | 0.044 | −.124 | 1.000 | 1635 | .71 |
Mental health problems | W2-W3 | −.015 | −0.002 | 0.043 | −0.085 | 0.080 | −.008 | 0.999 | 1566 | .43 |
Mental health problems | W3-W4 | .071 | 0.031 | 0.043 | −0.054 | 0.115 | .082 | 0.999 | 1846 | .69 |
Stress | W2-W3 | .025 | 0.033 | 0.090 | −0.144 | 0.206 | .041 | 1.002 | 1844 | .60 |
Stress | W3-W4 | −.227* | −0.211 | 0.094 | −0.392 | −0.034 | −.387 | 1.000 | 1912 | .99 |
Emotional Stability | ||||||||||
Negative interaction | W1-W2 | .061 | 0.034 | 0.037 | −0.038 | 0.103 | .065 | 1.000 | 3782 | .73 |
Negative interaction | W2-W3 | −.070 | −0.017 | 0.029 | −0.073 | 0.040 | −.095 | 1.000 | 4919 | .61 |
Negative interaction | W3-W4 | .024 | 0.007 | 0.035 | −0.060 | 0.074 | .026 | 1.000 | 5354 | .48 |
Mental health problems | W1-W2 | −.049 | −0.009 | 0.022 | −0.052 | 0.033 | −.064 | 0.999 | 3239 | .48 |
Mental health problems | W2-W3 | −.246^ | −0.038 | 0.024 | −0.084 | 0.010 | −.255 | 0.999 | 3182 | .88 |
Mental health problems | W3-W4 | −.183^ | −0.037 | 0.027 | −0.087 | 0.016 | −.172 | 1.000 | 3142 | .84 |
Stress | W2-W3 | .016 | 0.009 | 0.053 | −0.092 | 0.112 | .020 | 1.000 | 4964 | .51 |
Stress | W3-W4 | −.151^ | −0.072 | 0.054 | −0.177 | 0.032 | −.211 | 0.999 | 3960 | .88 |