Introduction
Bullying Perpetration and Moral Disengagement
Bullying Perpetration and Need for Popularity
Moral Disengagement and Need for Popularity
Between- and Within-Person Level Approach
Current Study
Methods
Participants and Procedure
Measures
Bullying perpetration
Moral disengagement
Need for popularity
Control variables
Statistical Analyses
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Need for popularity W1 | – | |||||||||||
2. Need for popularity W2 | 0.57*** | – | ||||||||||
3. Need for popularity W3 | 0.53*** | 0.62*** | – | |||||||||
4. Need for popularity W4 | 0.49*** | 0.57*** | 0.66*** | – | ||||||||
5. Moral disengagement W1 | 0.39*** | 0.24*** | 0.22*** | 0.18*** | – | |||||||
6. Moral disengagement W2 | 0.30*** | 0.35*** | 0.21*** | 0.23*** | 0.58*** | – | ||||||
7. Moral disengagement W3 | 0.31*** | 0.28*** | 0.32*** | 0.26*** | 0.52*** | 0.56*** | – | |||||
8. Moral disengagement W4 | 0.27*** | 0.28*** | 0.24*** | 0.33*** | 0.45*** | 0.55*** | 0.62*** | – | ||||
9. Bullying perpetration W1 | 0.41*** | 0.25*** | 0.22*** | 0.18*** | 0.48*** | 0.35*** | 0.32*** | 0.32*** | – | |||
10. Bullying perpetration W2 | 0.30*** | 0.33*** | 0.20*** | 0.18*** | 0.29*** | 0.45*** | 0.31*** | 0.30*** | 0.46*** | – | ||
11. Bullying perpetration W3 | 0.29*** | 0.19*** | 0.32*** | 0.26*** | 0.30*** | 0.27*** | 0.43*** | 0.30*** | 0.38*** | 0.42*** | – | |
12. Bullying perpetration W4 | 0.22*** | 0.19*** | 0.29*** | 0.33*** | 0.25*** | 0.26*** | 0.31*** | 0.40*** | 0.30*** | 0.32*** | 0.43*** | – |
M | 1.90 | 1.93 | 1.86 | 1.88 | 1.64 | 1.59 | 1.54 | 1.53 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.21 |
SD | 1.02 | 1.01 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.36 |
Skewness | 1.81 | 1.64 | 1.62 | 1.61 | 1.63 | 1.81 | 1.83 | 1.96 | 3.45 | 3.33 | 3.56 | 3.48 |
Kurtosis | 3.56 | 2.99 | 2.83 | 2.65 | 3.53 | 4.24 | 4.88 | 5.19 | 16.52 | 15.96 | 16.67 | 19.27 |
Cronbach’s α | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.78 |
Results
Preliminary Analyses
Gender M (SD) | Age M (SD) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | t-test | d | 11–13 years | 14–16 years | t-test | d | |
Need for popularity W1 | 1.99 (1.07) | 1.80 (0.99) | 4.91*** | 0.19 | 1.85 (1.01) | 1.96 (1.03) | −2.76** | 0.11 |
Need for popularity W2 | 1.99 (1.04) | 1.88 (0.91) | 2.69** | 0.12 | 1.91 (1.03) | 1.98 (0.97) | −1.50 | – |
Need for popularity W3 | 1.91 (1.01) | 1.82 (0.96) | 2.04* | 0.09 | 1.80 (0.93) | 1.98 (0.99) | −4.22*** | 0.19 |
Need for popularity W4 | 1.92 (1.01) | 1.84 (0.67) | 2.01* | 0.09 | 1.87 (1.00) | 1.89 (0.96) | −0.54 | – |
Moral disengagement W1 | 1.75 (0.61) | 1.52 (0.44) | 10.83*** | 0.44 | 1.58 (0.53) | 1.72 (0.55) | −6.00*** | 0.25 |
Moral disengagement W2 | 1.70 (0.61) | 1.49 (0.47) | 9.25*** | 0.39 | 1.55 (0.54) | 1.65 (0.55) | −4.04*** | 0.19 |
Moral disengagement W3 | 1.64 (0.57) | 1.45 (0.43) | 8.82*** | 0.38 | 1.50 (0.51) | 1.61 (0.50) | −4.37*** | 0.21 |
Moral disengagement W4 | 1.64 (0.60) | 1.43 (0.43) | 9.11*** | 0.39 | 1.51 (0.52) | 1.57 (0.51) | −2.46* | 0.12 |
Bullying perpetration W1 | 0.33 (0.52) | 0.19 (0.32) | 8.27*** | 0.32 | 0.23 (0.42) | 0.31 (0.46) | −4.53*** | 0.18 |
Bullying perpetration W2 | 0.34 (0.52) | 0.23 (0.37) | 6.10*** | 0.25 | 0.26 (0.45) | 0.33 (0.46) | −3.30** | 0.15 |
Bullying perpetration W3 | 0.26 (0.45) | 0.15 (0.29) | 6.69*** | 0.28 | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.21 (0.36) | −1.15 | – |
Bullying perpetration W4 | 0.25 (0.41) | 0.17 (0.30) | 5.24*** | 0.22 | 0.20 (0.35) | 0.23 (0.37) | −1.71 | – |
Model tested | Model fit indices | Model comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ² (df) | CFI | RMSEA [90% CI] | ∆χ² (df) | ∆CFI | ∆RMSEA | |
Need for popularity | ||||||
Configural | 1584.472 (1020)*** | 0.992 | 0.014 [0.012, 0.015] | – | – | – |
Metric | 1626.165 (1050)*** | 0.992 | 0.014 [0.012, 0.015] | 165.824 (30)*** | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Scalar | 1815.194 (1215)*** | 0.992 | 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] | 289.043 (165)*** | 0.000 | −0.001 |
Moral disengagement | ||||||
Configural | 5708.196 (4318)*** | 0.977 | 0.010 [0.010, 0.011] | – | – | – |
Metric | 5780.256 (4384)*** | 0.977 | 0.010 [0.010, 0.011] | 201.965 (66)*** | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Scalar | 5984.136 (4596)*** | 0.977 | 0.010 [0.009, 0.011] | 280.884 (212)** | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Bullying perpetration | ||||||
Configural | 550.613 (305)*** | 0.986 | 0.016 [0.014, 0.019] | – | – | – |
Metric | 560.394 (320)*** | 0.987 | 0.016 [0.014, 0.018] | 28.867 (15)* | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Scalar | 596.223 (379)*** | 0.988 | 0.014 [0.012, 0.016] | 76.479 (59) | 0.001 | −0.002 |
Traditional Cross-Lagged Panel Modeling
Cross-lagged panel model | Random intercept cross-lagged panel model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model tested | χ² (df) | CFI | RMSEA [90% CI] | χ² (df) | CFI | RMSEA [90% CI] |
Model 1 | 358.581 (33)*** | 0.948 | 0.060 [0.054, 0.065] | 115.534 (27)*** | 0.986 | 0.034 [0.028, 0.041] |
Model 2 | 384.254 (39)*** | 0.945 | 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] | 152.797 (33)*** | 0.981 | 0.036 [0.041, 0.042] |
Model 3 | 425.270 (51)*** | 0.941 | 0.052 [0.047, 0.056] | 184.260 (45)*** | 0.978 | 0.033 [0.029, 0.039] |
Model 4 | 432.048 (57)*** | 0.941 | 0.049 [0.045, 0.053] | 176.265 (51)*** | 0.980 | 0.030 [0.025, 0.035] |
CLPM | RI-CLPM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Age | Gender | Age | |||||
b | SD | b | SD | b | SD | b | SD | |
Need for popularity W1 | −0.21*** | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.04 | −0.21*** | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
Need for popularity W2 | −0.15*** | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.15*** | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
Need for popularity W3 | −0.15*** | 0.04 | 0.08*** | 0.02 | −0.14*** | 0.01 | 0.08* | 0.02 |
Need for popularity W4 | −0.12* | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.13* | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Moral disengagement W1 | −0.25*** | 0.02 | 0.08*** | 0.02 | −0.25*** | 0.02 | 0.07*** | 0.02 |
Moral disengagement W2 | −0.24*** | 0.02 | 0.07*** | 0.02 | −0.24*** | 0.02 | 0.07*** | 0.02 |
Moral disengagement W3 | −0.22*** | 0.01 | 0.07*** | 0.01 | −0.22*** | 0.00 | 0.07*** | 0.01 |
Moral disengagement W4 | −0.22*** | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.22*** | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Bullying perpetration W1 | −0.14*** | 0.00 | 0.04*** | 0.01 | −0.14*** | 0.00 | 0.05*** | 0.01 |
Bullying perpetration W2 | −0.13*** | 0.02 | 0.04** | 0.02 | −0.13*** | 0.02 | 0.04** | 0.02 |
Bullying perpetration W3 | −0.12*** | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.12*** | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Bullying perpetration W4 | −0.09*** | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.10*** | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |